Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become blocked with dead skin cells, and by anaerobic bacteria. Go through this SlideShare and able to know more about Acne, it's causes and types, lifecycle, prevention . Also find recent trends and therapies with new discoveries and it's statistics.

1. PRESENTATION ON “Acne Vulgaris”
PRESENTED TO- PRESENTED BY-
ANJALI SHARMA URVASHI SAINI
(ASSOCIATE PROF.) (M-410)

2. SKIN AND ITS TYPES
Skin is the largest organ of the body.
7% of body weight
It is divided into 3 types;-
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous
PROBLEM ASSOCIATED IN SKIN:-
1. Dry skin
2. Oily skin
3. Acne
4. Pigmentation
5. Prickly heat
6. Wrinkles
7. Body odor etc.

3. ACNE VULGARIS
INTRODUCTION-
 It is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become
blocked with dead skin cells, bacteria, and skin oils.
 It is an chronic condition/diseases caused by inflammation of
sebaceous gland.
 People with larger sebaceous gland that releases more sebum into the
skin.
 4 types:-GRADE 1(mild),GRADE2
(moderate and pustular acne),
GRADE3(numerous papules-
Moderately severe)
GRADE4(cystic acne-most severe)

4.  The blocked hair follicles cause inflammatory and non inflammatory
blemishes likes – pimple, blackheads, whiteheads ,oily skin ,painful
nodules under the skin.
 The Acne Vulgaris is the most common type of acne, it most often
affects adolescents. It develops on face and upper trunks.
 Accumulation of sebum encourages proliferation of anaerobic bacteria
proprioni bacterium acne (p.acnes), staphylococcus albus.

6. CAUSES OF ACNE
 It is the common skin issue in the world, affecting 85% of people. It
often occurs in puberty as Acne Vulgaris but can continue well into
adulthood.
 Acne causes red bumps or pimples on the face but
the neck, chest, back, shoulders, and upper arms can also get affected.

7. TYPES OF ACNE

8. LIFECYCLE OF ACNE
STAGE 1
• CLOGGED PORES-
• Cell lining pores shed and mix with excess sebum by
sebaceous gland forming a plug, leads to clogged pores.
STAGE 2
• BACTERIA ATTACK-
• Accumulated sebum and dead cells attract bacteria , which
feeds an oil and multiply inside pores.
STAGE 3
• INFLAMMATION-
• This bacteria overgrowths triggers the natural inflammatory
response causing swelling and redness, this can lead to Acne.

10. Here are some tips to prevent
acne:
Wash your face twice a day with
mild soap and lukewarm water
Avoid harsh scrubbing
Keep your hair clean
Don't pop or pick at pimples
Apply topical
treatments(benzoyl
peroxide,adapalene)
Consider topical
retinoids(tretinoin- Retin-
A,Atralin)
Limit makeup
Stay hydrated
Try not to touch your face
Limit sun exposure
Talk to a dermatologist about
antibiotics

11. MARKETED FORMULATIONS TO
TREAT ACNE
Formulation API Manufacturer
Retin-A Tretinoin Ortho Dermatologics
Differin Adapalene Galderma Laboratories
Tazorac Tazarotene Allergan
Cleocin T Clindamycin Pfizer
Erygel Erythromycin Arbor Pharmaceuticals
Oracea Doxycycline Galderma Laboratories
Solodyn Minocycline
Medicis Pharmaceutical
Corporation

12. Formulation API Manufacturer
Stridex Maximum Strength Pads Salicylic acid Blistex Inc.
Clearasil Ultra Rapid Action
Treatment Cream
Salicylic acid Reckitt Benckiser Group plc
Proactiv 3-Step System Benzoyl peroxide Guthy-Renker LLC
AcneFree Oil-Free Acne Cleanser Benzoyl peroxide L’Oréal USA, Inc.
Benzac AC Gel Benzoyl peroxide Galderma Laboratories
PanOxyl Acne Foaming Wash Benzoyl peroxide Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.

14. PATHWAYS OF DRUG PENETRATION INTO
THE SKIN

15.  INTRACELLULAR ROUTE(transcellular):-It is one of the ways that drugs
can cross the skin barrier.(direct layer to layer absorption)
It , involves the following steps-
The drug molecules enter the lipid bilayer of the stratum
corneum cells, which are the outermost layer of the skin.
The drug molecules diffuse through the lipid bilayer and the
cytoplasm of the dead keratinocytes, which are the main
cells of the epidermis.
The drug molecules exit the stratum corneum and reach the
viable epidermis, which is the next layer of the skin.
The drug molecules continue to diffuse through the
epidermis and dermis, where they can reach the blood
vessels or lymphatic vessels for systemic absorption

16.  INTERCELLULAR ROUTE:- The intercellular penetration route of drug
absorption in skin is another way that drugs can cross the skin barrier.
It involves the following steps-
The drug molecules partition from the topically applied
vehicle into the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum,
which are filled with lipid matrix.
The drug molecules diffuse through the intercellular spaces
and overcome the tortuous path created by the corneocytes,
which are the main cells of the stratum corneum.
The drug molecules reach the viable epidermis, which is the
next layer of the skin.
The drug molecules continue to diffuse through the
epidermis and dermis, where they can reach the blood
vessels or lymphatic vessels for systemic absorption

17.  Transappendageal route:-
 The Transappendageal penetration route of drug absorption in skin is a
way that drugs can cross the skin barrier through the hair follicles and
sweat glands.
It involves the following steps-
The drug molecules enter the hair follicles or sweat glands,
which are openings in the skin surface.
The drug molecules diffuse through the aqueous or
sebaceous pathways of these appendages, which are filled
with fluid or lipid.
The drug molecules reach the dermis, which is the deeper
layer of the skin.
The drug molecules continue to diffuse through the dermis,
where they can reach the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels
for systemic absorption

18. Recent trends on treatment of acne
 One of the recent trends in acne treatment is the use of nanotechnology, it
involves the manipulation of matter at the molecular or atomic level.
 Nanotechnology can offer several advantages for acne treatment, such as-
1. enhanced drug delivery
2. reduced irritation
3. improved stability
4. controlled release.
 Nanotechnology can also help to overcome some of the challenges associated
with conventional acne treatments, such as poor penetration, low
bioavailability, and bacterial resistance.
 There are various types of nanocarriers that can be used for acne treatment,
such as liposomes, niosomes, microsponges, nano-emulsions, micro-emulsions,
microspheres, and solid lipid nanoparticles.
 These nanocarriers can encapsulate different anti-acne agents, such as
antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, anti-oxidants, retinoids, and herbal extracts.
 By using nanocarriers, the anti-acne agents can be delivered more efficiently
and selectively to the target site, while minimizing the systemic exposure and
adverse effects.

19. Novel drug delivery used

20. discoveries
 Newly Discovered Antimicrobial Fat Cells May Offer New Treatment
Options for Acne. Researchers at the University of California in San
Diego have discovered extrafollicular skin cells that transform into
antimicrobial fat cells and fight acne, according to a study published in
Science Translational Medicine.
 eMatrix Laser(2023) – The eMatrix laser treats atrophic acne scars by
stimulating the production of -collagen and elastin for increased skin
cell turnover and smoother, clearer skin.

21.  People who are suffer from Acne, Microdermabrasion is an effective
treatment that can improve the appearance of the skin while
combating breakouts. This treatment works by removing the outer
layer of skin through the use of tiny crystals, stimulating new cell
growth and leaving your skin looking brighter and softer.

22. Statistics of acne
 The prevalence rate of around 91% in males and 79% in females in
adolescence while in adulthood, it is more common in women.
 Acne was found to be a common Dermatosis in Indian school children with
overall prevalence of 72.3% and having significant impact on their quality of
life.
 In the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually. Acne
usually begins in puberty and affects many adolescents and young adults.
Approximately 85 percent of people between the ages of 12 and 24 experience
at least minor acne.

23. Opinion about perceived causes of acne

24.  Opinion about steroid use

25. •Steroids are not safe for acne, as they can cause or worsen the condition.
Steroids can increase the production of oil in the skin and make it more prone to
inflammation and infection.
Steroids(prescription corticosteroids and anabolic steroids) can also affect
the immune system and the balance of bacteria on the skin.
Anabolic steroids are used for bodybuilding, but they can also cause acne in up to
50% of users.