The Stomach's Role in Digestion

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), commonly known as acid reflux disease, is a disorder in
which the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not completely close and the stomach contents,
including the acid, leak back, into the esophagus. The LES is a ring of muscle at the bottom of the
esophagus that acts like a valve between the esophagus and the stomach. Your stomach is filled with
acid and its main purpose is to digest the foods you eat. This acid is known to be as strong as battery
acid, which your stomach was built to handle, but unfortunately your, esophagus was not. This
backflow of stomach acid can irritate and sometimes damage the lining of the esophagus. If it is not
controlled, acid reflux or GERD can result in serious problems, ... Show more content on
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Changing your eating habits is one. You should avoid eating close to bed time and also avoid eating
large meals. You should also avoid fatty and fired foods, chocolate, garlic and onions, caffeine, spicy
foods, and alcoholic beverages. Obesity often worsens symptoms. Many overweight people find
relief when they lose weight. Smoking cigarettes also weakens the LES. When you stop smoking
that is important to reduce GERD symptoms. Although better lifestyle choices can help your doctor
may recommend prescriptions or over the counter treatments. Antacids can help neutralize acid in
the esophagus and stomach and stop heartburn. If you use antacids for a long time it can result in
side effects such as diarrhea, altered calcium metabolism and the buildup of magnesium. Infants and
children can have symptoms of GERD just like adults but it is not as severe as adults and geriatrics.
It is normal and for over half of all babies and it only becomes a problem when it causes poor
weight gain, choking, recurrent vomiting, feeding refusal, or damage to the lower
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The Six Primary Processes Of The Digestive System
The digestive system is an organ system which consists of a group of organs working together to
convert food into energy and nutrients which helps to maintain the body. The organs that make up
the digestive system include the pancreas and salivary glands, small intestine, liver, stomach and
large intestines.
The function of the digestive system is to digest and absorb. Digestion is the breakdown of food into
smaller molecules which are them later absorbed in the body. The digestive system is divided into
two major parts: the digestive tract and the accessory organs. Inside the mouth there are accessory
organs which help with the digestion of food such as the teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The six
primary processes of the digestive system include:
Ingestion of food,
Secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes,
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Teeth are hard organs found along the anterior and lateral edge of the mouth. Each tooth consists of
a bone–like structure called dentin which is covered by a layer of enamel. Enamel is the hardest
substance in the body. The teeth are designed for cutting and grinding food into smaller pieces. The
tongue is a small organ which is covered in a thin, bumpy, skin–like layer. The taste buds on the
surface of the tongue detect taste molecules in food and connect to nerves in the tongue to send taste
information to the brain. The tongue also helps to push food toward the posterior part of the mouth
for swallowing. Salivary glands produce watery secretion known as saliva. Saliva moistens the food
and begins the digestion of carbohydrates. The body used the saliva as a lubrication as food passes
through the oesophagus. The oesophagus is a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to

Stomach Acid
Lack of Stomach Acid Causes GERD – Not Too Much! Lack of stomach acid is the true cause of
most GERD and indigestion symptoms! When patients feel burning, this indicates stomach contents
have passed back into the esophagus since the LES valve is still open. The contents are still more
acidic (around a pH of 4–6) than what was just ingested, but not acidic enough to signal the LES
valve to close (pH of 1–2). The esophageal lining does not have the protective lining that the
stomach has to handle acid contents which results in the burning sensation. Over time, this can
create esophagitis and chronically can result in Barrett's esophagitis and increased cancer risk due to
the reoccurring damage to the cells in this area. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How do we know for sure our patients are experiencing lack of stomach acid production?
Statistically you can assume most if not all patients over the age of 50 are deficient either mildly or
severely. Patients over age 65 most certainly aren't producing enough acid. If they have symptoms
of GERD and are over the age of 50 the likelihood is very high that they don't have enough stomach
acid. You can test for stomach contents acidity in a lab using a nasogastric tube, however most
patients would not want to submit to this (unless they were being paid for a special study perhaps).
There is a non–invasive test called the Heidelberg pH test. This test measures the time it takes for
the parietal cells to neutralize an ingested "pH capsule" which contains bicarbonate and a wireless
sensor. A wireless transceiver is placed over the stomach area and transmits the information to a
computer program. This can be tethered to the outside of the mouth and removed after the test or
allowed to migrate out of the body. This method has been in use for the past 39 years initially used
by drug companies to test pharmacokinetics of their new drugs. However, more integrative
specialists are offering this test in their offices. You can go to the Heidelberg test website
www.phcapsule.com to learn more as well as find a practitioner near you that can test your

Clarifying The Digestive's Procedure Framework
My name is Anson and today I will be clarifying the digestive's procedure framework.
We start with the mouth, in the feature, I am chewing on a bit of bread from a sandwich, the
sandwich softens up two distinct ways, mechanical and concoction absorption. Mechanically, teeth
are utilized to bite sustenance into little pieces and blend it with salivation with the tongue's
assistance. The tongue then sends this pounded up sandwich down the throat to the stomach.
Synthetically, Salivary organs in the mouth produce spit, containing the protein amylase to separate
starch, is blended with sustenance, making it gentler and smoother prepared for its adventure down
to the stomach.
So now the chewed sandwich has gone down my pharynx, or throat, and

The Stomach Of The Cell
The article, "The Stomach of the Cell" from Pharmaceutical News describes lysosomes of the cell
located in the stomach of a human. Lysosomes are in the cells of the stomach. Their main function
"uses acid to degrade, or breakdown proteins."(p. 1). Lysosomes can be used against the body in the
case of malaria, although, there is a drug that can treat it. In the beginning of the article, the writer
describes the main function of lysosomes and how lysosomes relate to other organelles in other
types of cells. In the writer's words, "Lysosomes are found in animal cells...In plant and fungal cells,
a similar type of function is carried out inside vacuoles"(p. 1). After the introduction, the main
paragraphs describe the proton pumps in the membrane of a ... Show more content on
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Lysosomes and vacuoles break down amino acids and proteins to be recycled to make new proteins.
Phagocytosis is when cells deal with the remains of dead cells. Dead cells are broke down in
lysosomes to be recycled to be "reused as building materials or as nutrients for energy."(p. 1). The
article sets the disadvantage of lysosomes. Some of the organelles use the acidic environment "to
carry out reactions that require a low pH"(p. 1). Malaria parasites are one them. Because of the
heme that is released from the digestion of hemoglobin, it becomes toxic to the parasite. To
"detoxify the heme, malarial parasites convert heme into an insoluble crystal called hemozoin,
which is no longer toxic to the parasite."(p. 1 – p. 2). The near the end of the article discusses the
drug solutions to convert heme to hemozoin and the process. Quinine and chloroquine both
neutralize the pH of vacuoles and dissolve/attach to lipids. After the drugs go through the lipid
membrane, they increase the pH of vacuoles. After the vacuoles get neutralized, "heme begins to
accumulate in Plasmodium, eventually killing the parasites."(p.

Oral And Drug Delivery System
Oral administration is the most resourceful, convenient and major mode of drug delivery and is
associated with superior patient compliance as compared to other modes of drug intake (1).
Approximately 50% of drug delivery systems present in the market are oral drug delivery system
(2). But main difficulty encounter in oral formulation (as estimated more than 50% of oral
formulations are found to be poorly water soluble) has low bioavailability, giving increase to
additional problems like high inter and intra subject variability , lack of dose uniformity and finally
leading to therapeutic failure. The challenging mission is to increase the bioavailability of drugs (3).
To overcome this difficulty, the oral controlled release (CR) formulations have been developed , as
these will release the drug slowly into GIT and continue the constant drug concentration in the
serum for a long period of time(4). Fig 1: Physiology of Stomach
1.1. Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS)
The retention of oral dosage form in the upper GIT leading prolonged contact time of drug with the
GIT mucosa , leading to higher bioavailability and hence therapeutic efficacy , reduced time
intervals for drug administration , potentially reduced dose size and thus improved patient
compliance(5).
A most favourable GRDDS can be defined as a system which preserve in the stomach for a adequate
time interval against all the physiological barriers, releases active moiety in a controlled way

Stomach Cancer
STOMACH CANCER
Assignment 2.1 The Chemical Basis of Life and Cells
Stomach Cancer
Dr. Guggisberg
STOMACH CANCER
Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in early any part of the body
can become cancer. Stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer is a cancer that starts in the stomach.
Stomach cancer should not be confused with other cancers that can occur in the abdomen, like
cancer of the colon, liver, pancreas or small intestine because these cancers may have different
symptoms, different outlooks, and different treatment.
The stomach is a sac–like organ that holds food and starts to digest it by secreting gastric juice. The
food and gastric juice are mixed and then emptied into the first ... Show more content on
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As a cancer grows from the mucosa into deeper layers, the stage becomes more advanced and the
prognosis is not good.
STOMACH CANCER
The different types of stomach cancers includes:
–Adenocarcinoma: These cancers develop from the cells that form the inner most lining of the
stomach (mucosa). About 90% to 95% of cancers of the stomach are adenocarcinomas.
–Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system tissue that are sometimes found in the wall
of the stomach. About 4% of stomach cancers are lymphomas.
–Gastointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): These are rare forms of cells in the wall of the stomach
called Interstitial cells of Cajal. Some of these tumors are non–cancerous; others are cancerous.
Although GISTs can be found anywhere in the digestive tract, most are found in the stomach.
–Carcinoid Tumor: These are tumors that start in hormone–making cells of the stomach. Most of
these tumors do not spread to other organs. About 3% of stomach cancers are carcinoid tumors.
– Other types of cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and
leiomyosarcoma, can also start in the stomach, but these cancers are very

Research Paper On Gastric Cancer
STOMACH CANCER
Student's Name
Course
Instructor's Name
Date
Stomach cancer – also referred to as gastric cancer– is a very common illness that affects the
digestive system. In spite of the significant success that has been realized in the treatment of cancer,
gastric cancer remains to be a big health challenge in many nations. In the US, stomach cancer is not
the common cause of cancer deaths. Approximately, 22,000 Americans are diagnosed with stomach
cancer every year and half of the mentioned number ends up dying from the disease. Global trends
show that the prevalence rates of gastric cancer have been on a decline since 1975 when the illness
was considered the most common type of cancer. (American Cancer Society, 2014; Kim et al., 2015,
p.1).This paper will explore the following: etiology and pathogenesis of gastric cancer, clinical
manifestations, and medical nursing and management of stomach cancer.
Almost all gastric cancer cases develop as a result of the growth of cancerous cells in the lining of
the stomach, interfering with several digestive activities. The malignant cells begin in the body parts
that make and release mucus and other body fluids essential for successful digestive activities
(National Cancer Institute, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The studies reveal a range of risk factors that expose people to conditions that facilitate the
development of gastric cancer. Geographical locations, the type of foods consumed by the people of
a given population, habits such as smoking, and genetic backgrounds have been established as
contributors to stomach cancer (Zabaleta, 2012, p.411; Kim et al., 2015, p.2).However, a bacteria
known as Helicobacter pylori has been identified as the common cause of gastric cancer. The
mentioned bacteria create a favorable environment for the development of malignant tumors in the
cells that secrete mucus and other body

The most expansive segment of the digestive tract is the...
The most expansive segment of the digestive tract is the stomach which is located between the end
segment of the esophagus and the commencement of the small intestine. The stomach is composed
of many layers of tissue and glands and is an essential part of the digestive system which is designed
to convert food substances into usable form which enables the body to function properly by ensuring
this is effectively converted into nutrients and energy which are circulated throughout the body. The
stomach consists of two openings one leading from the esophagus (entry) and the other (egress)
leading to the small intestine, with stomach construction comprising two borders and two surfaces.
The stomach wall is multi–layered which comprises four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The layers work in unison to contract, circulate and eventually transport food material via the
digestive tract through the stomach. The submucosa is a fibrous connective tissue consisting mainly
of protein and water. It is comprised mainly of collagenous and elastic fibres whose role it is to
support the mucosa. The submucosa is substantially less rigid connective tissue as it permits the
mucosa to expand and contract in flexible fashion during peristalsis i.e. the natural process of
ingestation from the mouth (King 2010). The inner stomach lining is referred to as epithelial tissue.
The epithelial tissue consists of densely formed tissues which are comprised into tightly packed and
layered sheets. The epithelial tissue acts as a border to ensure all organs are segregated and
maintained in their correct position. Epithelial tissue also acts as a protective layer for organs. The
glands of the stomach are formed in deep pits of the epithelial layer of stomach tissue. Located
externally to the epithelial tissue is the lamina propria. This is a thin layer of loose connective tissue
that contains a moist lining of mucous membranes. In conjunction with the epithelial tissue, it
comprises the mucosa, which secretes gastric acid to enable digestion of food. It also facilitates
absorption of nutrients from the stomach (M. E. Janowski–Bell

Essay on Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that develops slowly over many
years. Most frequently, stomach cancer starts in the lining of the stomach otherwise knows as the
mucosa, and then develops into the other layers of the stomach. There are many ways in which
stomach cancer spreads. In some cases it invades near by organs or it can also travel through the
bloodstream to for cancer in other organs. There are many statistics and organizations of support for
stomach cancer, as well as, symptoms, risk factors, screening and diagnosis' and, treatments. Like all
cancers, stomach cancer is a deathly disease and one of the major leading causes of cancer deaths in
countries other than the U.S. In 2008, only in the US, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the symptoms of stomach cancer can be signs of other health issues and usually are not
stomach cancer though. There is no way to tell if you have stomach cancer but if you have any of
these symptoms you should go to the doctor as soon as possibly just to be sure. There are many risk
factors for stomach cancer. Gender is a minor risk factor because men are more likely to get stomach
cancer than women are. Age is a risk factor as well because most people are over the age of 65 when
they are diagnosed with stomach cancer. Ethnicity is a big risk factor because the rate cancer is
higher in Hispanics and African–Americans rather than non–Hispanic white. Tobacco use is a risk
factor for stomach cancer along with most of every other type of cancer. Smoking doubles the risk
for someone to get cancer. It has been proven that people with Type A Blood are more likely to get
stomach cancer as well. Some other risk factors are things like bacteria infection, diet, earlier
stomach surgery, stomach polyps, and oddly enough, some occupations in coal, metal, and rubber
industries are even risk factors of stomach cancer. There are a few different ways to be diagnosed
and/or screened for stomach cancer. One way is an upper endoscopy. This allows the doctor to see
anything not normal in the GI tract that wouldn't be shown in an x–ray. Risks of this procedure
usually don't happen but if

The Effects Of Helicobacter Pylori On The Human Stomach
Helicobacter pylori is structurally small, gram negative rods which is microaerophilic in nature and
has capability of colonizing regularly in human stomach (Strausbaugh et al., 2002). Due to such
colonizing capability, it is regarded as one of the most common bacterial pathogen present in almost
50% of the world's population (Zhao et al., 2014) and the reason behind such well adaptation or
enduring of H.pylori in the Human's stomach is due to the combined effects of several factors that
addresses different challenges or obstacles presented by the nasty environment inside the stomach
(Montecucco and Rappuoli, 2001). Helicobacter pylori produce the urease that neutralize the gastric
acid or shows the buffering effect around the surroundings within the stomach. Moreover, it has a
capacity of crossing the thick mucus lining of the stomach easily and binding itself to the antigen
known as Lewis antigen that are basically present in gastric cells and whose function is to secrete
different factors associated with stimulating and attracting the inflammatory cells and Toxin VacA
that performs the multiple functions and such activities of H.pylori is possible due to its helicoidal
shape the mode of action of flagella present. Mainly, the presence of the cag pathogenicity island
(Cag–PAI) which is a 40–kb DNA insertion elements containing 32 genes and encoding a type IV
secretion system helps in the optimal fitness of the bacteria in the stomach and appearance of
pathogenic traits.

Acid Reflux Disease Research Paper
Acid Reflux Disease What Is It?
The scientific name of this disease is called Gastro esophageal Disease, also called GERD. The
disease can be very chronic. At the beginning of the stomach we have a muscle that is in the shape
of a ring. The muscle is called the lower esophageal sphincter. When food passes through this ring
the sphincter usually closes after the food passes through. If the esophageal sphincter (LES) does not
close completely or if it stays open the acid form the stomach will move into the esophagus. If this
happens in a period of two times a week of more you are considered to have Acid Reflux Disease.
An abnormality of the stomach is a hiatal hernia , which is a common cause of acid reflux. Acid can
move into the esophagus, in turn causes symptoms of acid reflux disease. This disease causes
problems with the esophagus and stomach. Sometimes reflux disease involves ... Show more content
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Malfunctioning of abnormal lower esophageal sphincter muscle is considered as physical causes.
Lifestyle factors are what we eat, how fast we eat, the time of day we eat, pregnancy and
medications. When we eat meals late at night and lay down can cause the back up of acid .Because
the functioning of the sphincter muscles are not working properly when we are lying down . Foods
that are high in acid content contents are not good to eat because they cause to much acid in the
stomach.
Problem foods such as caffeine, carbonated drinks chocolate, peppermint, tomatoes, citrus fruits,
fatty and fried foods are things we eat that contribute to the problem. Drinking alcohol, smoking and
wearing tight fitting clothes are things that may cause or aggravate this disease. It may be beneficial
to create a food journal to keep track of the foods you eat, and the symptoms noted after eating. The
food journal will help aide in identifying trigger symptoms and foods to avoid. By using a food
journal, you can minimize and control your

Importance Of Ulcergard For Horses
Importance of Ulcergard for horses
Owning a horse involves a lot of work, but the joy they bring is worth it. Therefore, keeping them
healthy and happy also requires extensive and attentive care along with dedication from their
handler. In order to take the right care of horses, a handler should acquire knowledge about things
concerning their horses, especially about ailments. One of the ailments that the handlers should be
aware about are issues relating to stomach ulcers. The indications of this would include weight loss,
anemia, abdominal pain, elevated heart rate, weakness, and melena. If the horse is showing any of
the above indications, then it might be suffering from an ulcer. Thankfully, with the ulcergard for
horses, handlers can prevent or reduce this suffering.
How are the ulcers caused? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diet consisting of grass, hay, and various other foods have been known to contribute high
acidity which in turns, results in ulcerations. Moreover, sporting events also contribute to these
levels. There has been research conducting in this field that have reported that there are over 60% of
horses with stomach ulcerations out of which most of them have engaged in racing activities. In fact,
horses which encounter stressful situations on a regular basis like racing are the most prone to
developing ulcers. Some of the symptoms that a horse with a gastric ulcer will display are poor
performance, poor body condition, dull hair coat, diarrhea, colic, and a decrease in

Why Does A Stomach Hurt Before Menstruation Or Pain?
Stomach ache is a serious reason for medical help seeking
Tens of thousands of patients visit doctors with a complaint about stomach ache every day. And
there are even more number of people who swallow alternate analgetic pill and hope that pain will
disappear by itself.
Why does a stomach hurt?
Where does a stomach hurt?
How does a stomach hurt?
Why does a stomach hurt?
Character of pain in the stomach and its key reasons
Why does a stomach hurt, and heaviness in abdomen is present?
Why does a stomach hurt after eating?
Why does a stomach hurt in the left side?
Why does a stomach hurt in the fasted state?
Why does a stomach hurt, because of heart diseases and owing to a nervous condition?
Why does a stomach hurt before menstruation and during pregnancy? ... Show more content on
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What to administer, if a stomach hurts?
What can you eat, if a stomach hurts?
The similarity of many of complaints, that the stomach has began to hurt, makes an illusion, that it is
possible to handle this problem in the same way, as someone among your family or friends has
already done it before. But reasons of pain can be very different... Why does a stomach hurt?
Stomach ache or pain in the region of the stomach might be, because an irritation of pain receptors
of the mucous membrane in the given zone of the digestive system occurs due to a spasm or
stretching of the stomach smooth muscles, its tissue inflammation, and because of blood supply

Gastrointestinal Patient Physiology
Normal physiology– anatomy of the GI functions, Structure etc The digestive system is one of the
most necessary functions in the human body. The digestive system also known as the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of different organs that work together to breakdown and digest
food. It is important to understand the basic organs in the gastrointestinal tract in order to understand
how gastric cancer develops. The development of gastric cancer is a complex disease ranking
number four, making it the second most experienced mortality rate of all cancer worldwide. Since
gastric cancer is becoming more common in the world it is important to gain a better understanding
on the anatomy and factors that may cause a risk of developing GI cancer. ... Show more content on
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Specifically in the United States the most affected groups to develop gastric cancer are African
Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans. In order to explain why these specific groups are the
most affected, it is important to consider the region they migrated from. Also, considering the
socioeconomic status of these groups also place a factor in the risk of cancer disease. Firstly, having
a low income will lead to buying cheaper processed food, since processed foods are high in salt,
consumption of these foods will put these specific groups at a higher risk for developing gastric
cancer. Secondly, low income groups will avoid going to get regular check ups at the clinic due to
lack of money. Instead, they divulge their time to over the counter medicines in which most cases
these medication lead to further malfunctions in different parts of the

Diverticular Disease Essay
The human body is a complex system that often malfunctions. Many people believe that numerous
diseases are a natural reflection of the body aging and cannot be avoided. The goal of my paper is to
change this perception and demonstrate that healthy eating and active lifestyle can result in a healthy
body at any age. Many diseases that occur in the digestive system or as a cause of complications in
the digestive system are not preventable. There are a small amount of diseases that can be not only
prevented, but also corrected by eating the proper nutrition or maintaining a healthy lifestyle such as
Diverticular Disease and Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease. Diverticular disease consists of the
involvement of two conditions that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms include tenderness, cramps and pain in the lower abdomen, fever that are
accompanied with chills, gas, a bloated feeling or stomach swelling, diarrhea or constipation,
nausea, loss of appetite and rectum bleeding which is usually painless. It is evident that many people
who are diagnosed with diverticular disease have little or no symptoms at all but those who do are
recommended high–fiber diet plans or fiber supplements as treatment. Most individuals get well by
arranging a better diet and the results of this treatment also prevent constipation and the formation of
more diverticula. The components of the healthy diet includes fruit, vegetables and grains such as
raw apples, peaches, pears, and tangerines, broccoli squash carrots and brussels sprouts, potatoes,
baked beans, kidney beans, and lima beans, whole–wheat bread, brown rice, bran flake cereal, and
oatmeal (Longstreth). Doctors often advise individuals with diverticulitis to bypass any food that is
hard to digest such as: popcorn, corn and seeds, however there is no evidence to coincide with this
statement (WebMD). In some cases, surgery is needed in order to correct or treat diverticulitis
because the diet does not have the capability of curing it. Subsequently, surgery is the last option and
the process involves cleaning the abdomen of bleeding hernias and the removal of infection. If the
disease reoccurs a

Capsaicin and the Stomach Essay
Almost everyone is told that consuming capsaicin causes stomach problems, but the opposite is true.
What is capsaicin? Capsaicin is found in chili peppers which originated in Latin America; due to it
pungent flavor was traded by Spanish and Portuguese explorers during the sixteenth century to
Europe and Asia and is now one of the essential spices in the world. Chili peppers have been used
for centuries in the seasoning of food, but recently, scientists have started using it for medical
purposes. Many speculate that capsaicin helps improve and treat various health problems, some as
simple as headaches to cancer and that it can promote blood circulation, maintain weight loss, and
prevent the deterioration of the lining of the stomach. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The real culprits are bacteria called Helicobacter pylori, most commonly known as H. pylori,
aspirin, alcohol, stress, excessive acid secretion in the stomach, the reduction in gastric mucous
blood flow and anti–inflammatory medicine. H. pylori are bacteria that significantly contribute to
the formation of gastric ulcers as they promote the secretion of acid and deteriorate the mucus in the
stomach and when capsaicin is consumed it kills the bacteria. Also in a study conducted by a
researcher, two groups of volunteers with normal stomach linings were given aspirin to take daily,
the control group was just given the aspirin while the experimental group was given aspirin and
water with chili powder, the results were that the control group had the most deterioration of the
stomach mucus. It seems that capsaicin slows acid secretion and promotes the production of mucus
secretion. Mucus protects the lining of the stomach and when a person suffers from gastric ulcers it
is because their mucus production is low and they secret too much acid, which eats away at the
stomach's lining.
Although many scientists believe that capsaicin helps the stomach, others opinions differ, like in any
scientific study. These opposing scientists believe that capsaicin actually is a carcinogen, which
means that when used internally causes cancerous cells to form. In some experiments, rats treated
with capsaicin formed

Major Organs Involved In The Digestive System
The Digestive system plays an important role in the function of the human body. The digestive
system converts food to energy your body needs to complete everyday activities. The digestive
system also takes the waste in your body and eliminates waste. Major organs included in the process
of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. The mouth is
where the process begins. Saliva is added to the food that you chew, which makes it able to travel
down the esophagus.
The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach, where the process continues. The stomach holds
food while it is being mixed with enzymes. The small intestines release nutrients from the broken
down food. These nutrients fuel the body and make it

Experimental Oral Controlled Release And Site Specific...
ABSTRACT Oral controlled release and site specific drug delivery system has been of great interest
in pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Drug absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract is a highly variable procedure and prolonging gastric retention of the dosage
form extends the time for drug absorption. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is one of such
novel approaches to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site specific drug release in the
stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for the drugs which have
narrow absorption window in the upper part of gastro intestinal tract. Various approaches of gastro
retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non–floating, have been discussed in this
review. This review also gives an overview of merits, demerits and evaluation parameters of gastro
retentive system.
Key words: Gastro retentive drug delivery system, non–floating system, floating system, evaluation
parameters
INTRODUCTION: Despite the tremendous advancement in drug delivery, oral route is the most
preferred route to the systemic circulation due to the ease of administration, low cost of drug, patient
compliance and flexibility in formulation. About 90% of all drugs used to produce systemic effects
are administered by oral route. Of the drugs that are administered orally, solid oral dosage forms
represent the preferred class of products. Tablets are the most common type of

Digestive System Disorder
For my Anatomy and Physiology final I chose to research a digestive system disorder. I researched
different disorders and the most appealing disorder to me was the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease,
or most commonly known as GERD as well as Acid Reflux Disease. GERD is a common disorder
with more than 10 million Americans who have been diagnosed, including infants. GERD is a reflux
disease that is triggered by a weak lower esophageal sphincter. The lower esophageal sphincter,
LES, is located between the end of the esophagus and the stomach. A closed lower esophageal
sphincter prevents acid and bolus from returning to the esophagus. Those diagnosed with GERD
experience a weak lower esophageal sphincter, which can cause bolus and acid to travel up the
esophagus, causing a heart burning sensation. Overtime, a continuous exposure to the stomach acid
and bolus can cause the esophagus to erode, which may result in bleeding as well as breathing
problems. A most common symptom of GERD is heartburn that increases when bending over,
stooping, lying down, and eating. Other symptoms that can occur are nausea, hoarseness, laryngitis
chronic dry cough, asthma, an increase of saliva, earaches, as well as bad breath. Nausea is
experienced when eating either too quickly or eat an excess of food in a short amount of time. If
your lower esophagus sphincter, or LES, is too weak, an excess of food can cause a "back up" into
the esophagus. The acid reflux can enter the pharynx, the throat,

Digestion Research Paper
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into a form your body can use. The digestion
process begins in the mouth. Chewing mechanically breaks down food into small pieces while saliva
mixes with the food to create a soft, moist mass of food for swallowing called a bolus. Saliva
contains enzymes that chemically breaks down carbohydrates. When the bolus is swallowed, it
enters the esophagus. Peristalsis, synchronized waves of muscle movement throughout the digestive
system, moves the bolus toward the stomach. When the bolus nears the end of the esophagus,
pressure from the food signals the muscle at the end of the esophagus to open and the bolus enters
the stomach. In the stomach, the bolus is churned by the powerful muscles of

Characteristics Of A Tuna Sandwich
A tuna sandwich is full of important macronutrients needed for your body. Carbohydrates, proteins
and lipids can be found in all of the ingredients in varying amounts. Grain from the bread provides
carbohydrates, while proteins can be found in the tuna, lettuce, tomato and cheese of the sandwich.
Lipids are represented in the cheese and mayo. All food groups are represented in the sandwich,
with the exception of fruits. The function of digestion is to break down and transport nutrients from
the food to their respected destination within the body as they are added through the lymphatic
system and the blood stream. Major organs involved in digestion are the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestine and the rectum. The salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder are assisting organs in the digestion process.
Ingestion starts the digestion process starts in the mouth. As you begin to take a bite of the tuna
sandwich, the smell triggers the salivary glands to start producing saliva. The saliva in the mouth
from the salivary glands contains the enzymes amylase, which starts the digestion of carbohydrates
and starches. Saliva also releases lingual lipase which begins the digestion of fats or lipids. As the
food is chewed and mixed with saliva, the food turns into bolus. This new form of the once
sandwich will help it travel through the GI Tract to be further digested.
After the saliva from the salivary glands has prepared bolus by moistening and suppling

Essay on Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis is a digestive disorder in which the motility of the stomach is either abnormal or
absent. "Gastro" means stomach and "paresis" means weakness. Gastroparesis is a weak stomach.
This condition is very common. It can be the cause of a number of abdominal complaints. It is
usually not a serious problem and there are effective treatments available.
In normal health, when the stomach is functioning normally. The stomach has two parts. The upper
portion is called the fundus which is where swallowed food and liquid collect. The lower portion is
called the antrum. This is the stomach grinder. It is where food is churned back and forth until it is
broken into small fragments and then squirted out into the duodenum, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fortunately, gastric emptying resumes and symptoms improve when food intake and eating
schedules normalize. Symptoms of gastroparesis include bloating, nausea, and early fullness while
eating meals, heartburn, and epigastric pain. The most common symptom is early satiety, or the
sensation of feeling full shortly after starting a meal. Nausea and vomiting are also common. A
person with gastroparesis may vomit undigested food many hours after their last meal. Weight loss
can occur due to poor absorption of nutrients, or taking in too few calories.
The diagnosis of gastroparesis starts with the medical history where the physician may suspect the
diagnosis based on the symptoms. A gastric or stomach emptying test is presently the best method of
making the diagnosis. In this test, a food, such as scrambled eggs, is labeled with a marker, which
can be seen by a scanner. Following ingestion, the scanner tracks the time it takes for the food to
leave the stomach. In general, half the stomach contents should leave within about 90 minutes. A
final test is the electrogastrogram (EGG). This test, like the EKG on the heart, measures the
electrical waves that normally sweep over the stomach and precede each contraction.
Diet is one of the foundations of treatment for those who suffer from gastroparesis. Some foods are
more difficult than others for the stomach to digest. Fatty foods take a longer time to digest, so do
foods that

The Nervous System Of Anniyas Essay
The nervous system of Anniyas is a complicated network of nerve cells interlaced with one another
and specialized cells performing one of the most complex functions in the bodies of Anniya. The
nervous system serves as a network of communication to many organs of the body, and it also
functions as a control system to maintain homeostasis of the Anniyas' bodies. It controls numerous
body activities through stimuli, hormones, and other methods. As the internal and external
environment change, the nervous system can send impulses to various parts of the body to respond
to stimuli and maintain homeostasis. In Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora & Derrickson, it is
mentioned that the nervous system is separated into two divisions: "The central nervous system
(CNS) which comprises the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is
made up of ganglia, sensory receptors, and enteric plexus which, carry nerve impulses to and from
the body" (400). The Anniyas' peripheral nervous system is also divided into three systems:
1. Somatic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for carrying signals from the central nervous system
to effectors such as the glands and muscles, to take action. The system is also responsible for nearly
all voluntary muscle movements of the body. It is responsible for the stimulation of the skeletal
muscles.
2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functions of internal organs automatically
unconsciously. The motor part of the ANS is

Human Pathogen That Is Responsible For Ulcers And Stomach...
Nguyen 1
A. INTRODUCTION
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human pathogen that is responsible for ulcers and stomach
inflammation. The organism had been researched by several scientists around the world since 1875;
however none of them was successfully culture it. Until 1982, Dr. Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin
Warren succeeded in observing the colonies, and thus became the first scientists to discover this
bacterium. By self–testing, Dr. Marshall drank a liquid that contained H. pylori culture. A few days
later, he got sick with many symptoms such as vomiting and nausea. After ten days, by undergoing
endoscopy, he was able to confirm the role of H. pylori in causing gastritis. Then he and Dr. Warren
also demonstrated the effect of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though H. pylori is a "neutralophile", it can survive in the very acidic environment in the
human stomach due to a variety of acidic–adaptive mechanisms, such as the ability to utilize urease
to break down urea Nguyen 2 into ammonia, and thus neutralizing the surrounding acidic
environment. Also, H. pylori contains "hydrogenase" enzyme, which can oxidize molecules
hydrogen being produced by other gastric bacteria, in order to produce energy. Some other enzymes
that can be utilized by H. pylori are "oxidase" and "catalase", which are also used to test for the
presence of this organism. It can also form "biofilm" on the gastric mucosa epithelium, which results
in its ability to resist against many antimicrobials. From spiral form, it is able to convert into
"coccoid form" – one of its advantage which helps in its survival and epidemic potential [5].
– H. pylori has 4 to 6 "lophotrichous flagella" which are its favor in motility. Usually, the
"enterohepatic" and gastric Helicobacter have really strong flagella. Its flagella filaments mainly are
"FlaA and FlaB" [10].
Like other organisms, its outer membrane is composed of "phospholipids" and "lipopolysaccharide"
[7].
2. Pathophysiology
a) Adaptability
H. pylori is found in stomach, upper GI tract, intestines and other parts in the body but it usually
reside in stomach. Because it can only survive in neutral environment, once it penetrates the mucous
lining

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Report
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a disease of the digestive tract that can cause asthma
and other complications. GERD does not affect the heart itself even though the heart can burn as a
result; GERD can mimic the signs of a heart attack. This report will discuss how a prescription is
not necessarily needed for treatment, medicine can be purchased OTC. This disease also affects
infants and small children.
Component I.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder disease that causes gastric
acid flow from the stomach to the esophagus. GERD occurs when the stomach is weak or relaxes
inappropriately allowing the flow of gastric content to flow upwards (1998–2015 Mayo
Foundation). Even though heart burn occurs with GERD it does not cause any harm to the heart
itself. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inferior plane means closer to the feet (below), and the stomach is inferior to the esophagus.
The mediastinum plane contains the esophagus, and the stomach is located in the abdominal cavity
(Anatomy Terms, 2015).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease affects the body as a whole in different ways. GERD can
contribute to asthma due to the fact that acid reflux can irritate the air ways and lungs which affects
breathing (Ray, Secrest, 2007, p. 36). GERD can cause indigestion (dyspepsia) which causes pain
and burning sensations in the upper stomach. In some cases GERD can be mistaken for a heart
attack; it can cause pain in the chest the same as a heart attack

Gastric Ulcer Essay
The Pathology and Treatment of Common Gastric Ulcers
Gastric ulcers are a common GI abnormality with several different causes and treatments vary.
Despite the painful symptoms of an ulcer, gastric ulcers can be healed through a variety of ways
involving Eastern and Western medicines. Gastric ulcers are best understood as open sores within
the stomach, generally caused by two different factors: an infection by Helicobacter pylori, and the
long term use of non–steroidal, anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAID) drugs. Because ulcers are created
when the stomach mucous lining is weakened, the understanding of how stomach hormones
normally function is important.
The stomach is a hollow, muscular organ that stores food, secretes digestive juices, and moves ...
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The bacteria causing ulcers are called Helicobacter pylori. This bacteria is infectious to the stomach
because it can adapt to the stomach's acidic environment. H. pylori have flagella which help the
bacteria move into the mucous lining of the stomach by burrowing. The bacteria reach the neutral
environment of epithelial cells and are safe from the high acidity environment of the stomach. Once
H. pylori are the lining, the epithelial cells are exposed. Normally, ammonia neutralizes the stomach
acid, protecting the mucous lining from being eroded. However, ammonia is lethal to epithelial cells
and causes cellular death. This cell death results in an inflammatory response (Dixon, 2001). The
inflammatory response includes cellular components of the body's immune system. Once H. pylori
are in the epithelial cells, infection continues to spread as H. pylori insert its DNA into the cells.
Some of the DNA is replicated with the epithelial cells' DNA while other mechanisms of the cells
present the inserted bacterial DNA on the cells' surface. The cells become antigen presenting cells
which signal white blood cells to the site of infection (Hunt, R.H., Camilleri, M., Crowe, S. E., El–
Omar, E. M., Fox, J. G., Kuipers, E. J., . Tack, J., 2015). The response also signals G cells in the
stomach to secrete gastrin, and gastrin stimulates parietal cells to produce more hydrochloric acid.
The excessive production of the gastric hormones further damages the site of infection, and it can
also damage the duodenum of the small intestine as the acids move through the stomach (Dixon,

The Gastrointestinal System
Digestion occurs mainly in the gut, formally known as the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Organs in
the GI system include the stomach, small and large intestines as well as accessory organs such as the
liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Accessory organs are known to provide secretions into the GI tract.
These secretions include digestive juices that enter the gut by glands, including salivary glands,
gastric glands in the stomach wall, pancreas and wall of the small intestine. Gastrin is a peptide
hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and helps
gastric motility (Dimaline and Varro, 2014). It is important due to acid production in the stomach for
dissolving and digesting some foods and is essential for normal cell growth in the stomach lining,
walls of small intestine and colon. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important hormonal regulator of the digestive process by contracting
the gallbladder and stimulating pancreatic juice secretion. Based on rodent data, the pancreas is
considered to be regulated physiologically by CCK, but not by gastrin (Fourmy, Gigoux, & Reubi,
2011). CCK cells are concentrated in the small intestine, where the hormone is secreted into the
blood following ingestion. Primary functions of CCK also include stimulation of pancreatic
secretion and gallbladder contraction, regulation of gastric emptying, and induction of satiety
(Liddle, 1997). Thus, CCK is first in rank due to its contribution in regulating ingestion, digestion,
and absorption of

Gerd
LAPAROSOPIC SURGERY FOR GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Gastroesophageal reflux is the most common gastrointestinal disorder of the western world. Gallup
poles have elucidated that approximately 44 % of the adult population in the U.S. has some
abnormal reflux of acidic gastric juices into the esophagus on a monthly basis. Roughly 10% of
patients require daily acid suppression medication for relief of symptoms. GERD accounts for over
1.0 million out patient visits to physicians every year! Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD,
occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not close properly, and stomach contents
splash back, or reflux, into the esophagus. The LES is a ring of muscle located at the far end of the
esophagus as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goals of therapy for GERD include: a) Symptomatic relief; b) Resolution of esophagitis
(inflammatory changes of the esophagus as a result of abnormal acid exposure); and c) Prevention
of complications.
Lifestyle Changes
The first step in treating GERD includes lifestyle and diet modifications: And these are usually very
effective.
1. Elevate the head the head of your bed. You must place blocks under the bed post. Pillows will not
help. Patients with GERD tend to have more frequent and longer episodes of reflux in the supine
position than normal individuals.
2. Try to limit or avoid foods that can exacerbate GERD. This includes decreasing alcohol intake.
Eat small meals.
3. DO NOT SMOKE. Aside from it's effect on LES and GERD, it can cause you a multitude of
serious life and limb threatening problems. But you already knew that. Right?!
4. If possible, lose weight. Excess weight can increase intra–abdominal pressure sufficient enough to
overcome the resting pressure of the LES.
5. Avoid tight fitting clothes.
6. Avoid lying down for several hours after eating.
Medical Therapy
If at all possible, try to avoid medications that act to lower the LES pressure. (see above)
Antacids, such as ALKA–SELTZER, MAALOX, MYLANTA, PEPTO–BISMOL, ROLAIDS, and
RIOPAN, are usually the first drugs recommended to relieve heartburn and other mild GERD
symptoms. Many brands on the market

Stomach Cancer Research Paper
Preventing Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer, is cancer of the lining of the stomach. Cancer happens
when cells become abnormal and begin to grow out of control. Stomach cancer usually develops
slowly. It often shows no signs or symptoms until it reaches an advanced stage. This can make
treating the disease difficult.
Certain factors may make you more likely to develop stomach cancer. Some of these factors are
related to nutrition and lifestyle choices. By making a few changes, you can reduce your risk of
developing this type of cancer.
WHAT TYPES OF NUTRITION CHANGES CAN BE MADE?
Eat more fruits and vegetables, particularly those high in vitamin C, beta–carotene, and carotenoids.
Good choices include citrus fruits, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of whole–grain foods include oats, whole wheat, bulgur, brown rice, quinoa, and millet.
Drink green tea.
Limit your intake of:
○ Smoked meats.
○ Salt–cured and pickled foods.
○ Salt.
Make sure that all the food you eat is properly cooked and stored. This will help prevent bacterial
infection, such as Helicobacter pylori infection, which can increase the risk of stomach cancer.
WHAT TYPES OF LIFESTYLE CHANGES CAN BE MADE?
Do not use any tobacco products, such as cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and e–cigarettes. If you need
help quitting, ask your health care provider.
Lose weight if you are overweight. Talk to your health care provider about a diet and exercise plan
to safely lose weight.
Exercise regularly.
Avoid exposure to radiation.
See your health care provider if you develop any long–lasting (chronic) stomach or abdominal
problems.
WHY ARE THESE CHANGES IMPORTANT?
In addition to making you less likely to get stomach cancer, these changes will also provide other

health benefits, such as the following:
Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is good for your overall

Different Cell Types Of The Stomach Essay
The stomach is an organ that is part of the digestive system. The stomach is located in the upper left
part of the abdominal cavity, below the diaphragm and next to the liver (Stomach, 2013). The inner
walls of the stomach contain small pores called gastric pits. The gastric pits contain cells that secrete
chemicals that aid in the digestion of food (Nguyen, 2015). In this essay, I will discuss the different
cell types of the stomach, how they work together to provide the overall function of the stomach,
why each organ requires different cell types, why the stomach can't be comprised of just one cell
type, and the advantage of having different types of cells.
The stomach is made up of multiple cells that all have a certain job. The cells that I will be
discussing are the Surface mucous cells, Mucous Neck cells, Parietal Cells, Chief cells, and the G
cells.
Surface mucous cells
Surface mucous cells are the protective epithelial cells that line the surface of the stomach including
the gastric pits. The function of the surface mucous cells is to serve as a physical and chemical
barrier. The surface mucous cells secretes a bicarbonate–rich mucus that forms a thick gel–like coat
that adheres to the surface epithelium and protects the gastric tissue from abrasion and the acid
content of the stomach (The Stomach, n.d.).
Mucous Neck cell
The mucous neck cells are located in the neck section of the stomach often squeezed between two
parietal cells. The mucous neck cells job is to

Essay on Acid in the Stomach
Acid in the human stomach
When people refer to acid they usually see it as a corrosive liquid that can dissolve metals or change
the color of a substance. So they think of acid as a dangerous matter for the body and believe it can
easily dissolve your skin. What I have previously listed are indeed properties of certain acids, such
as Hydrofluoric Acid which can cause irreversible tissue damage if it comes in contact with skin, but
not all acids are this strong. As a matter of fact what a lot of people forget is that we have acid in our
stomachs. The human stomach contains Hydrochloric Acid but when in the stomach, it is referred to
as Gastric Acid.
It may be surprising that our stomachs contain Hydrochloric Acid because it is one of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As you have previously seen, Gastric Acid is very important for our digestion since it helps break
down food and protects our bodies from bacteria. So when your body is lacking this acid, it
obviously has some negative effects; this phenomenon is called hypochlorhydria. Insufficient
Gastric Acid causes the following:
Absorption of partially digested food molecules which leads to food sensitivities
Food components that should be digested in the upper intestines might pass through the lower
intestines which can fuel the harmful micro–organisms consequently increasing the numbers
Gastrointestinal overgrowth of pathogens
Malabsorption of minerals, vitamins and amino acids
When you have a lack of Hydrochloric Acid, it is very important to treat it because you will
experience the following symptoms:
Stomach aching/pain/discomfort or bloating after mealsAcid in the stomach
Feeling unwell/fatigued right after meals
Burping after meals
Frequent nausea
Nausea after taking vitamins
Food sensitivities
Constipation
Food and water feel as if they "sit in your stomach"
Feeling overly full easily
Some people actually have a condition named achlorhydria which means that their bodies do not
produce any Stomach Acid. It is genetic or can be acquired and people that have any of the

following conditions are most likely to have low Gastric Acid levels or can easily acquire
achlorhydria:
Asthma

Neutralizing Stomach Acid
The Most Efficient Antacid to Neutralize Stomach Acid
Author: Masaru Sakata
March 9, 2017
Lab Partners: Zeyad Naseer Aldeen, Jaysa Medina, Victor Guzman, and Rumla Zaman
TA: Tianyu Zheng
Chemistry Lab
Abstract:
An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity.2 With this information, the main goal
of the entirety of this experiment is to determine which antacid is most effective in neutralizing
stomach acid. The experiment's way of measuring the effectiveness of each antacid is examined
using titrations. In a compounding research pharmacy environment, pharmacists utilize the very
titration method used on this experiment as one way to enhance medications. This method utilizes
the measurements of an already established concentration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In a real stomach, Medique Alcalak would neutralize the most stomach acid making it the most
effective and simultaneously would not bring the stomach acid to below a pH of seven. Medique
Alcalak's active ingredients are calcium carbonate, which correlate to the effectiveness of the
antacid.3
References:
1. Tro, N. J. Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. 3rd ed. N.p.: Prentice Hall, 2013.
2. Costanzo, L. S. Physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier Science, 2006.
3. Medique Alcalak. Medline Plus. DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Washington, D.C.
Available at: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed March 6,

Euthanasia
Running Head: CHLOE'S STORY 1 A.) Which serous membrane in Chloe's abdomen most likely
contains the greatest amount of adipose tissue? The greater omentum contains a considerable
amount of adipose fat, located in the peritoneum; the visceral layer covers most of the organs. B.)
What involuntary muscular process initiated by deglutition of water may cause Chloe pain?
Swallowing is the movement of food from the mouth into the Esophagus. The esophagus secretes
mucus and transports the food to the stomach via peristalsis. C.) Why might reduction of the side of
Chloe's stomach reduce her acid reflux? Her stomach will not hold much food, so the acid produced
will be reduced. With part of her stomach stapled, there are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
G.) Would absorption of nutrients be substantially altered in the small intestine following Chloe's
gastric bypass surgery? Yes, there are not a lot of foods to break down, plus the food is not broken
down in the stomach naturally, so fewer nutrients are absorbed through the intestine. The stomach
mechanically breaks down, and the bolus mixes with the secretions so the nutrients can be absorbed
by the intestine because the foods weren't properly being broken down, the digestive tract has been
altered and it interferes with the absorption of vitamins and nutrients. The small intestine is the
major site for chemical digestion and absorption and with the surgery affecting the intestine; the
walls with the absorptive cells that absorb nutrients are disrupted. H.) Why is vitamin B12
deficiency a serious concern? Vitamin B12 is important in the growth of cells. The body needs the
cells to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body. B12 also works with the nervous system function. It
makes up are bodies genetic material, and is essential for the production of red blood cells.
The diet Chloe is following restricts her of the foods that are high in Vitamin B12. Meats and milk
products.
CHLOE'S STORY 3 I.) With which complications should Chloe be concerned following the
surgery? Gallstones, dumping syndrome, inflammation, hepatitis, dairy intolerance, hair

Epiglottis Respiratory System
The food then travels through the pharynx, throat, which is a funnel–shape tube connected to the
back of the mouth. It passes the food from the mouth to the esophagus. The pharynx has 2 different
functions and is also apart of the respiratory system. It has a large piece of cartilage, epiglottis.
When swallowing, the epiglottis folds down over the larynx. If there were no epiglottis, the food
would travel through the larynx, the windpipe. After passing through the pharynx, the bolus then
travels to the esophagus. It is a soft muscular tube that attaches the pharynx to the stomach. It carries
the bolus along its distance.
The food then lands in the stomach which is located to the left side of the abdominal cavity. It stores
food so that

Stomach Essay
Task 1b
Stomach
Function: the stomach is shaped so that it can temporarily expand to store the food. It physically
breaks down the food with the stomach muscles. It also chemically breaks down the food with the
chemical, hydrochloric acid. The enzyme pepsin is reliable for protein breakdown in the stomach.
Structure: the structure links to the function of the stomach by the stomach wall having 4 strong
layers, these layers are called mucosa, sub–mucosa, muscularis externa and the serosa. There are
cells that help with the digestion of food mucous cells conceal the alkaline mucous which shields the
epithelium from the strong hydrochloric acid, parietal cells which are found in the cardiac region of
the stomach is conceals in hydrochloric acid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structure: the structure links to the function as it is 1.5m long and it's bigger than the small intestine
suggesting that it is stronger and can hold indigestible foods. The wall of the large intestine has a
muscle layer which is made up of 3 bands called the teniae coli, this applies pressure to the wall and
creates many pouches called haustra, this is an important process of the digestive system as they
start to produce the faeces. http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Digestion–Chemistry/Science–Ideas–
and–Concepts/Large–intestine–function http://www.wisegeek.org/what–are–haustra.htm

Oesophagus Involved In The Digestive System
The stomach is a muscular, hollow part of the gastrointestinal tract that functions as a vital digestive
organ in the digestive system. The stomach is involved in the second stage of digestion following
chewing.
The stomach is located between the oesophagus and small intestine. It is in the left upper part of the
abdomen cavity. It is attached to the back of the abdominal wall by the peritoneum which covers the
outside of the stomach, the peritoneum extends down the front of the abdominal organs, this is the
greater ormentium which contains fat and moves around in the abdomen, when infection occurs it
wraps itself around the infected organ to prevent the infection spreading.
The oesophagus enters the stomach through an opening called the cardiac

Heart Burn Research Paper
At Home Care and Relieving Heart Burn
Heartburn causes pain in the center of the chest. Many people mistake the pain for a problem with
the heart. In severe cases, it is even mistaken for a heart attack. In truth, heartburn has nothing to do
with the heart, and its only relationship the general location of the pain. Instead, heartburn is an
irritation of the esophagus caused by stomach acid.
When we eat, food travels down the esophagus and passes through a flap (the lower esophageal
sphincter) to drop into the stomach. This flap is only supposed to open to allow food to pass down or
gas to pass up (a burp). It can also open when we need to regurgitate (throw up). If the opens to
much or does not close properly, stomach acid may splash up, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is not usually dangerous, but if occurs too often it may not be simple heartburn but a disease
known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can cause serious issues.
The most common causes of heartburn, other than pregnancy, are obesity, overeating, ingestion of
certain foods, and smoking. If your senior loved one suffers from heartburn, at home care providers
can help them determine the source of the problem and assist with solutions.
The initial step in determining the cause of your loved one's heartburn is journaling. At home care
providers can be a great help in this process. You want to record the time of the occurrence as well
as the activity or food associated with it. Common causes that are discovered are the size of the
meals, the speed at which the food is eaten, and the consumption of high–fat foods. The most
common foods related to heartburn include tomatoes, citrus fruit, coffee, alcohol, and peppermint.
Many seniors are also sensitive to spicy foods.
Once a pattern is discovered, at home care aides can help your loved one watch their diet and eat
foods that will not cause the acid to splash up. If fact, two of the things an at home care provider can
assist your loved one with are shopping for nutritious food and

Digestion and Stomach Function
Project 3.2.2 and Project 3.2.3: Student Resource Sheet Use the information found below to guide
your research and to design your model. Guiding questions are broken down by assignment. Take
notes, answer questions, and complete sketches in your laboratory journal. 1. Oral cavity, pharynx,
(must also include accessory organs such as salivary glands, tongue, and teeth) What is the oral
cavity and what does it contain? The oral cavity contains the tongue and teeth. What is the function
of the salivary glands? Salivary glands are responsible for excreting saliva which helps with
chewing and swallowing. The saliva is the first step to digestion; enzymes in the saliva begin the
process. What is the function of the tongue? The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Duodenum is the first section of the small intestine, this is where the first part of digestion is
completed. Food is mixed with bile and enzymes both of which help break down the food. Jejunum
is where the foods nutrients are absorbed. Lleum is the last part of the small intestine where the bile
acids are returned to the liver and any excess water is absorbed. What is the pH within the small
intestine and how is this pH maintained? The pH of the region is maintained at 7 or 8 this is the pH
that is optimal for the enzymes to function. This is kept at a constant with the bile from the
gallbladder. Where do bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the small intestine? The bile moves down
the common bile duct, through the pancreatic duct and then into the duodenum and through the rest
of the intestine. How does food move through the intestines? By 2 different types of contractions.
Peristalsis and segmentation, the movements mix the bile in the small intestines with the chyme
from the stomach. What enzymes act inside the small intestine and what are the functions of these
enzymes? What is the function of the large intestine in relation to digestion? The large intestine
functions to absorb the remaining water from the indigestible food matter and then to pass the matter
out of the body. What are the three sections of the large intestine and what roles does each play in
digestion or absorption? How does the large intestine help maintain a water

The Stomach's Role in Digestion

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