This document provides an overview of spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. It then discusses the history and development of spectroscopy. The document classifies different types of spectroscopy based on the type of radiative energy and nature of interaction. It provides examples of various spectroscopic techniques including electromagnetic spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence. Key terms related to spectroscopy are defined.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It originated through Isaac Newton's experiments using prisms to separate white light into a visible spectrum. Spectroscopy is now used in fields like physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, astronomy, and remote sensing. Different types of spectroscopy include flame, X-ray, atomic emission and absorption, infrared, and mass spectroscopy. A spectrometer is an instrument that measures spectra and shows intensity as a function of properties like wavelength, frequency, or mass. It uses components like prisms, diffraction gratings, or time-of-flight measurements to separate spectra and provide information about materials.
A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Early models took weeks for results and were only 25% accurate. In 1940, Arnold Beckman invented the first modern spectrophotometer, the Beckman DU, which provided results within minutes that were 99.99% accurate. A spectrophotometer uses a light source, dispersion devices like prisms or filters, sample cells, detectors, and a display. It is used to identify compounds and determine absorbance and transmission of light in chemistry.
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and ultraviolet spectroscopy, explaining that UV spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light, which provides information about electronic transitions in molecules. It describes the components of a UV spectrometer and the principles of absorption spectroscopy. Various applications of UV spectroscopy in forensic science are also outlined, such as identifying illegal substances or determining the number of inks in questioned documents.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy unit 1 7thsem b.pharm pci syllabus.lima patel
Basics of EMR,
Interaction of EMR with the matter,
Different spectroscopic techniques,
Electronic transition and Different
factors affecting thereof.
Basics of Ultraviolet-visible
spectroscopy
Instrumentation
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles, components, and types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers. The key components include a light source, monochromator, cuvettes to hold samples, and detectors. It also describes the principles of absorption spectroscopy and how double-beam spectrophotometers work by splitting the light source into reference and sample beams to improve accuracy. UV-Visible spectroscopy is a common technique for quantitative analysis that measures how light is absorbed by molecules at different wavelengths.
- Spectroscopy involves the interaction of light with matter across the electromagnetic spectrum. Different regions cause changes in molecular and atomic properties like electron spin, rotational energy, and vibrational energy.
- Electromagnetic radiation can be characterized as waves of varying amplitude, frequency, and wavelength. Frequency and wave number are directly proportional to energy and remain constant regardless of medium, making them useful units.
- Molecules absorb specific wavelengths that correspond to electronic, translational, rotational, and vibrational transitions. Infrared spectroscopy measures these unique absorption patterns to characterize molecular structure.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. EMR has both electric and magnetic field components and carries energy continuously away from its source. EMR encompasses a wide spectrum that includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. These differ in frequency and wavelength but all travel at the speed of light. Visible light makes up a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye. EMR can be described by both classical wave and quantum mechanical particle models.
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state.
Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It originated through Isaac Newton's experiments using prisms to separate white light into a visible spectrum. Spectroscopy is now used in fields like physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, astronomy, and remote sensing. Different types of spectroscopy include flame, X-ray, atomic emission and absorption, infrared, and mass spectroscopy. A spectrometer is an instrument that measures spectra and shows intensity as a function of properties like wavelength, frequency, or mass. It uses components like prisms, diffraction gratings, or time-of-flight measurements to separate spectra and provide information about materials.
A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Early models took weeks for results and were only 25% accurate. In 1940, Arnold Beckman invented the first modern spectrophotometer, the Beckman DU, which provided results within minutes that were 99.99% accurate. A spectrophotometer uses a light source, dispersion devices like prisms or filters, sample cells, detectors, and a display. It is used to identify compounds and determine absorbance and transmission of light in chemistry.
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and ultraviolet spectroscopy, explaining that UV spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light, which provides information about electronic transitions in molecules. It describes the components of a UV spectrometer and the principles of absorption spectroscopy. Various applications of UV spectroscopy in forensic science are also outlined, such as identifying illegal substances or determining the number of inks in questioned documents.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy unit 1 7thsem b.pharm pci syllabus.lima patel
Basics of EMR,
Interaction of EMR with the matter,
Different spectroscopic techniques,
Electronic transition and Different
factors affecting thereof.
Basics of Ultraviolet-visible
spectroscopy
Instrumentation
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles, components, and types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers. The key components include a light source, monochromator, cuvettes to hold samples, and detectors. It also describes the principles of absorption spectroscopy and how double-beam spectrophotometers work by splitting the light source into reference and sample beams to improve accuracy. UV-Visible spectroscopy is a common technique for quantitative analysis that measures how light is absorbed by molecules at different wavelengths.
- Spectroscopy involves the interaction of light with matter across the electromagnetic spectrum. Different regions cause changes in molecular and atomic properties like electron spin, rotational energy, and vibrational energy.
- Electromagnetic radiation can be characterized as waves of varying amplitude, frequency, and wavelength. Frequency and wave number are directly proportional to energy and remain constant regardless of medium, making them useful units.
- Molecules absorb specific wavelengths that correspond to electronic, translational, rotational, and vibrational transitions. Infrared spectroscopy measures these unique absorption patterns to characterize molecular structure.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. EMR has both electric and magnetic field components and carries energy continuously away from its source. EMR encompasses a wide spectrum that includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. These differ in frequency and wavelength but all travel at the speed of light. Visible light makes up a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye. EMR can be described by both classical wave and quantum mechanical particle models.
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state.
Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy that can transfer through empty space and consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. EMR travels at the speed of light and can be described using both wave and particle models. The wave model conceives EMR as waves characterized by amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed of light. Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies and more energy. EMR interacts with matter by reflecting, absorbing, or transmitting depending on the material. The particle model views EMR as discrete packets of energy called photons whose energy is determined by the photon's frequency and Planck's constant.
The electromagnetic spectrum describes the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends. Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than infrared light that are used for radio communication. The Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra telescopes observe different wavelengths of light from space, including visible light, infrared, and X-rays, in order to take sharp pictures of astronomical objects like planets, stars, and galaxies. Telescopes are placed in space to obtain clearer views of the universe free from atmospheric interference and to observe wavelengths like X-rays and infrared that are blocked by Earth's atmosphere. Astronomers look for water on other planets because water is currently the best known indicator for the potential existence of life, and SETI stands
A. Electromagnetic waves travel as vibrations in electrical and magnetic fields at the speed of light without a medium. They have properties of both waves and particles.
B. The electromagnetic spectrum orders electromagnetic waves from radio waves to gamma rays based on increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. Different electromagnetic waves are used for technologies like WiFi, infrared devices, MRI, and X-rays.
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation and its properties. It defines electromagnetic radiation as a form of energy that exhibits both wave and particle properties. As a wave, electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Higher frequency radiation like gamma rays and X-rays have shorter wavelengths and higher energies, allowing them to penetrate deeper into materials. Exposure to high energy radiation can be dangerous by breaking molecular bonds through ionization. Electromagnetic radiation can also be described by photon particles, where the energy of each photon is determined by Planck's constant and the radiation's frequency or wavelength.
Basic concept of analytical technique spectrophotometrySaurav Dutta
The document expresses gratitude to Madam Manika Das Kotoki for the opportunity to present a presentation on spectrophotometry and for helping collect presentation data. It then provides information on spectrophotometry, including that it quantitatively measures material properties as a function of wavelength, involves the use of a spectrophotometer, and works based on Beer's Law, Lambert's Law, and Beer-Lambert's Law. It discusses the components and uses of spectrophotometers in various scientific fields and industries.
This document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and its use in astronomy. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. Each type of electromagnetic wave has a different wavelength and frequency. In astronomy, different types of electromagnetic waves are used to study different phenomena in the universe. Radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are all emitted by stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects and can be detected to learn about their composition and structure.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light transmitted through a sample. It uses light energy in the ultraviolet (UV) or visible light spectrum to detect molecules in a solution. The spectrophotometer shines a beam of light on a sample, and measures how the sample interacts with the light through absorption, reflection, or transmission. By comparing the transmittance or absorbance values of an unknown sample to standards of known concentration, the spectrophotometer can determine the concentration of the unknown sample.
This document provides an introduction to photometry and radiometry, which are the sciences of measuring light. It defines key concepts including:
- Radiant energy, which is the total amount of electromagnetic energy.
- Radiant flux (radiant power), which is the time rate of flow of radiant energy and is measured in watts.
- Radiant flux density, which is the radiant flux per unit area. When the flux is arriving at a surface it is called irradiance, and when leaving a surface it is called radiant exitance.
- Radiance, which is the amount of radiant flux in an elemental cone and provides a measure of the apparent brightness of a surface
1) NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses radio waves to induce transitions between magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei, providing information about molecular structure.
2) There are two main types of NMR - 1H NMR which identifies hydrogen atoms, and 13C NMR which identifies carbon atoms.
3) An NMR instrument consists of a strong magnet to align nuclear spins, a radiofrequency transmitter to perturb the spins, and a receiver to measure the emitted radio waves as spins relax.
Radiometry and Photometry by Sumayya NaseemSumayya Naseem
This document discusses quantitative measurement of light through radiometry and photometry. It defines key terms like radiant flux, luminous flux, radiant intensity, luminous intensity, irradiance, illuminance, radiance and luminance. It discusses how these terms are used to measure different properties of light and visual perception in both absolute and relative terms. Clinical applications including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, color vision testing and electrophysiology rely on defined levels of luminance and illumination. Surgical procedures also require precise control and measurement of light levels.
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and its relation to astronomy. It explains that electromagnetic radiation travels in waves with different wavelengths and frequencies. Stars, planets, and gases in space emit radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. By analyzing the wavelength and frequency of the radiation from astronomical objects, astronomers can determine their composition and properties. The document also describes how Doppler shift and redshift/blueshift of light from galaxies provide insights about the expansion of the universe and movement of objects in space.
Electromagnetic radiation is produced by the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields residing on atoms. They are characterized by their wavelength, frequency, or wave number and travel at the speed of light. When visible light passes through a prism, it disperses into the colors of the visible spectrum corresponding to different wavelengths. In absorption spectroscopy, when radiation of a certain wavelength range passes through a substance, specific wavelengths are absorbed, producing a dark-line absorption spectrum corresponding to the wavelengths absorbed.
The document is a presentation about electromagnetic waves. It contains the following key points:
1. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. They are classified based on wavelength and frequency.
2. All electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, emitted or absorbed.
3. Different types of electromagnetic waves have various applications like radio for communication, infrared for night vision, visible light for sight, ultraviolet for sterilization, X-rays for medical imaging and gamma rays for cancer treatment.
4. Students are instructed to read the presentation, take an
Spectrophotometry uses light absorption properties of substances to quantitatively analyze samples. It follows Beer's Law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer splits light into wavelengths, passes a sample beam through the sample, and measures the intensities of light transmitted versus a reference beam. This allows measurement of absorbance across wavelengths. Main applications include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and studying chemical kinetics.
This document summarizes different types of electromagnetic radiation, including light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. It discusses their properties such as wavelength and frequency. Key topics covered include how light travels in waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, uses of different wavelengths such as communication and food heating, and properties of visible light like color.
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
This document provides information about the "Raman and Luminescence Submicron Spectroscopy" Laboratory located at the V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science, Ukraine. The laboratory contains several lasers, spectrometers, microscopes, and temperature control equipment used to perform Raman and luminescence spectroscopy and mapping on semiconductor nanostructures with submicron spatial resolution. The laboratory studies properties such as chemical composition, strain, temperature, carrier mobility and concentration in nanostructures for applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics. Team members and their areas of research interest are also listed.
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote SensingNzar Braim
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation and its role in remote sensing. It defines key characteristics of electromagnetic waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different radiation types. Laws governing radiation like Kirchhoff's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Wien's displacement law are covered. The document also discusses how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering, absorption, and refraction.
Electromagnetic waves combine electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to each other and travel through space. The electromagnetic spectrum includes many types of waves such as visible light, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. These different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their varying frequencies and wavelengths. Sound waves are not considered electromagnetic waves.
The document discusses various electrical components and systems related to AC electrical circuits, including relay reviews, clutch circuits, thermistors, thermostats, power steering switches, blower circuits, NPN transistors, plenum controls, ventilation systems, HEPA filters, servo motors, and vacuum valves. It provides information on different sensors, controls, and technologies that are part of automotive air conditioning and ventilation systems.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy that can transfer through empty space and consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. EMR travels at the speed of light and can be described using both wave and particle models. The wave model conceives EMR as waves characterized by amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed of light. Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies and more energy. EMR interacts with matter by reflecting, absorbing, or transmitting depending on the material. The particle model views EMR as discrete packets of energy called photons whose energy is determined by the photon's frequency and Planck's constant.
The electromagnetic spectrum describes the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends. Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than infrared light that are used for radio communication. The Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra telescopes observe different wavelengths of light from space, including visible light, infrared, and X-rays, in order to take sharp pictures of astronomical objects like planets, stars, and galaxies. Telescopes are placed in space to obtain clearer views of the universe free from atmospheric interference and to observe wavelengths like X-rays and infrared that are blocked by Earth's atmosphere. Astronomers look for water on other planets because water is currently the best known indicator for the potential existence of life, and SETI stands
A. Electromagnetic waves travel as vibrations in electrical and magnetic fields at the speed of light without a medium. They have properties of both waves and particles.
B. The electromagnetic spectrum orders electromagnetic waves from radio waves to gamma rays based on increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. Different electromagnetic waves are used for technologies like WiFi, infrared devices, MRI, and X-rays.
This document discusses electromagnetic radiation and its properties. It defines electromagnetic radiation as a form of energy that exhibits both wave and particle properties. As a wave, electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Higher frequency radiation like gamma rays and X-rays have shorter wavelengths and higher energies, allowing them to penetrate deeper into materials. Exposure to high energy radiation can be dangerous by breaking molecular bonds through ionization. Electromagnetic radiation can also be described by photon particles, where the energy of each photon is determined by Planck's constant and the radiation's frequency or wavelength.
Basic concept of analytical technique spectrophotometrySaurav Dutta
The document expresses gratitude to Madam Manika Das Kotoki for the opportunity to present a presentation on spectrophotometry and for helping collect presentation data. It then provides information on spectrophotometry, including that it quantitatively measures material properties as a function of wavelength, involves the use of a spectrophotometer, and works based on Beer's Law, Lambert's Law, and Beer-Lambert's Law. It discusses the components and uses of spectrophotometers in various scientific fields and industries.
This document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and its use in astronomy. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. Each type of electromagnetic wave has a different wavelength and frequency. In astronomy, different types of electromagnetic waves are used to study different phenomena in the universe. Radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are all emitted by stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects and can be detected to learn about their composition and structure.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light transmitted through a sample. It uses light energy in the ultraviolet (UV) or visible light spectrum to detect molecules in a solution. The spectrophotometer shines a beam of light on a sample, and measures how the sample interacts with the light through absorption, reflection, or transmission. By comparing the transmittance or absorbance values of an unknown sample to standards of known concentration, the spectrophotometer can determine the concentration of the unknown sample.
This document provides an introduction to photometry and radiometry, which are the sciences of measuring light. It defines key concepts including:
- Radiant energy, which is the total amount of electromagnetic energy.
- Radiant flux (radiant power), which is the time rate of flow of radiant energy and is measured in watts.
- Radiant flux density, which is the radiant flux per unit area. When the flux is arriving at a surface it is called irradiance, and when leaving a surface it is called radiant exitance.
- Radiance, which is the amount of radiant flux in an elemental cone and provides a measure of the apparent brightness of a surface
1) NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses radio waves to induce transitions between magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei, providing information about molecular structure.
2) There are two main types of NMR - 1H NMR which identifies hydrogen atoms, and 13C NMR which identifies carbon atoms.
3) An NMR instrument consists of a strong magnet to align nuclear spins, a radiofrequency transmitter to perturb the spins, and a receiver to measure the emitted radio waves as spins relax.
Radiometry and Photometry by Sumayya NaseemSumayya Naseem
This document discusses quantitative measurement of light through radiometry and photometry. It defines key terms like radiant flux, luminous flux, radiant intensity, luminous intensity, irradiance, illuminance, radiance and luminance. It discusses how these terms are used to measure different properties of light and visual perception in both absolute and relative terms. Clinical applications including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, color vision testing and electrophysiology rely on defined levels of luminance and illumination. Surgical procedures also require precise control and measurement of light levels.
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and its relation to astronomy. It explains that electromagnetic radiation travels in waves with different wavelengths and frequencies. Stars, planets, and gases in space emit radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. By analyzing the wavelength and frequency of the radiation from astronomical objects, astronomers can determine their composition and properties. The document also describes how Doppler shift and redshift/blueshift of light from galaxies provide insights about the expansion of the universe and movement of objects in space.
Electromagnetic radiation is produced by the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields residing on atoms. They are characterized by their wavelength, frequency, or wave number and travel at the speed of light. When visible light passes through a prism, it disperses into the colors of the visible spectrum corresponding to different wavelengths. In absorption spectroscopy, when radiation of a certain wavelength range passes through a substance, specific wavelengths are absorbed, producing a dark-line absorption spectrum corresponding to the wavelengths absorbed.
The document is a presentation about electromagnetic waves. It contains the following key points:
1. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. They are classified based on wavelength and frequency.
2. All electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, emitted or absorbed.
3. Different types of electromagnetic waves have various applications like radio for communication, infrared for night vision, visible light for sight, ultraviolet for sterilization, X-rays for medical imaging and gamma rays for cancer treatment.
4. Students are instructed to read the presentation, take an
Spectrophotometry uses light absorption properties of substances to quantitatively analyze samples. It follows Beer's Law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer splits light into wavelengths, passes a sample beam through the sample, and measures the intensities of light transmitted versus a reference beam. This allows measurement of absorbance across wavelengths. Main applications include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and studying chemical kinetics.
This document summarizes different types of electromagnetic radiation, including light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. It discusses their properties such as wavelength and frequency. Key topics covered include how light travels in waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, uses of different wavelengths such as communication and food heating, and properties of visible light like color.
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
This document provides information about the "Raman and Luminescence Submicron Spectroscopy" Laboratory located at the V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science, Ukraine. The laboratory contains several lasers, spectrometers, microscopes, and temperature control equipment used to perform Raman and luminescence spectroscopy and mapping on semiconductor nanostructures with submicron spatial resolution. The laboratory studies properties such as chemical composition, strain, temperature, carrier mobility and concentration in nanostructures for applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics. Team members and their areas of research interest are also listed.
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote SensingNzar Braim
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic radiation and its role in remote sensing. It defines key characteristics of electromagnetic waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different radiation types. Laws governing radiation like Kirchhoff's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Wien's displacement law are covered. The document also discusses how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering, absorption, and refraction.
Electromagnetic waves combine electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to each other and travel through space. The electromagnetic spectrum includes many types of waves such as visible light, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. These different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their varying frequencies and wavelengths. Sound waves are not considered electromagnetic waves.
The document discusses various electrical components and systems related to AC electrical circuits, including relay reviews, clutch circuits, thermistors, thermostats, power steering switches, blower circuits, NPN transistors, plenum controls, ventilation systems, HEPA filters, servo motors, and vacuum valves. It provides information on different sensors, controls, and technologies that are part of automotive air conditioning and ventilation systems.
Shelley O'Moore's curriculum vitae provides details of her educational background and extensive work experience in administrative and customer service roles. She has over 15 years of experience in roles such as personal assistant, receptionist, and front office manager. Her duties have included tasks like data entry, bookkeeping, customer service, and event planning. She is currently employed as a personal assistant but is interested in new opportunities.
El documento resume los avances en la enseñanza de idiomas asistida por ordenador (ALAO). Explica que la ALAO utiliza equipos informáticos y programas como procesadores de texto, navegadores y juegos educativos con fines didácticos. También describe las etapas de la ALAO (conductista, comunicativa e integradora) y los roles del alumno y el maestro en este método de enseñanza. Finalmente, resalta algunas ventajas y desventajas de la ALAO.
Pralay Kanti Biswas is seeking a challenging position where he can utilize his 34+ years of experience in cement plant maintenance and projects. He has expertise in planned shutdown maintenance, preventative maintenance, reactive maintenance, and de-bottlenecking projects. Currently serving as GM (Engineering) at OCL India Ltd, his experience also includes roles at Prism Cement Ltd, Aquagel Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Gujrat Sidhee Cement Ltd, Saurashtra Cement Ltd, and Aditya Cement Ltd. He is a BE in Mechanical Engineering with proficiency in MS Office and SAP systems.
Pro Cargo USA is a logistics company established in 1988 that provides import/export forwarding and transportation services globally via all modes of transport. It offers services including transportation coordination, customs clearance, packing/crating, and warehousing. Pro Cargo aims to provide customized, cost-effective solutions and reliable delivery through its network of agents.
Routing is the mechanism for finding the most cost-effective path from source to destination in a packet switching network. There are several desirable properties for routing algorithms including correctness, robustness, stability, fairness, and efficiency. Common routing strategies include fixed/static routing, flooding, random routing, flow-based routing, and adaptive/dynamic routing. Fixed routing selects predetermined routes that may only change if the network topology changes, while flooding explores all possible routes by sending every incoming packet out every outgoing line except the one it arrived on.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It involves using different types of radiation to excite the energy levels of atoms and molecules and analyze the absorbed and emitted radiation. Common techniques include absorption, emission, and scattering spectroscopy which are used in fields like chemistry, physics, astronomy, and forensic analysis. Spectrometers are devices used to measure spectra that provide information to identify substances.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in all its forms with the matter. The interaction might give rise to electronic excitations, (e.g. UV), molecular vibrations (e.g. IR) or nuclear spin orientations (e.g. NMR). Thus Spectroscopy is the science of the interaction of energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), acoustic waves, or particle beams, with the matter.
Here in this article, the matter is studied in further detail.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopy. It defines spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength. It discusses the history of spectroscopy and describes different types of spectroscopy such as absorption, emission, scattering, and UV-visible spectroscopy. It also explains key concepts such as electromagnetic radiation, wavelength, absorption, emission, and applications of UV-visible spectrophotometry.
This document provides an overview of spectroscopy techniques. It begins with an introduction to spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then discusses various spectroscopy methods like UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For each technique, it covers the basic theory, instrumentation involved, and applications. Overall, the document serves as a primer on the main spectroscopy techniques and the principles behind how they analyze molecular structures and compositions.
PPT ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emissi...pawansinghshrinet789
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It involves splitting light into a spectrum using a prism or diffraction grating and analyzing the unique spectral lines of each element. This allows the composition, structure, and properties of matter to be determined at atomic and molecular scales across many fields including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and medicine. Important applications include determining atomic structure, studying stars and galaxies, medical imaging, and non-destructive material analysis. The history of spectroscopy began with Newton splitting white light with a prism in 1666.
Microwave and infrared spectroscopy of polyatomic moleculesAreebaWarraich1
Microwave and infrared spectroscopy can be used to study the rotational and vibrational states of polyatomic molecules. Microwave spectroscopy specifically probes the rotational transitions of molecules with a permanent dipole moment, in the microwave frequency range of 300MHz-300GHz. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the vibrational transitions of molecules when exposed to infrared radiation, divided into stretching and bending vibrations. Both techniques provide information on molecular structure through analysis of absorption spectra.
The document discusses electromagnetic radiation and ultraviolet spectroscopy, explaining that UV spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of UV or visible light, which produces electronic transitions in molecules. It describes the components of a UV spectrometer and the principles of absorption spectroscopy. UV spectroscopy has various applications in forensic science such as identifying questioned documents and detecting controlled substances.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
2. Introduction to Spectroscopy 2022.pptxWilliamkambi
This document provides an overview of spectroscopy and analytical spectroscopy. It discusses the history of spectroscopy from Newton to modern applications. Key topics covered include the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of electromagnetic radiation including absorption and emission, energy levels, selection rules, and common spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis, fluorescence, IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. Spectra and spectrometers are also introduced.
Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light and other electromagnetic radiation by matter. It is used to study the structure of atoms and molecules by analyzing the wavelengths of radiation absorbed or emitted. A spectrophotometer can measure the amount of light absorbed by a sample and is used to determine the concentration of substances in solution. Common types of spectroscopy include absorption, emission, scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy which use different methods to excite samples and analyze the spectra produced. Spectroscopy has many applications in fields like environmental analysis, biomedical science, and astronomy.
This document provides an overview of the unit on molecular spectroscopy that will be covered in 14 lectures. It discusses the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter and the different types of molecular motion and spectra. Key topics covered include the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation, types of spectra, energy level diagrams indicating electronic, vibrational and rotational transitions, conditions for pure rotational and vibrational spectra, selection rules, and applications of microwave and infrared spectroscopy. Identification methods for compounds, both classical and instrumental, are also mentioned.
For most of history, light was thought to only be visible light, but experiments showed it exhibited wave-like properties. Later, experiments demonstrated light also has particle-like properties. The electromagnetic spectrum arranges all types of electromagnetic radiation from radio waves to gamma rays by increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. Each part of the spectrum interacts with matter differently and can be used for applications like communication, heating, imaging, and spectroscopy to study molecular structure. Spectroscopy techniques use electromagnetic radiations to induce transitions between quantized energy levels, producing characteristic emission or absorption spectra to identify materials.
Lecture 2. Analysis of pharmaceuticals by spectrophotometric methods in the v...lyazzatfreedom
This document provides an overview of spectroscopic analysis methods used to analyze pharmaceuticals in the visible and UV regions. It discusses instrumentation characteristics, measurement of optical density, and quantitative determination using Beer-Lambert's law. Key topics covered include electromagnetic radiation properties, chromophores and auxochromes, electronic transitions, and spectral ranges for UV/vis, IR, Raman, and atomic spectroscopy techniques. Beer-Lambert's law establishes the quantitative relationship between light absorption and analyte concentration in a sample.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis. It defines spectroscopy as the study of interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It describes the wave and particle properties of electromagnetic radiation and defines key terms related to waves like wavelength, frequency, speed of light. It discusses the components of optical instruments for spectroscopy including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, radiation transducers, and signal processors. It also explains the differences between atomic and molecular transitions and different types of spectra.
This document provides an introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis. It defines spectroscopy as the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It describes the wave and particle properties of electromagnetic radiation and defines key terms like wavelength, frequency, and photon. It discusses the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and how radiation interacts with atoms and molecules to produce absorption and emission spectra. Finally, it outlines the basic components of optical spectroscopy instruments, including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, detectors, sample holders, and how these components vary depending on the electromagnetic region being analyzed.
A complete and comprehensive presentation on UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY.
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This document provides an introduction to analytical chemistry and its role in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses different types of analytical chemistry including qualitative and quantitative analysis. It also describes various techniques used in analytical chemistry such as spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry and thermal analysis. Specifically, it focuses on the principles and instrumentation of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, which is used to determine the concentration of organic compounds by measuring absorption of UV or visible light.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and how infrared radiation interacts with molecular bonds to produce vibrational modes. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferogram is produced and transformed into an infrared absorption spectrum using Fourier transform. Common instrumentation components like detectors, radiation sources, and sample holders are also mentioned. The document serves as an introduction to FTIR spectroscopy and the molecular information it can provide through analysis of infrared absorption spectra.
This document discusses spectrophotometry and the Nanodrop instrument. Spectrophotometry involves measuring how much light is absorbed by a sample at specific wavelengths. The Nanodrop is a spectrophotometer that can measure extremely small sample volumes down to 0.5 microliters. It uses principles like Beer's law to calculate concentrations of nucleic acids, proteins, and other molecules from absorbance readings. Key applications of the Nanodrop include quantifying DNA, RNA, and proteins as well as measuring purity based on absorbance ratios.
1. SPECTROSCOPY :-
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated
energy.Historically, spectroscopyoriginated through the study of visible light dispersed
according to its wavelength, by a prism. Later the conceptwas expanded greatlyto
comprise anyinteraction with radiative energyas a function of its wavelength or frequency.
Spectroscopic data is often represented by a spectrum, a plot of the response ofinterest as
a function of wavelength or frequency.
Spectroscopy-the study of the light from an object.
Spectrometer- an instrumentwhich spreads outlight making a
spectra.
Spectra- range of electromagnetic energyseparated by wavelength.
History
The history of spectroscopybegan with Isaac Newton's optics experiments (1666–1672).
Newton applied the word "spectrum" to describe the rainbowof colors that combine to form
white light and that are revealed when the white light is passed through a prism. During the
early 1800s, Joseph von Fraunhofermade experimentaladvances with dispersive
spectrometers that enabled spectroscopyto become a more precise and quantitative
scientific technique.Since then, spectroscopyhas played and continues to play a significant
role in chemistry, physics and astronomy.
Spectroscopyand spectrographyare terms used to refer to the measurementof radiation
intensity as a function of wavelength and are often used to
describe experimentalspectroscopic methods.Spectralmeasurementdevices are referred
to as spectrometers,spectrophotometers,spectrographs orspectralanalyzers.
Daily observations of color can be related to spectroscopy. Neon lighting is a direct
application of atomic spectroscopy.Neon and othernoble gases have characteristic
emission frequencies (colors).Neon lamps use collision of electrons with the gas to excite
these emissions. Inks, dyes and paints include chemicalcompoundsselected for their
spectral characteristics in orderto generate specific colors and hues.A commonly
encountered molecularspectrum is that of nitrogen dioxide.Gaseous nitrogen dioxide has a
characteristic red absorption feature, and this gives air polluted with nitrogen dioxide a
2. reddish brown color. Rayleigh scattering is a spectroscopic scattering phenomenon that
accounts for the color of the sky.
Classification of methods
Spectroscopyis a sufficiently broad field that manysub-disciplines exist, each with
numerous implementations ofspecific spectroscopic techniques.The various
implementations and techniques can be classified in severalways.
Type of radiative energy
Types of spectroscopyare distinguished by the type of radiative energyinvolved in the
interaction. In many applications,the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the
intensity or frequency of this energy.The types of radiative energystudied include:
Electromagnetic radiation was the first source ofenergyused for spectroscopic studies.
Techniques thatemploy electromagnetic radiation are typically classified by the
wavelength region of the spectrum and include microwave, , infrared ,visible and
ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma spectroscopy.
Nature of the interaction
Types of spectroscopycan also be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between
the energyand the material. These interactions include:[1]
Absorption occurs when energyfrom the radiative source is absorbed bythe material.
Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energytransmitted through
the material; absorption will decrease the transmitted portion.
Emission indicates that radiative energyis released by the material. A
material's blackbodyspectrum is a spontaneous emission spectrum determined byits
temperature. Emission can also be induced byother sources ofenergysuch
as flames or sparks orelectromagnetic radiation in the case of fluorescence.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energywhose behavioris described by the
properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such
as its refraction when it passes from one medium to another , are explained bestby
describing lightas a wave. Other properties, such as absorption and emission,are better
3. described bytreating light as a particle. he exactnature of electromagnetic radiation
remains unclear,as it has since the developmentof quantum mechanics in the first quarter
of the 20th century.
WAVE PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate
through space along a linear path and with a constantvelocity. In a vacuum electromagnetic
radiation travels at the speed oflight, c, which is 2.997 92 × 108 m/s. When
electromagnetic radiation moves through a medium other than a vacuum its velocity, v, is
less than the speed oflight in a vacuum. he difference between v and c is sufficiently small
(<0.1%) that the speed oflight to three significantfigures,3.00 × 108 m/s, is accurate
enough formost purposes.
An electromagnetic wave is characterized byseveral fundamental properties,including its
velocity, amplitude, frequency,phase angle,polarization,and direction of propagation.
PARTICLE PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
When matter absorbs electromagnetic radiation it undergoes a change in energy.
He interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation is easiestto
understand if we assume thatradiation consists of a beam ofenergetic particles
called photons.When a photon is absorbed bya sample it is “destroyed,” and its
energyacquired by the sample.
t he energyof a photon,in joules, is related to its frequency, wavelength, and
wavenumber
by the following equalities
E=hv=hc/λ=hcν
where h is Planck’s constant, which has a value of 6.626 × 10–34 J . s.
Photons as a Signal Source
4. A spectroscopic measurementis possible only if the photon’s interaction with the
sample leads to a change in one or more of these characteristic properties.
Whatare the different types of Spectrophotometers?
There are 2 major classifications of spectrophotometer. They are single beam and
double beam.
A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between 2 light paths, one
path containing the reference sample and the other the test sample.
A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before
and after the test sample is introduced.
Even though, double beam instruments are easierand more stable for comparison
measurements,single beaminstruments can have a large dynamic range and is also simple
to handle and more compact.
How does a spectrophotometerwork?
Lightsource, diffraction grating, filter, photo detector, signal processor and display are the
various parts of thespectrophotometer. The lightsource provides all the wavelengths of
5. visible lightwhile also providing wavelengths in ultraviolet and infra red range. The filters
and diffraction grating separate the lightinto its component wavelengths so that very small
range ofwavelength can be directed through the sample. The sample compartmentpermits
the entry of no stray lightwhile at the same time without blocking any lightfrom the source.
The photo detector converts the amountof lightwhich ithad received into a currentwhich is
then sent to the signal processor which is the soul of the machine. The signal processor
converts the simple current it receives into absorbance, transmittance and concentration
values which are then sentto the display.
PRINCIPLE OF FLUORESENCE
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed lightor
other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence.In mostcases,the emitted
light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy,than the absorbed radiation.The
moststriking examples offluorescence occurwhen the absorbed radiation is in
the ultraviolet region of the spectrum,and thus invisible to the human eye,and the emitted
light is in the visible region.
Fluorescence has manypracticalapplications, including mineralogy,gemology,chemical
sensors (fluorescence spectroscopy),fluorescentlabelling, dyes, biologicaldetectors,
cosmic-raydetection, and,mostcommonly, fluorescentlamps.Fluorescence also occurs
frequently in nature in some minerals.
Fluorescence occurs whenan orbital electron of a molecule,atom or nanostructure relaxes
to its ground state by emitting a photon of light after being excited to a higherquantum state
by some type of energy:
6. Excitation:
Fluorescence (emission):
here is a generic term for photon energywith h = Planck's constant and
= frequency of light. (The specific frequencies of exciting and emitted light are dependent
on the particular system.)
State S0 is called the ground state of the fluorophore (fluorescentmolecule)and S1 is its first
(electronically) excited state.
A molecule,S1, can relax by various competing pathways. It can undergo non-
radiative relaxation in which the excitation energyis dissipated asheat(vibrations) to the
solvent. Excited organic molecules can also relax via conversion to a triplet state, which
may subsequently relax via phosphorescence orbya secondarynon-radiative relaxation
step.
Relaxation of an S1 state can also occurthrough interaction with a second molecule
through fluorescence quenching.Molecular oxygen (O2)is an extremely efficient quencher
of fluorescence justbecause ofits unusualtriplet ground state.
In mostcases,the emitted light has a longerwavelength, and therefore lower energy, than
the absorbed radiation.However,when the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is intense, it
is possible for one electron to absorb two photons;this two-photon absorption can lead to
emission of radiation having a shorter wavelength than the absorbed radiation.The emitted
radiation may also be of the same wavelength as the absorbed radiation,termed
"resonance fluorescence".
OTHER TYPES OF
SPECTROSCOPY:-
7. Nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy
Nuclearmagnetic resonance spectroscopy,mostcommonlyknown as NMR spectroscopy,
is a research technique thatexploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei.It
determines the physicaland chemicalproperties of atoms or the molecules in which they
are contained.It relies on the phenomenonof nuclearmagnetic resonance and can provide
detailed information aboutthe structure, dynamics,reaction state, and chemical
environmentof molecules.The intramolecularmagnetic field around an atom in a molecule
changes the resonancefrequency,thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of
a molecule.
Mostfrequently, NMR spectroscopyis used by chemists and biochemists to investigate the
properties of organic molecules,although it is applicable to any kind of sample that contains
nucleipossessing spin.Suitable samples range from small compounds analyzed with 1-
dimensionalprotonorcarbon-13NMRspectroscopyto large proteins or nucleic acids using
3 or 4-dimensionaltechniques.The impactof NMR spectroscopyon the sciences has been
substantial because ofthe range of information and the diversity of samples,
including solutions and solids.
8. Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that helps identify the amount
and type of chemicals presentin a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and
abundance ofgas-phase ions.[1]
A mass spectrum (pluralspectra)is a plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-
charge ratio. The spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a
sample,the masses of particles and of molecules,and to elucidate the chemicalstructures
of molecules,such as peptides and other chemicalcompounds.Mass spectrometryworks
by ionizing chemicalcompounds to generate charged molecules ormolecule fragments and
measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.
In a typical MS procedure,a sample,which maybe solid, liquid, or gas,is ionized,for
example by bombarding itwith electrons. This may cause some ofthe sample's molecules
to break into charged fragments.These ions are then separated according to their mass-to-
charge ratio, typically by accelerating them and subjecting them to an electric or magnetic
field: ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio will undergo the same amountof
deflection.[1] The ions are detected by a mechanism capable ofdetecting charged particles,
such as an electron multiplier. Results are displayed as spectra of the relative abundance of
detected ions as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. The atoms or molecules in the
sample can be identified by correlating known masses to the identified masses orthrough a
characteristic fragmentation pattern.
VOCABULARY WORDS:-
WAVELENGTH = the distance between successive crests of a wave
FREQUENCY = the rate persecond ofa vibration constituting a wave
SPECTRUM = a band ofcolours,as seen in a rainbow,produced by
separation of the components of light by their different degrees ofrefraction according to
wavelength.
RADIATIVE ENERGY = The emission and propagation of energyin the form of
rays or waves. Theenergyradiated or transmitted in the form of rays, waves, or particles. A
stream of particles or electromagnetic waves that is emitted by the atoms and molecules of
a radioactive substance as a result of nucleardecay.
GAMMA RAY =
A photon of electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, less than about0.01 nanom
eter,and very high energy,greater than about100,000 electron volts. Gamma rays are emitt
ed in thedecay of certain radioactive nuclei and in electron-positron annihilation.
9. X RAY = an electromagnetic wave of high energyand very short
wavelength, which is able to pass through manymaterials opaque to light.
ULTRA VOILET = (of electromagnetic radiation) having a wavelength
shorter than that of the violet end of the visible spectrum butlongerthan that of X-rays.
VISIBLE LIGHT = Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves
we can see.We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow.Each colorhas a different
wavelength. Red has the longestwavelength and violet has the shortestwavelength.
INFRARED RADIATION = (of electromagnetic radiation) having a wavelength just
greater than that of the red end ofthe visible light spectrum but less than that of
microwaves.Infrared radiation has a wavelength from about800 nm to 1 mm, and is
emitted particularly by heated objects.
RADIOWAVES = an electromagnetic wave of a frequency between about
104 and 1011 or1012 Hz,as used for long-distance communication.
LUMINESCENCE = the emission oflight by a substance that has notbeen
heated,as in fluorescence.
PHOSPHORESCENCE= the emission of radiation in a similar mannerto
fluorescence buton a longertimescale, so that emission continues after excitation ceases.
PHOTON = a particle representing a quantum of light or other
electromagnetic radiation. A photon carries energy proportionalto the radiation frequency
but has zero restmass.
QUESTIONS
Q1 Whatis spectrophotometer?
10. ANS An apparatus for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum,especially
as transmitted or emitted by particular substances.
Q2 Whatis Spectroscopy?
ANS the branch of science concernedwith the investigation and measurementof spectra
produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic radiation.
Q3 Whatis Rayleigh scattering?
ANS The scattering of light by particles in a medium,without change in wavelength. It
accounts,for example,for the blue colourof the sky, since blue light is scattered slightly
more efficiently than red.
Q4 Whatis planck’s constant?
ANS A fundamentalconstant, equalto the energyof a quantum of electromagnetic radiation
divided by its frequency, with a value of 6.626 × 10−34 joules.
Q5 Whatis blackbody?
ANS A black body (also,blackbody)is an idealized physical bodythat absorbs allincident
electromagnetic radiation, regardless offrequency or angle of incidence.
Q6 Whatis florophore?
ANS A fluorophore is a fluorescentchemicalcompound thatcan re-emit light upon light
excitation. Fluorophores typically contain several combined aromatic groups,orplane or
cyclic molecules.
Q7 Whatis fluorescence?
Ans the visible or invisible radiation produced from certain substances as a result of
incidentradiation of a shorter wavelength such as X-rays or ultraviolet light.
the property of absorbing lightof shortwavelength and emitting light of longerwavelength.