Significance and sources of biotin
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Biotin is recycled in the body through proteolytic cleavage and is also synthesized by gut microbes, allowing for relatively small dietary requirements. It is found in a variety of foods like eggs, dairy, meat, cereals and vegetables. Biotin is unstable when heated and can be destroyed through oxidation, though antioxidant addition helps reduce losses. Intestinal bacteria synthesize significant amounts of biotin, exceeding what is consumed.
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I am completed my master's degree from College of Commerce Arts and Science,( Patliputra University,Patna)
Biofortification of rice
Biofortification of riceSouth African National Bioinformatics Institute at the University of the Western Cape
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations.. Â
POTATO NUTRITION HANDBOOK.pdf
This document provides an overview of potato nutrition research conducted by the United States Potato Board. It begins with key facts about the nutritional profile of potatoes, including their vitamin, mineral, and antioxidant content. Specifically, it notes that potatoes are an excellent source of vitamin C and potassium. It then discusses various health benefits associated with potato consumption, such as maintaining healthy blood pressure and blood sugar levels. The document compiles research on nutrients in potatoes like vitamin B6, fiber, and resistant starch. It also reviews studies examining the antioxidant properties and phytochemicals in potatoes. Overall, the document is a comprehensive handbook reviewing the nutritional composition and health attributes of potatoes based on research funded and compiled by the US Potato Board.
Biopreservatives iii
This document discusses various methods of food biopreservation. It begins by outlining the need for food preservation and introduces biopreservation using microbes, including bioprotective cultures, fermentates, and bacteriophages. It then examines direct antimicrobial preservatives such as bacteriocins, essential oils, antibiotics, and enzymes. Indirect antimicrobial preservatives and antioxidants are also discussed. The document concludes by stating the increased demand for natural food products and the need for further research and regulatory approval of safe biopreservatives in India.
#61A 5th International Conference on Rice Bran Oil 24th - 25th May 2018, Hano...
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1) Rice bran oil contains numerous bioactive compounds that provide various health benefits. It is rich in phytosterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols, and gamma-oryzanol which have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and other nutraceutical functions.
2) The unique composition of rice bran oil, containing high amounts of phytosterols, tocotrienols, and gamma-oryzanol, allows it to provide synergistic health effects when combined with other bioactive compounds or consumed as part of a balanced diet.
3) Further research is needed to fully understand the nutraceutical mechanisms of rice bran oilÂ
Classification of w s-vit andong
This document summarizes key information about water-soluble vitamins:
- It describes the B-complex vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid) and vitamin C, which are water-soluble and must be replenished daily.
- The B-complex vitamins help release energy from foods, aid in red blood cell formation and nervous system function, and support various metabolic processes. Vitamin C aids in collagen synthesis, immune function, iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant.
- Good food sources of these vitamins include meats, eggs, dairy, fruits, vegetables and fort
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Biofortification: Indian and Global Scenario For Crop Improvement
Biofortification: Indian and Global Scenario For Crop Improvement
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Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin found in marine animals like pufferfish. It blocks sodium channels, preventing action potentials and paralyzing neurons and muscles. Poisoning symptoms range from numbness to respiratory failure and death. The toxin is produced by various bacteria in marine life. While rare, poisoning is more common where pufferfish is regularly consumed. There is no antidote, so treatment focuses on supportive care and monitoring until the toxin is cleared from the body.
ECG S
1) The Sgarbossa criteria provide guidelines for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block (LBB) or ventricular paced rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG), as these conditions can obscure ECG changes.
2) The original Sgarbossa criteria included three criteria involving concordant or discordant ST segment changes greater than 1mm. The modified criteria expanded this to include proportionally excessive discordant ST elevation.
3) Different types of STEMI are described based on the location of maximal ST elevation, including anterior, inferior, lateral, posterior, and right ventricular STEMI, each with characteristic ECG patterns.
ECG I
This document discusses interventricular conduction delay and raised intracranial pressure as seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines interventricular conduction delay and lists various causes including fascicular blocks, bundle branch blocks, ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation, electrolyte abnormalities, toxins, pre-excitation, and arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions. It then discusses raised intracranial pressure and the associated ECG findings of widespread T-wave inversions, QT prolongation, and bradycardia as part of the Cushing reflex, indicating imminent brainstem herniation. Massive intracranial hemorrhages such as subarachnoid hemorrhage are the most common causes
ECG H
The document discusses various electrolyte abnormalities and their ECG manifestations, including hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypothermia. For each condition, it provides the normal and abnormal ranges for the electrolyte levels and describes the associated ECG changes such as peaked T waves, QT prolongation, low QRS voltage, bradycardia, and arrhythmias. The document serves as a reference for clinicians to recognize ECG patterns caused by electrolyte and endocrine abnormalities.
ECG F
1) Fascicular ventricular tachycardia is the most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left ventricle. It typically presents in young patients without structural heart disease.
2) It has characteristic ECG features including a monomorphic ventricular rhythm with fusion complexes and AV dissociation. The QRS duration is between 100-140 ms with a short RS interval of 60-80 ms. It also shows a right bundle branch block pattern and axis deviation.
3) Posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia, which arises near the left posterior fascicle, shows a right bundle branch block pattern with left axis deviation. Anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia arises
ECG E
The document discusses several electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and rhythms including ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, electrical alternans seen in massive pericardial effusion which produces low QRS voltage, electrical alternans and tachycardia, escape rhythms like junctional escape rhythms where the pacemaker rate decreases down the conducting system, and ventricular escape rhythms. It also discusses the terminology of junctional rhythms and includes literature references.
ECG D
The document discusses De Winter's T waves, which are characterized by three key findings on ECG: upsloping ST depression in precordial leads, tall symmetric T waves in precordial leads, and ST elevation in aVR. It also summarizes the ECG patterns seen in dextrocardia, including right axis deviation, positive complexes in aVR, and dominant S waves in precordial leads. Finally, it outlines the ECG features of digoxin effect and toxicity, such as biphasic T waves, shortened QT, and the dysrhythmia of supraventricular tachycardia with a slow ventricular response seen in digoxin toxicity.
ECG C
Massive carbamazepine overdose of more than 50 mg/kg can cause cardiotoxicity due to sodium channel blockade, which may be detectable on ECG as subtle QRS widening or first-degree AV block. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced ejection fraction below 40%, commonly presenting with symptoms of biventricular failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can cause prominent P waves in inferior leads, exaggerated ST segments, low QRS voltage especially in V4-V6, and may show an SV1-SV2-SV3 pattern.
ECG B
- Benign early repolarization shows concave ST elevation less than 2 mm with no progression over time, most prominent in V2-V5. Notching at the J-point and concordant T-waves are also seen.
- Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker toxicity can cause prolonged PR interval and bradycardia. Propranolol toxicity specifically causes QRS widening and positive R' wave in aVR. Sotalol toxicity causes QT prolongation and risk of Torsades de Pointes.
- Bifascicular block is a combination of right bundle branch block with either left anterior or posterior fascicular block, and can be caused by ischemia, hypertension or other
ECG A: AVNRT, AVRT
This document discusses atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). It states that AVNRT is the most common cause of palpitations in structurally normal hearts. It can occur spontaneously or be provoked. There are three main types - slow-fast AVNRT which is most common and shows no visible P waves, fast-slow AVNRT where P waves are visible after the QRS, and slow-slow AVNRT where P waves appear before the QRS. The tachycardia rate is typically between 140-280 beats per minute and is regular. AVNRT occurs due to a reentry circuit within the atrioventricular node.
ECG A: AV blocks
This document summarizes different types of atrioventricular (AV) blocks seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It describes first-degree AV block as a PR interval over 200ms. Second-degree AV block, Mobitz type I (Wenckebach phenomenon) shows progressive PR prolongation until a blocked pulse. Mobitz type II shows intermittent non-conducted pulses without PR prolongation. High-grade second-degree AV block has a P:QRS ratio of 3:1 or higher, with an extremely slow ventricular rate. Third-degree or complete heart block shows no relationship between atrial and ventricular rates. Causes include myocardial infarction, drugs, and conduction system disease. Treatment ranges from
ECG A: first part.
This document provides an overview of several cardiac arrhythmias and conditions including:
1. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR), which results when an ectopic ventricular pacemaker exceeds the sinus node rate. AIVR is seen post-myocardial infarction and features a regular rhythm between 50-110 bpm with three or more QRS complexes.
2. Atrial flutter, a supraventricular tachycardia caused by a reentry circuit in the right atrium with a rate of around 300 bpm. The ventricular rate is determined by AV conduction.
3. Atrial fibrillation, the most common sustained arrhythmia characterized by irregularly irregular rhythm without
Cardiorenal syndrome
1) Cardiorenal syndrome commonly occurs in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes. It involves a complex interaction between hemodynamic alterations and activation of neurohormonal systems that affects both the heart and kidneys.
2) There are five types of cardiorenal syndrome classified based on the inciting cardiac or renal event and the affected secondary organs. Type 1 is acute cardiorenal syndrome due to acute worsening of cardiac function leading to kidney injury.
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Categorization of risks and benefits (food additives)
The document discusses various categories of risks associated with food, including foodborne hazards of microbial origin, nutritional hazards, environmental contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants, and food additives. It notes that foodborne diseases of microbial origin pose the greatest risks. Nutritional hazards can arise from deficiencies or excesses. Environmental contaminants can enter the food supply from industrial or natural sources. Naturally occurring toxicants are found in some foods. Food additives present minimal risks when consumed within permitted levels. The document also outlines categories of potential benefits from foods, including health benefits, supply benefits, hedonic benefits, and convenience benefits.
Benefits and risks of additives
This document discusses the benefits and risks of food additives. The benefits include making foods safer, more nutritious, and longer lasting through the use of preservatives and antioxidants. Additives also provide greater variety of foods and lower prices. However, there are also risks. There is a lack of data on the long term health effects of combinations of additives. Some additives are associated with "junk foods" that are low in nutrients. While direct toxic effects are unlikely at legal levels, some individuals may have hypersensitivity reactions. Some animal studies also indicate potential cancer and reproductive issues, but no direct evidence in humans. The risks must be weighed against the benefits on a case by case basis.
Types of food additives
The document discusses different types of food additives and how they are classified. It describes preservatives like antimicrobials, antioxidants and antibrowning agents. Nutritional additives add vitamins, minerals and fiber. Coloring agents and flavors are used to enhance appearance and taste. Texturizing agents modify texture and mouthfeel. Additives are identified by International Numbering System codes or E numbers from the European Union.
Effector phase in immune mediated drug hypersensitivity
This document discusses antibody-mediated and T cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity. It describes how drugs can act as haptens and stimulate T and B cell responses, leading to IgE production and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. It also discusses the p-i concept where drugs can directly interact with T cell receptors and cause reactions without prior sensitization, particularly in the skin which contains many resident immune cells.
T cell stimulation by drugs
1. Small molecule drugs can become immunogenic by undergoing bioactivation into chemically reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins, forming hapten-carrier complexes.
2. These complexes are then processed and presented by antigen presenting cells to T cells, stimulating an adaptive immune response.
3. Whether a humoral or cellular immune response develops depends on which proteins are modified by the hapten and whether they are soluble or cell-bound.
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Significance and sources of biotin
- 1. Significance and sources of biotin Domina Petric, MD
- 2. • A key feature of biotin metabolism is that it is recycled by proteolytic cleavage from the four biotinyl carboxylases by the enzyme biotinidase. • This recycling, and the prevalent hind gut microbial synthesis of the vitamin, allow quantitative dietary requirements for biotin to be relatively small. April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 2 Significance
- 3. Most foods contain the vitamin as free biotin and as biocytin. Biocytin is biotin covalently bound to protein lysyl residues. April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 3 Distribution in foods
- 4. Dairy product Biotin μg/100 g Milk 2 Cheeses 3-5 April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 4 Dairy products and other Other Biotin μg/100 g Eggs 20 Brewer´s yeast 80 Alfalfa meal 54 Molasses 108
- 5. Meats Biotin ÎĽg/100 g Beef 3 Chicken 11 Pork 5 Calf kidney 100 April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 5 Meats
- 6. Cereal Biotin ÎĽg/100 g Barley 14 Cornmeal 7,9 Oats 24,6 Rye 8,5 Sorghum 28,8 Wheat 10,1 Wheat bran 36 April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 6 Cereals
- 7. Oilseed meal Biotin ÎĽg/100 g Rapeseed meal 98,4 Soybean meal 27 April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 7 Oilseed meals
- 8. Vegetable Biotin ÎĽg/100 g Soybeans 60 Cauliflower 17 Lentils 13 Corn 6 Peas 9 Spinach 7 Tomatoes 4 Onions 4 Carrots 3 April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 8 Vegetables ...
- 9. Fruit Biotin ÎĽg/100 g Walnuts 37 Peanuts 34 Watermelons 4 Bananas 4 Grapefruit 3 Grapes 2 Apples 1 Oranges 1 Peaches 2 April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 9 Fruits ...
- 10. Biotin is unstable to oxidizing conditions and is destroyed by heat, especially under conditions that support simultaneous lipid peroxidation. Such processing techniques as the canning of foods can result in substantial losses of biotin. These losses can be reduced by the use of an antioxidant: vitamin C, vitamin E, butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT], butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA]. April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 10 Stability
- 11. Total fecal excretion of biotin exceeds the amount consumed in the diet. This is due to the biosynthesis of significant amounts of biotin by the microflora of the proximal colon. April 18, 2018 Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. 11 Synthesis by intestinal microflora
- 12. • Combs GF. The Vitamins. Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health. Elsevier Inc. 2008. Literature April 18, 2018 12