political history of Pakistan.

2. POLITICAL
HISTORY OF
PAKISTAN
Dr. Arifa Saeed

3. HISTORY - TIMELINE

4. After Dead of Quaid, Sep 11, 1948.
After Dead of Liaquat Ali Khan, Oct 16, 1951
and Nazimuddin became the next Prime
Minister.
The dismissal of Sir Khawaja, the Prime Minister,
by the Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad,
signaled a troubling trend in Pakistani political
history.
Major General (Retd.)
Iskandar Mirza who
forced Mohammad Ali
Bogra to resign in 1955.

5. After Ch. Muhammad Ali
resign in 1956.
Hussein Shaheed
Suhrawardy
resigned from his
Premiership in 1957
Iskander Mirza exploited
the differences between
the parties and thus
made Ismail an easy
victim as he remained
Prime Minister for only
two months and
therefore could not give
any practical shape to
his program.

6. PPP
won
PML-J
won
1st General Election
Election Date: Oct, 1970
Total Seats: 300
Turnout: 63%
2nd General Election
Election Date: 7 Mar, 1977
Total Seats: 200
Turnout: 63%
PPP won but Marshal law
was Imposed.

7. PPP
won
PML-
N won
PPP
won
PML-
N won
4th General Election
Total Seats: 237
Turnout: 43%
5th General Election
Total Seats: 237
Turnout: 45.5%
6th General Election
Total Seats: 237
Turnout: 41%
7th General Election
Total Seats: 237
Turnout: 35%
After Dead of Zai ul Haq.
After Farooq Leghari's
resignation in 1997
President
02 Dec - Resign
Farooq Leghari

8. PML-Q
Won but still Musharaf
was President
PPPP
won
8th General Election
Total Seats: 237
Turnout: 41%
9th General Election
Total Seats: 342
Turnout: 63%

9. CONSTITUTIONS

10. CONSTITUTION OF 1956
 British Empires divided British
India into two Pakistan and India.
 Adopted on 29 February 1956
 Enforced on 23 March 1956
 Contained 234 Articles divided into
thirteen parts and six an schedules.
 Governor General Iskander Mirza was
assumed as a President of Pakistan.

11. FEATURES
 The Objectives Resolution, the preamble of
the Constitution.
 Country was declared an Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
 President must be Muslim of at least 40 years
of age.
 The Constitution of 1956 provided unicameral
legislature.
 National Assembly was to consist of 300
members.
 Minimum age of 21 was allowed to vote in the
elections.
 Urdu and Bengali, State Language and
English, Official Language for first 25 years

12. CONSTITUTION OF 1962
 Shahabuddin
Commission, 17 Feb
1960.
 Promulgated by
President Ayyub on 1st
March, 1962.
 Came into effect on 8th
June, 1962.
 Contained 250 articles
divided into 12 parts and
5 Schedules.

13. FEATURES
 Pakistan was renamed as "Republic of Pakistan".
 The President was to be a Muslim not less than 35
years of age and could , not held more than two
consecutive teams.
 The National Assembly was to consist of 156
members, later increased to 218 members.
 The system of indirect presidential elections was
presented.
 President owned the "Right of Veto".
 The President had the power to dissolve the National
Assembly.

14. CONSTITUTION OF 1973
 "Constitution accord" 17 Oct
1972.
 The National Assembly
approved the Constitution on
April 10th, 1973.
 Came into effect on 14th
August 1973.
 Contained 280 articles
divided into 12 parts and 7
schedules.

15. FEATURES
 The Constitution named Pakistan as Islamic
Republic of Pakistan.
 Islam as the religion of the country.
 The President was to be Muslim at least 45
years of age.
 The 1973 Constitution set up a bicameral
legislature.
 Independence of Judiciary
 Method of Election

16. MAJOR PARTIES

17. PAKISTAN PEOPLE PARTY
 Political Party of Pakistan.
 Founded on Nov 30, 1967 by Z.A Bhutto.
 Chairperson:
 Bilawal Bhutto
 Contest elections on the slogan of
"ROTI, KAPRA AUR MAKAN".
 Basic Principles of PPP:
 Islam is our Faith
 Democracy is our Politics
 Socialism is our Economy
 All Power to the People
 Won Election in 1970, 1977, 1988, 1993
, 2008, 2013,2018,2023.

18. PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE - N
 Famous Political Party of Pakistan.
 Founded on 1993 by Mian Muhammad
Nawaz Sharif.
 Chairperson:
 Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
 Basic Principles of PML-N
 Democracy is our Politics
 Independent Judiciary and the Rule of
Law.
 Improvement in Education System
 Industry and Trade (Economical
Improvement)
 Won Election in 1990, 1997,
2013,2018,2023.

19. PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE - Q
 Political Party of Pakistan.
 Founded on 2002 by Mian Azhar
 Chairperson:
 Ch. Shujat Hussain
 Basic Principles of PML-Q
 Live and Let Live.
 Tolerance and harmony.
 Ensuring justice and freedom of expression.
 Dignity of the common citizen
 Protection and promotion of the rights of
Women.
 Protection of the rights of minorities.
 Won Election in 2002.

20. MUHAJIR QAUMI MOVEMENT
 Founded on 1984 by Altaf Hussain.
 In 1997, MQM became Muthidda
Qaumi Movement instead of Muhajir
Qaumi Movement.
 Chairperson:
 Altaf Husain
 Basic Principles of MQM
 Improvement in Education
 Reduce Poverty and Unemployment
 Agricultural reforms
 Healthcare system is a right of every
Pakistani regardless of his/her income
level and social status.

21. PAKISTAN TEHREEK-E-INSAF
 Founded on 1996 by Imran Khan.
 PTI is one of the three major political
parties of Pakistan, along with PPP
and PML-N.
 Motto : “Insaf, Insaniyat aur khud itmadi”
 Chairperson:
 Imran Khan
 Basic Principles of PTI
 Government with Merit.
 Resources of the country belong to the
people of the country and will be used for
their progress and development.
 Primary Health care for the poor and elderly
will be free.

22. PROBLEMS OF
PAKISTANI POLITICS

23. ISSUE BASED POLITICS
Personality vs. Issues = Personality wins!!!
 PAKISTAN is a nation desperately in
need of heroes.
 Our politicians dissimulate, our cricketers
disappoint, and our celebrities self-
destruct.
 Core issues were always neglected
 Non-existence of proactive policies to
solve the basic problems
 Lack of responsibility showed by the
political parties.

24. FEUDALISM
Garbage In = Garbage Out
 Majority of the Politicians belong
to this category
 Lack of Interaction with the
common man
 Leads to lack of development in
rural areas
 Absence of a complete
constitution, allowed the peoples
with power to manipulate the
political and constitutional
institution, as they wanted.

25. MILITARY TAKEOVER
An Ever Itching Palm
 Marshal law is a major
factor of political
destabilization.
 It always leaves an
uneven ground for the
politicians.
 Sometime, It is war
done in the name of
democracy against
democracy.

26. ACCOUNTABILITY
Selective or wholistic???
 Has always been biased
throughout the history
 Independent NAB non-existent.
 Pakistan is not going to change
until every man in power take
responsibility for his action.
 And Heavy regulation, poor
security that creates an
unfavorable environment for
foreign investment.

27. DEMOCRACY VS.
DICTATORSHIP IN
PAKISTAN

28. COMPARISION
DEMOCRACY DICTATORSHIP
 People Elect their own
Government.
 They are ruled by the
people of their own choice.
 A common person is
considered as the Primary
source of the elected
Government.
 Not One Man Show.
 A type of government in
which the whole governing
body is controlled by a
single individual or a single
group of people.
 Government in which a
single personality govern
all the authorities.
 It has been proved
unfriendly.
 One Man show.

29. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DEMOCRACY
Merits
 Local Body Government in
which people are free to
choose their rulers.
 People have liberty of
Speech.
 Public Questions are decided
by the will of majority.
 People get the chance to
change the governing
bodies.
 Legal form of Government.
 People have the freedom to
choose their Head by the
General Elections.
Demerits
 According to Napoleon, "Nine
people out of ten are fool".
 This cause the election of
some illegible persons.
 Corruption and bribery.
 Illiterate people sometimes
choose the people on caste
and creed basis.
 Expensive mode of
government.

30. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DICTATORSHIP
Merits
 More Stable
Government
 Less room for
Corruption.
 More efficient during
emergencies.
 Less crime rates.
 Things happening very
quickly.
 More stronger economy
than democratic
government.
 No politics ever.
Demerits
 The most unfriendly type
of government.
 People sometimes have
not the freedom to speak
and express their views
against the government.
 People have to just follow
the orders.
 Military dictatorship is
worst type of government.

31. IN PAKISTAN, DEMOCRACY OR THE
DICTATORSHIP ???
 From the inception of Pakistan, there has
been the conflictions between the military
and civil leadership
 For about 30 years in history, we have
dictator leadership.
 As Musharraf once said,
“Democracy is an ineffective system for Pakistan
as there are no checks and balances in the
system and to counter such failures army has to
act because people of Pakistan expected too
much good from military.”
 But Pakistan is still a democratic country.

32. DICTATORIAL LEADERSHIP IN PAKISTAN
Ayub Khan's Rule (1958 - 1969)
 His regime is said to be Industrial and Reforms Era.
 Most developed decade in the History of Pakistan
 Capital was raised to Rs. 4.7 Billion and GDP was
raised to 6.8%
 His Dictatorial behavior rose rage of people against
himself
 He tried to overcome it by the use of power, that
leads to the separation of East Pakistan.
 Constitution of 1962 was launched by Ayub Khan in
which all the supreme authorities was owned by
him.
 After the resignation, he handed the government to
General Yahiya Khan.
 Yahiya's policies against the East Pakistanis were

33. ZIA-UL-HAQ'S LEADERSHIP(1977 - 1988)
 Islamic Shariaah was enforced is his era.
 This was the era of cold war against USSR in
which Pakistan played a vital role. Zia assist
Afghanis by Military as well as by finance.
 Military was made more strong and efficient.
 Zia was able to stand against external pressures
on Nuclear Programs that were started by Z.A
Bhutto.
 Many new reforms were introduced that could
lend benefits to common people.
 Pakistan had highest GDP rate in the history in
Zia era.

34. GENERAL MUSHARRAF'S LEADERSHIP
(1999 - 2008)
 After Zia, general elections were
held which allowed PPP to make
government.
 This government could not exist for
long time as they were accused of
corruption.
 Then came the era of Nawaz
Shareef, which too could not stand
for a long.
 From 1988 to 1999, no government
could stand more than 3 years.
 This decade was said to be the
failure of democracy in Pakistan.
 At last Gen Mushrraf (COAS)
suspended the constitution and
chose designation of Chief
Executive of Pakistan for himself,
dissolving the government.
 From 2002 to 2008, again this was
the era of dictator.
 Telecom sector made a remarkable
development.
 GDP was raised to about 9%.
 His Policies and American support by
him lead the country towards the
serious threads of Terrorism.
 Dictatorial behavior of Musharraf
caused the political opposition
against him.

35. Zia-Ul-Haq
Ayub Khan
Pervez
Musharraf
Benazir
Bhutto Z.A Bhutto
Nawaz
Sharif Iskandar
Mirza Ghulam
Muhammad Asif Ali
Zardari
5.88
5.82
5.14
5.08
4.83
4.06
3.02
2.95
2.62
COMPARING DEMOCRATIC AND DICTATORIAL
RULE
ECONOMIC GROWTH UNDER DIFFERENT RULERS
* Highest GDP rate was observed on Dictator’s Rule.

36.  Ayub Khan and Zia's Eras are known as the Eras of
development and peace.
 Highest GDP rate was observed.
 Likewise, Unfortunately every democratic government was
blamed corrupt, and base of national as well as international
disputes.
 Democracy is legal type of government in which people
elected from the citizens are offered to form the government.
 but a dictator takes over the government when national
disputes and confliction rises.
 In the history dictatorial government has been proved to be
the most economical and most administration leadership.
 The reason is that, by the common person, some of the
incompetent people are elected
 They do not deserve to have the leadership.

37. SO WHAT SHOULD THEN WE DO ???
 As democracy is the best form of government, so it should
be appreciated.
 Our duty is to nominate and elect the most capable person.
 We should maintain a peaceful and administrative
atmosphere in the country, even if going to criticize the
government over an issue.
 We should maintain a cooperative atmosphere with the
representatives of governments
 Military and Law enforcement departments should ensure
the fair and rigging-free elections in the country.
 No one should have exemption facing the Judiciary.
 And Citizens should have awareness.
 In these ways we can have a better democratic and
peaceful atmosphere.