Payment for environmental services (PES) is a conservation policy option that its implementation in Asian developing countries demands integrating environmental service provision and livelihood enhancement. The analysis of a payment for carbon service in Indonesia revealed that tensions between PES design rules and land managers’ practices existed. It can shed light onto PES positive and negative impacts on land managers, including their performance in accomplishing their contractual agreements with the carbon buyer. This empirical case overall emphasizes the importance of examining PES beyond conventional economic analysis, i.e. micro- and meso-analysis. Consequently, PES research from developing countries might consider the involvement of other scales targeting pico-economics, where decision making, interpretation of observations and construction of perceived causal mechanisms influence PES performances and ensure balance of tradeoff between ES provision and multidimensional poverty alleviation. Moreover, the macroeconomic context of national development and giga economic scale of global issues imply direct relevance to effectiveness and fairness of PES schemes.
The document discusses establishing a dryland fund in South Africa to support sustainable land management projects. It proposes a fund housed at the Development Bank of Southern Africa and governed by a steering committee representing government, business, and civil society. The fund would empower communities, promote sustainable land use, leverage public and private resources, and establish financial mechanisms to incentivize conservation. It provides examples from Costa Rica's payment for ecosystem services programs as a model and identifies priority landscapes in South Africa for initial ecosystem services incentives programs.
Professor Andrew Lowe poses the question 'How can we help biodiversity adapt to the ravages of climate change?'. Andrew is the director of the Australian Centre of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity at the University of Adelaide, to find out more about the Centre and its many research activities visit http://www.adelaide.edu.au/environment/acebb/.
1) Stormwater detention basins can be retrofitted to increase infiltration and wildlife habitat by increasing native vegetation, altering flow paths, and minimizing mowing.
2) This project retrofitted several existing detention basins in Cherry Hill, NJ by removing concrete channels, flattening slopes, and planting native switchgrass to increase stormwater infiltration and pollutant removal.
3) Retrofitting basins can save up to $20,000 annually in reduced maintenance costs for the township while improving stormwater management and creating environmental education opportunities.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
The document provides design guidelines and recommendations for developing an ecotourism site at High Gate Organic Farm in Robin's Bay, Jamaica. Key points include:
- An environmental assessment was conducted of the farm site and surrounding watershed to identify significant landscapes and land uses.
- Design recommendations were developed for best practices in developing an ecotourism site that is environmentally sustainable and protects natural resources.
- A multidisciplinary team from the University of Minnesota and University of West Indies collaborated on the project to provide expertise and analysis to inform the ecotourism development.
Judy Goode presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Options for the environmental future of the River Murray. Judy Goode is the SA River Murray Environmental Manager for the SA MDB NRM board.
The document discusses the role of soils in storing global carbon and the impacts of land use changes like deforestation and agriculture on depleting soil organic carbon. It focuses on soils in African rangelands, noting that biological soil crusts play a key role in carbon storage by photosynthesizing carbon that becomes soil organic carbon. Light grazing can increase soil organic carbon by improving soil structure, but intense grazing reduces crusts and carbon storage, increasing carbon dioxide emissions. While optimized grazing management could reduce emissions and maximize carbon storage, achieving this involves cultural and environmental challenges in communal grazing systems.
The document discusses establishing a dryland fund in South Africa to support sustainable land management projects. It proposes a fund housed at the Development Bank of Southern Africa and governed by a steering committee representing government, business, and civil society. The fund would empower communities, promote sustainable land use, leverage public and private resources, and establish financial mechanisms to incentivize conservation. It provides examples from Costa Rica's payment for ecosystem services programs as a model and identifies priority landscapes in South Africa for initial ecosystem services incentives programs.
Professor Andrew Lowe poses the question 'How can we help biodiversity adapt to the ravages of climate change?'. Andrew is the director of the Australian Centre of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity at the University of Adelaide, to find out more about the Centre and its many research activities visit http://www.adelaide.edu.au/environment/acebb/.
1) Stormwater detention basins can be retrofitted to increase infiltration and wildlife habitat by increasing native vegetation, altering flow paths, and minimizing mowing.
2) This project retrofitted several existing detention basins in Cherry Hill, NJ by removing concrete channels, flattening slopes, and planting native switchgrass to increase stormwater infiltration and pollutant removal.
3) Retrofitting basins can save up to $20,000 annually in reduced maintenance costs for the township while improving stormwater management and creating environmental education opportunities.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
The document provides design guidelines and recommendations for developing an ecotourism site at High Gate Organic Farm in Robin's Bay, Jamaica. Key points include:
- An environmental assessment was conducted of the farm site and surrounding watershed to identify significant landscapes and land uses.
- Design recommendations were developed for best practices in developing an ecotourism site that is environmentally sustainable and protects natural resources.
- A multidisciplinary team from the University of Minnesota and University of West Indies collaborated on the project to provide expertise and analysis to inform the ecotourism development.
Judy Goode presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Options for the environmental future of the River Murray. Judy Goode is the SA River Murray Environmental Manager for the SA MDB NRM board.
The document discusses the role of soils in storing global carbon and the impacts of land use changes like deforestation and agriculture on depleting soil organic carbon. It focuses on soils in African rangelands, noting that biological soil crusts play a key role in carbon storage by photosynthesizing carbon that becomes soil organic carbon. Light grazing can increase soil organic carbon by improving soil structure, but intense grazing reduces crusts and carbon storage, increasing carbon dioxide emissions. While optimized grazing management could reduce emissions and maximize carbon storage, achieving this involves cultural and environmental challenges in communal grazing systems.
From Se Research To Modeling Impacts Of Interventions (Part 4 5)DavidAndersson
This document discusses approaches for extrapolating soil erosion and land management impact data from measured sites to ungauged areas in Ethiopia. It proposes using a combination of biophysical models, geospatial analysis and measured data from representative watersheds. For on-site processes, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model would be applied and validated using data from the Ethiopian Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP). For off-site impacts, the SWAT hydrological model would be used to quantify sediment yields. Key parameters would be extrapolated to similar agro-ecological zones delineated through overlaying geospatial layers on soil, climate, land use and other factors.
1st World Irrigation Forum Call For PapersYaser Barghi
1. The First World Irrigation Forum (WIF) will address challenges and opportunities for global food security under changing conditions. It will bring together stakeholders involved in irrigation to discuss policy, management, and technological issues.
2. Key issues to be discussed include the implications of population growth, urbanization, and climate change on water resources and irrigation management. The forum aims to identify more sustainable water strategies to meet increasing food demands while maintaining natural ecosystems.
3. The main theme is "Irrigation and drainage in a changing world" and sub-themes include policy and society interactions, challenges in financing irrigation development, and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in irrigation.
Presentation 10Apr2009 to conference "It Pays To Be Nice: Economic Models To Encourage Social & Environmental Responsibility, Center For Socially Responsible Business, Lokey Graduate School of Business, Mills College
Integrated urban water management experiences from ethekweni municipality s...Global Water Partnership
The document discusses integrated urban water management in Ethekweni Municipality, South Africa. It outlines key principles of integrated urban water management including considering the collective impact of water processes on issues like health, environment and stakeholder satisfaction. It then provides an overview of Ethekweni Municipality, describing its population, infrastructure, challenges and opportunities. Specific integrated urban water management strategies being implemented are then discussed, including non-revenue water reduction programs, water reuse initiatives, and exploring renewable energy options.
Xeriscape at Bickham-Rudkin Park - Edmond, OklahomaEric851q
The document summarizes the principles of Xeriscape gardening, which uses creative landscaping techniques to reduce water usage. It discusses designing gardens with different water use zones, improving soil, selecting drought-tolerant plants, using mulch, and irrigating efficiently. The overall goal is to create an attractive landscape that requires less water and maintenance than conventional gardens.
Charles River Watershed Assoc: Rain Garden Fact SheetSotirakou964
Rain gardens are landscaped areas that collect and filter stormwater runoff. Vegetation and layers of soil and mulch filter out pollutants as stormwater infiltrates. Properly designed rain gardens can effectively remove many pollutants like bacteria, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. Rain gardens reduce stormwater runoff volumes while beautifying landscapes and providing wildlife habitat. Installation costs $10-$12 per square foot but rain gardens provide both environmental and aesthetic benefits compared to traditional stormwater management.
Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century - George Tchobanoglous, Unive...marcus evans Network
George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
A rain garden is a shallow depression planted with native vegetation that captures and filters stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces like roofs and streets. It uses low impact development techniques to mimic natural infiltration and reduce runoff by absorbing water and pollutants into the ground. To create a rain garden, the soil is amended with compost to improve infiltration and native plants are selected based on the site's light, moisture, and soil conditions. Rain gardens provide both functional stormwater management and attractive landscaping.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
This document discusses the importance of clean water and managing stormwater runoff through regional and personal efforts like installing rain gardens. It provides information on how to create a rain garden, including calculating the size needed to capture a portion of runoff from one's property, amending the soil, and selecting native plants suited for the moisture conditions. Regional projects involving hundreds of rain gardens, rain barrels, and bioswales have helped reduce flooding and pollution in local rivers and streams. Working together through personal rain gardens and larger green infrastructure projects can significantly improve water quality.
Strategic Aquatic Habitat Conservation Opportunities for Minnesota Lakes discusses fish habitat in lakes, including physical structures like vegetation and woody habitat, as well as water quality properties. The primary disturbance drivers are shoreline development and watershed disturbances from urbanization and agriculture. The document analyzes how these disturbances impact habitat conditions and proposes allocating resources to protection and restoration efforts to reduce risks to water quality and fish populations.
This document provides an overview of the CLLAMMecology research project, which aimed to improve ecological knowledge of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth region. The project developed an ecological framework to guide management of the ecologically impacted region, which suffers from low river flows, hypersalinization, and other issues. The framework links management actions to ecological outcomes through a hydrodynamic model and ecosystem state modelling. Recommendations include using the framework to guide future management and flows to further understanding of the complex system.
Sustainable Principles for Land DevelopmentMaria Cahill
This document discusses principles for sustainable land development. It covers green goals related to the environment, society, and economy. It also discusses ecosystems and ecosystem services, as well as air, soil, and water quality. Best management practices are presented for erosion prevention, stormwater management, and construction. Both non-structural practices like limiting impervious surfaces and structural practices like infiltration facilities are described. The importance of considering the entire development process from master planning to operations is emphasized.
This document provides information about selecting and caring for trees in a waterwise garden. It discusses choosing trees based on landscape needs, considering their mature size and growth habit. Site selection is important, considering how the area will be used at different times of day and year. Proper tree care includes assessing water needs based on characteristics like hardiness and soil requirements. Overall trees offer aesthetic and practical benefits like reducing heat and evaporation, but require planning to use water resources prudently.
Organic Amendment Restoration of Degraded Upland Landscapes in the Chestatee-...Justin Ellis
Using the RUSLE model and organic amendments to restore degraded upland landscapes in impaired watersheds of the Upper Chattahoochee River above Lake Lanier
Kane Aldridge presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Future options for the Lower Lakes." Kane Aldridge is a postdoctoral fellow with Water Research Centre with The Environment Institute at The University of Adelaide.
Municipal officials and landowners in the Wappinger Creek Watershed were surveyed about their support for various land use and water quality protection policies. Both groups showed strong support for regulatory tools like restricting development in floodplains as well as environmental planning tools like following sustainable development principles. Their levels of support differed somewhat for certain tools. Overall, both stakeholders agreed that protecting water resources provides benefits like maintaining natural beauty and healthy habitat. However, they had more neutral views about whether it requires tradeoffs with economic development. The survey results can help inform outreach and policy efforts to balance growth and watershed protection in the region.
Appoquinimink River Association - Rain Gardens BrochureSotirakou964
A rain garden is a shallow depression in the landscape that collects stormwater runoff and allows it to soak into the ground. It is planted with native grasses and plants. Rain gardens provide many benefits, including reducing polluted stormwater runoff, promoting groundwater recharge, and creating habitat for wildlife. They are typically located at the end of roof gutters or drain spouts and are 5-10% the size of the impervious surface area that drains into them. The soil mixture and plant choices are important factors in the function and maintenance of a rain garden.
Martin Labadz_Influence of land use change on the catchment water balance and...TERN Australia
The document discusses a study examining the influence of land use change on water quality in the Samford Valley catchment in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The study aims to determine baseline water quality conditions and compare them between a more disturbed and undisturbed site. Methods included monitoring physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, and hydrology over time to understand the impacts of urbanization on water balance and nutrient cycling in subtropical ecosystems.
Much of the literature on food security implies that future food production will need to come either at the expense of forests or from intensification of land in ecosystems other than forest. When the definition of food security embraces the concept of nutrition in addition to adequate energy (calorie) supply, then the prevailing attitude that we need to replace forests or ignore them in the food security debate becomes an open research question. This paper questions the view that increased forest conservation compromises food security and investigates the relationship between tree cover and child nutrition. We integrate food consumption data for ca. 140,000 children from 21 African countries with data on vegetation cover to examine the relationship between tree cover and three indicators of nutrition. We find that for the majority of children in our sample, there is a statistically significant positive relationship between tree cover and dietary diversity; a statistically significant positive relationship between tree cover and fruit and vegetable consumption; but no relationship between animal source food consumption and tree cover. Overall our findings suggest that children in Africa who live in areas with more tree cover, up to a certain threshold, have more nutritious diets.
From Se Research To Modeling Impacts Of Interventions (Part 4 5)DavidAndersson
This document discusses approaches for extrapolating soil erosion and land management impact data from measured sites to ungauged areas in Ethiopia. It proposes using a combination of biophysical models, geospatial analysis and measured data from representative watersheds. For on-site processes, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model would be applied and validated using data from the Ethiopian Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP). For off-site impacts, the SWAT hydrological model would be used to quantify sediment yields. Key parameters would be extrapolated to similar agro-ecological zones delineated through overlaying geospatial layers on soil, climate, land use and other factors.
1st World Irrigation Forum Call For PapersYaser Barghi
1. The First World Irrigation Forum (WIF) will address challenges and opportunities for global food security under changing conditions. It will bring together stakeholders involved in irrigation to discuss policy, management, and technological issues.
2. Key issues to be discussed include the implications of population growth, urbanization, and climate change on water resources and irrigation management. The forum aims to identify more sustainable water strategies to meet increasing food demands while maintaining natural ecosystems.
3. The main theme is "Irrigation and drainage in a changing world" and sub-themes include policy and society interactions, challenges in financing irrigation development, and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in irrigation.
Presentation 10Apr2009 to conference "It Pays To Be Nice: Economic Models To Encourage Social & Environmental Responsibility, Center For Socially Responsible Business, Lokey Graduate School of Business, Mills College
Integrated urban water management experiences from ethekweni municipality s...Global Water Partnership
The document discusses integrated urban water management in Ethekweni Municipality, South Africa. It outlines key principles of integrated urban water management including considering the collective impact of water processes on issues like health, environment and stakeholder satisfaction. It then provides an overview of Ethekweni Municipality, describing its population, infrastructure, challenges and opportunities. Specific integrated urban water management strategies being implemented are then discussed, including non-revenue water reduction programs, water reuse initiatives, and exploring renewable energy options.
Xeriscape at Bickham-Rudkin Park - Edmond, OklahomaEric851q
The document summarizes the principles of Xeriscape gardening, which uses creative landscaping techniques to reduce water usage. It discusses designing gardens with different water use zones, improving soil, selecting drought-tolerant plants, using mulch, and irrigating efficiently. The overall goal is to create an attractive landscape that requires less water and maintenance than conventional gardens.
Charles River Watershed Assoc: Rain Garden Fact SheetSotirakou964
Rain gardens are landscaped areas that collect and filter stormwater runoff. Vegetation and layers of soil and mulch filter out pollutants as stormwater infiltrates. Properly designed rain gardens can effectively remove many pollutants like bacteria, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. Rain gardens reduce stormwater runoff volumes while beautifying landscapes and providing wildlife habitat. Installation costs $10-$12 per square foot but rain gardens provide both environmental and aesthetic benefits compared to traditional stormwater management.
Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century - George Tchobanoglous, Unive...marcus evans Network
George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
A rain garden is a shallow depression planted with native vegetation that captures and filters stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces like roofs and streets. It uses low impact development techniques to mimic natural infiltration and reduce runoff by absorbing water and pollutants into the ground. To create a rain garden, the soil is amended with compost to improve infiltration and native plants are selected based on the site's light, moisture, and soil conditions. Rain gardens provide both functional stormwater management and attractive landscaping.
This document summarizes a conference on the topic of "Rainbow water: rainfall, the water cycle, forests and trees". It includes the conference schedule with different blocks and presentations on topics like precipitation patterns, the role of trees in climate variability and change, climate policy, and linking emerging science to policy actions. It also includes diagrams on topics like the holistic forest and tree view of the world, vegetation effects on rainfall, and the relationship between global climate models and local hydrology models.
This document discusses the importance of clean water and managing stormwater runoff through regional and personal efforts like installing rain gardens. It provides information on how to create a rain garden, including calculating the size needed to capture a portion of runoff from one's property, amending the soil, and selecting native plants suited for the moisture conditions. Regional projects involving hundreds of rain gardens, rain barrels, and bioswales have helped reduce flooding and pollution in local rivers and streams. Working together through personal rain gardens and larger green infrastructure projects can significantly improve water quality.
Strategic Aquatic Habitat Conservation Opportunities for Minnesota Lakes discusses fish habitat in lakes, including physical structures like vegetation and woody habitat, as well as water quality properties. The primary disturbance drivers are shoreline development and watershed disturbances from urbanization and agriculture. The document analyzes how these disturbances impact habitat conditions and proposes allocating resources to protection and restoration efforts to reduce risks to water quality and fish populations.
This document provides an overview of the CLLAMMecology research project, which aimed to improve ecological knowledge of the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth region. The project developed an ecological framework to guide management of the ecologically impacted region, which suffers from low river flows, hypersalinization, and other issues. The framework links management actions to ecological outcomes through a hydrodynamic model and ecosystem state modelling. Recommendations include using the framework to guide future management and flows to further understanding of the complex system.
Sustainable Principles for Land DevelopmentMaria Cahill
This document discusses principles for sustainable land development. It covers green goals related to the environment, society, and economy. It also discusses ecosystems and ecosystem services, as well as air, soil, and water quality. Best management practices are presented for erosion prevention, stormwater management, and construction. Both non-structural practices like limiting impervious surfaces and structural practices like infiltration facilities are described. The importance of considering the entire development process from master planning to operations is emphasized.
This document provides information about selecting and caring for trees in a waterwise garden. It discusses choosing trees based on landscape needs, considering their mature size and growth habit. Site selection is important, considering how the area will be used at different times of day and year. Proper tree care includes assessing water needs based on characteristics like hardiness and soil requirements. Overall trees offer aesthetic and practical benefits like reducing heat and evaporation, but require planning to use water resources prudently.
Organic Amendment Restoration of Degraded Upland Landscapes in the Chestatee-...Justin Ellis
Using the RUSLE model and organic amendments to restore degraded upland landscapes in impaired watersheds of the Upper Chattahoochee River above Lake Lanier
Kane Aldridge presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Future options for the Lower Lakes." Kane Aldridge is a postdoctoral fellow with Water Research Centre with The Environment Institute at The University of Adelaide.
Municipal officials and landowners in the Wappinger Creek Watershed were surveyed about their support for various land use and water quality protection policies. Both groups showed strong support for regulatory tools like restricting development in floodplains as well as environmental planning tools like following sustainable development principles. Their levels of support differed somewhat for certain tools. Overall, both stakeholders agreed that protecting water resources provides benefits like maintaining natural beauty and healthy habitat. However, they had more neutral views about whether it requires tradeoffs with economic development. The survey results can help inform outreach and policy efforts to balance growth and watershed protection in the region.
Appoquinimink River Association - Rain Gardens BrochureSotirakou964
A rain garden is a shallow depression in the landscape that collects stormwater runoff and allows it to soak into the ground. It is planted with native grasses and plants. Rain gardens provide many benefits, including reducing polluted stormwater runoff, promoting groundwater recharge, and creating habitat for wildlife. They are typically located at the end of roof gutters or drain spouts and are 5-10% the size of the impervious surface area that drains into them. The soil mixture and plant choices are important factors in the function and maintenance of a rain garden.
Martin Labadz_Influence of land use change on the catchment water balance and...TERN Australia
The document discusses a study examining the influence of land use change on water quality in the Samford Valley catchment in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The study aims to determine baseline water quality conditions and compare them between a more disturbed and undisturbed site. Methods included monitoring physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, and hydrology over time to understand the impacts of urbanization on water balance and nutrient cycling in subtropical ecosystems.
Much of the literature on food security implies that future food production will need to come either at the expense of forests or from intensification of land in ecosystems other than forest. When the definition of food security embraces the concept of nutrition in addition to adequate energy (calorie) supply, then the prevailing attitude that we need to replace forests or ignore them in the food security debate becomes an open research question. This paper questions the view that increased forest conservation compromises food security and investigates the relationship between tree cover and child nutrition. We integrate food consumption data for ca. 140,000 children from 21 African countries with data on vegetation cover to examine the relationship between tree cover and three indicators of nutrition. We find that for the majority of children in our sample, there is a statistically significant positive relationship between tree cover and dietary diversity; a statistically significant positive relationship between tree cover and fruit and vegetable consumption; but no relationship between animal source food consumption and tree cover. Overall our findings suggest that children in Africa who live in areas with more tree cover, up to a certain threshold, have more nutritious diets.
El documento proporciona información sobre el totalitarismo en Alemania y la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Resume que tanto el régimen comunista de Stalin en la Unión Soviética como el fascista de Hitler en Alemania fueron regímenes totalitarios. Detalla fechas clave de la expansión alemana desde la invasión de Polonia en 1939 hasta la rendición alemana en 1945. Incluye mapas y fotos de diferentes frentes de batalla y fuerzas militares.
El documento describe el período revolucionario en México entre 1910 y 1920, que incluyó tres revoluciones paralelas: la Revolución Maderista-Nacionalista, la Revolución Agraria de Villa y Zapata, y la Revolución Obrera. Tras la firma de los Tratados de Ciudad Juárez en 1911, Madero asumió la presidencia pero enfrentó oposición de otros revolucionarios como Villa, Zapata y Carranza. En 1913, Victoriano Huerta dio un golpe de estado contra Madero con el apoyo
El documento resume el período revolucionario en México de 1910 a 1920. Incluye los problemas que llevaron al fin del régimen de Porfirio Díaz, como la explotación de obreros y campesinos. También describe las diferentes facciones revolucionarias de Madero, Zapata y Villa, así como los conflictos entre ellos y otros líderes como Carranza y Obregón para establecer un nuevo gobierno. Finalmente, detalla cómo Obregón llegó a la presidencia y los desafíos de reconstrucción que enfrentó el país después de una
El movimiento revolucionario de 1910 1920El-sabrosote
El documento resume los principales grupos y eventos involucrados en la Revolución Mexicana entre 1910 y 1920, incluyendo campesinos, indígenas, obreros, anarquistas, Emiliano Zapata, Francisco Villa, y las presidencias de Madero, Huerta y Carranza. Destaca la lucha armada, el Plan de San Luis Potosí, la toma de Ciudad Juárez, el manifiesto de Díaz renunciando, los tratados de Ciudad Juárez, los conflictos políticos como el zapatismo y oroquis
Integrated water resources management and sustainable agriculture in Nigeria:...CTA
The document discusses integrated water resource management and sustainable agriculture in Nigeria's Sokoto-Rima basin. It notes that a top-down approach to developing water resources through large dams and irrigation schemes has only achieved 10-20% of potential. Alternative strategies are needed such as improving upland farming practices, using other water sources like groundwater, and forming land user associations to better manage resources in a sustainable manner.
Groundwater Management in Pakistan, by Dr Asad Sarwar Qureshi, IWMI PakistanGlobal Water Partnership
Groundwater is an important source of water in Pakistan, supplying over 57.9 BCM annually which is 40% of total water usage. It has led to increased crop yields and incomes but is now being overexploited in many areas. Over 1.2 million irrigation pumps extract groundwater, with depletion rates of 1.5 m/year on average. This poses many challenges including water quality deterioration, soil salinization, and non-compliance with water laws. Sustainable groundwater management is complex and requires solutions like improved surface water supplies and storage, rationalized cropping, increased use of alternative waters, and context-specific approaches depending on groundwater conditions. Climate change impacts will exacerbate water shortages unless urgent
Sustainable Groundwater Irrigation - the GW.MATE vision on resource use and m...Global Water Partnership
This document discusses groundwater irrigation in South Asia. It describes the massive growth of private groundwater irrigation in the region, driven by reliable energy supply. While this has provided drought resilience and economic benefits, uncontrolled use risks resource depletion and sustainability issues. The document outlines different hydrogeological settings and appropriate management approaches, emphasizing the need for community involvement, policy reforms, and integrated surface and groundwater planning.
The document discusses developing the Ganges Basin in Bangladesh to improve agriculture and aquaculture. It aims to reduce poverty and increase resilience through better water governance, intensified farming, and diversified crops. Key challenges include salinity intrusion, flooding, and effects of climate change like sea level rise. A survey was conducted to understand how population growth, market forces, policies, and other drivers impact water resources. Hydrological models will be used to project climate change impacts and evaluate management practices.
Climate Change Challenges in Transboundary River Water Resources Management p...Global Water Partnership
Clim - Presentation Transcript
1.CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES IN TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Dr Mohamed AIT KADI GWP/Technical Committee Chair MRC International Conference 2-3 April 2010, Hua Hin, Thailand
Production systems and water productivity in the Nile BasinILRI
Poster by Karimi, P.; Notenbaert, A.; Breugel, P. Van and Molden, D. for: CPWF Nile Basin Focal Project Final Workshop, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 9 December 2009.
Green buildings are becoming more popular due to their financial and environmental benefits. The document discusses how climate change, energy insecurity, and water scarcity pose growing risks for India's real estate sector. Green building investments can minimize these risks while achieving positive returns within 3 years. Several green buildings in India have demonstrated utility cost savings and payback periods of only 3-7 years. The market for green buildings in India is growing and represents the future of commercial development in the country.
Prasad Modak Presentation at First Multistakholder WorkshopEkonnect
Strategic Action Planning for Revival of Bangalore Lakes outlines challenges facing the city's lakes. Rapid urbanization led to increased land and infrastructure needs, resulting in loss of forest cover. Untreated sewage, waste and industrial runoff pollute lakes. Encroachments changed land use and interrupted connecting channels. A coordinated, long-term strategic plan is needed to address issues from a watershed perspective using modern tools. Community involvement and innovative financing models are crucial for conservation.
This document discusses several case studies from the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) that resulted in outcomes. It focuses on a case study in Peru around the development of benefit sharing mechanisms for water resources in the Cañete River watershed. Over 8-10 years, CPWF Phase 1 and 2 research contributed to changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding water valuation, payment targeting, and legal reforms that enabled the drafting of national ecosystem services legislation in Peru. The document also briefly mentions case studies on slash and mulch agriculture in Central America, urban wastewater use in West Africa, and a precursor project in Zimbabwe that addressed challenges in goat farming through innovations like organized auctions.
Xeriscape: Seven Steps to a Water-Wise Landscape, Make Every Drop Count - Geo...Simm846q
The document provides seven steps for creating a water-wise landscape called Xeriscape. Step 5 recommends designing an efficient irrigation system according to plant water needs and using drip irrigation which uses 30-50% less water than sprinklers. Step 6 recommends using mulches to retain soil moisture and minimize water evaporation. Step 7 notes that a Xeriscape requires less maintenance through water, fertilizer and pruning which encourages new growth and increased water needs.
Securing Water for Food, Livelihoods and Ecosystems to face Climate Change
Smakhtin, V., de Fraiture, C., Bossio, D., Molden, D, Hoanh C., Noble, A., Giordano, M., McCartney, M., Shah, T.
International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
This document discusses MillerCoors' water stewardship efforts including:
1) Water is a critical issue globally and for businesses, with agriculture and production most at risk from scarcity.
2) MillerCoors is committed to various initiatives to improve water efficiency, wastewater management, supply chain risk assessment, and community partnerships.
3) Specific projects include reducing the brewery water usage ratio, converting wastewater to energy, assessing watershed risks, measuring impacts of conservation projects, and partnering with farmers on water saving technologies.
The document discusses water governance and poverty in three Andean river basins across Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. It finds that water use, access, and governance are closely tied to levels of poverty, food security, and welfare. By analyzing relationships between agricultural water productivity, availability, and institutional frameworks, opportunities may arise to alleviate poverty through improved water planning, programs, and use.
The document provides design guidelines and recommendations for developing an ecotourism site at High Gate Organic Farm in Robin's Bay, Jamaica. Key points include:
- An environmental assessment was conducted of the farm site and surrounding watershed to identify significant landscapes and land uses.
- Design recommendations were developed for best practices in developing an ecotourism site that respects the local environment and engages the community.
- The goal is to create a sustainable ecotourism destination that highlights the natural and cultural heritage of the area while providing economic opportunities for the village.
This document discusses key initiatives for achieving sustainability and food security. It argues that to meet growing global food demands, agriculture must (1) use available water efficiently, (2) innovate and integrate mechanical, chemical and biological techniques, (3) value healthy soils and roots, and (4) uniformly deliver inputs. Achieving uniformity and balance across these areas through cooperation between farmers, industry, academia and government can help create a more sustainable future.
This document discusses how NREGA works can help rural communities adapt to climate change and mitigate its impacts. It notes that over 80% of NREGA works are related to water, land and forestry, which provide local environmental services and climate benefits. Works like water conservation, irrigation, afforestation, and land development can rejuvenate natural resources, sequester carbon, strengthen resilience, and boost agricultural yields. The document advocates using NREGA to promote climate-smart agriculture and expand irrigation potential in rainfed areas to drought-proof smallholder farms. Overall, it argues that by rehabilitating the environment, NREGA works can help rural livelihoods adapt to increasing climate stresses.
Xeriscape and the Sustainable Landscape - Texas Solar Energy SocietyEric851q
Xeriscape is a concept of water conservation that can be applied to any landscape style. It involves planning and designing landscapes to reduce water use through efficient irrigation systems, soil preparation, appropriate plant selection, and other principles. Some key aspects of xeriscaping include dividing landscapes into zones based on water needs, using mulch and drought-tolerant plants native to the area, and prioritizing conservation to sustain water supplies for a growing population. Proper maintenance practices are also important to ensure the sustainable landscape continues to reduce water usage over time.
This document discusses improving resource productivity and resilience in the coastal areas of the Ganges Basin in Bangladesh. It notes that the project target area covers the coastal zone except the Sundarbans forests. Key challenges in the region include salinity intrusion due to sea level rise and changes in rainfall patterns. Community consultations revealed priorities around improving water management, drainage, and sustainable fishing and farming practices. Hydrologic trend analysis showed rising water levels and increasing variability in river flows over time.
Drought is characterized by a deficit in moisture supply over a period of time, resulting in less than normal availability of water. It can be classified as meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural drought depending on whether it is defined based on rainfall, streamflow and reservoir levels, or soil moisture and crop impacts. Some consequences of drought include reduced agricultural production, impacts on hydropower generation and regional economies, and reduced water quality. Drought management strategies include early warning systems, monitoring, assessment, proper soil and water conservation practices, irrigation scheduling, cropping pattern changes, inter-basin water transfers, groundwater development, and water harvesting techniques.
This document summarizes some of the institutional challenges for implementing payments for ecosystem services (PES) in the Sasumua watershed in Kenya. Land use changes have negatively impacted watershed services like reduced dry season flows and increased sediment loads. Scientific evidence shows agroforestry and other practices can improve watershed functions. However, accessing funds and implementing projects on privately owned land is difficult under the current catchment management structure. For PES to work, the roles of potential payers like the Nairobi Water Company and receivers like upland communities need to be clearly defined, and the facilitation and funding roles of government agencies also need adjustment through policy changes.
Similar to Seminar 13 Mar 2013 - Session 3 - Environmental service reward experience in Asia by BLeimona (20)
Indonesia has grown to become the world’s largest exporter of steam coal. Its production has increased from 77 million tons in 2000 to 353 million tons in 2011. The Indonesian part of Borneo Island (Kalimantan) has become the main coal producing center in the country. Between 2000 and 2011, coal mining concessions in Kalimantan expanded from 1.5 million ha to about 13 million hectares. So far, the extent of forest loss because of coal mining has been limited and is much lower than that caused by oil palm. However, this is largely because small scale mining concessions, which form the majority of the mining concession area allocated, are yet to be activated. Because the legal framework encourages expansion and growth in coal production, the pressure on forest may increase if small mining concessions become fully operational. This may happen if the demand for coal in China and India, currently the main driving force behind the growth of coal mining in Indonesia, expands as predicted. Domestically, the privileged treatment of the coal mining sector as a strategic part of Indonesia’s long term development plan is a potential threat to forests as well. New policies limiting the intensity of coal mining, seeking to add value, and limit environmental damage are needed to guard against long term environmental and social damage.
Smallholders represent a significant portion (38%) of oil palm cultivation in Indonesia, and represent a critical component of the palm oil industry, as well as constitute a significant opportunity to improve livelihoods in resource-poor settings. Smallholders’ engagement in oil palm cultivation began as part of Indonesian government to promote tree plantation crops in the late 1970s. The initial programme consisted basically of direct state investments through state-owned companies (PTPN) and was integrated with government-sponsored transmigration programmes to provide a labor force for the new plantations. This integration was embryonic for smallholder engagement in state-led agribusiness. The emergence of smallholder oil palm planters constituted a spread effect of plantation development led by the government. The state agribusiness-driven policy has transformed rural areas and settlement development was started in the surrounding of large-scale oil palm plantation.
The development of oil palm cultivation followed very different paths across continents. Originating from Central Africa where palm oil was first collected from the wild in the forest, oil palm has since become a typical agro-industrial crop especially in South-East Asia and Latin America. More recently smallholders have increased their share in the production, while with some differences. Nowadays the problem that the oil palm sector faces is no longer related to either choose agro-industries or smallholders, but to find the best way to associate agro-industries and smallholders in mutually beneficial schemes. Examples from Indonesia, Cameroon and Colombia show the limits and opportunities of such associations.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation in the Mano River Union between Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. It identifies five priority transboundary sites for collaborative management. However, there are operational constraints like limited funding and differences in policies. Research was conducted on chimpanzee populations in Guinea to inform decision making. Data was collected on species distributions and threats like hunting. While conservation is important, any management plans need to consider livelihood and demographic factors to find a balance between people and ecosystems. Evidence-based landscape approaches are recommended.
We have developed generic and replicable tools to assess hydrological, carbon, biodiversity and hydrological functions of a landscape. The Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) identifies and reconciles local, public/policymakers and scientist perspectives on hydrological issues in a landscape. Using a parsimonious hydrological model we can assess the current hydrological situation and prospect impact of possible land cover change on hydrological function. The Rapid Carbon Stocks Appraisal (RACSA) assesses landscape ability to store carbon. The tool entails measuring plot-level carbon stocks for forest and tree based systems, and performing land cover/land cover change analysis to produce landscape carbon/carbon loss map. Further integration with land use profitability data and a land change model, we can perform trade-off analysis on carbon versus livelihood for various plausible development pathways. The Quick Biodiversity Survey (QBS) provides an initial estimate of the biodiversity value of a landscape. Using indicator animal groups and plants, the approach surveyed a 1-km long transects in which the layout and frequency of sample points are determined by the animal groups being surveyed. The survey uses local guide who is knowledgeable about local plants and animals. Species identifications are carried out in consultation with experts. The outcome of three appraisal tools can further be used as the basis for PES schemes development. We had applied these tools in various regions in Southeast Asia. The tools potentially can be applied in other regions as well.
Reducing deforestation and implementing sustainable land-use are major challenges in the Peruvian Amazon, where the socio-economic development of smallholder migrant farmers and the attraction of private investment forlarge-scale agriculture, oil extraction and mining, together with the construction of roads, are part of government strategy to integrate the region in the growing national economy. This study considers the potential of intervening in the configuration and structure of the agricultural mosaic, combining avoided deforestation, reforestation and tree enrichment in the landholdings of smallholder cacao farmers of the Ucayali region. Due to favorable international prices and public and private investments, the last 10 years has seen a rapid proliferation of producers’ associations that have become important players in local development. Besides connecting farmers to the market and providing agricultural services, associations are important in the process of land allocation and titling, in lobbying for infrastructure and services for settlers, and ultimately in determining land-use trajectories, including deforestation and forest degradation. Cacao producers’ associations have also played an important role in promoting the certification process and, more recently, access to the voluntary carbon market. For all these reasons, such associations are a suitable entry-point for interventions affecting land-use at the landscape-level.
China initiated the largest forest conservation programs in the world. Chinese forest policies also contributed to increasing forest/tree cover in Yunnan province, Southwest China. We mapped forest cover in Yunnan, Mekong region using satellite imagery. We reconstructed the forest transition curve through narratives since the Great Leap Forward that started in 1958, as well as data from socioeconomic census since 1990s. Our results suggest that the increase in tree cover at the end of the last century was initiated by government policies that encompass regulative approaches as well as incentive payments for tree planting on sloping land, as well as market-driven plantation economy. Local trajectories of forest cover change hence resulted from a combination of exogenous policy-induced incentive payments and endogenous adaptation of land use strategies to changing market conditions. While policies facilitated the increase of tree cover in Yunnan, the degradation of natural forests often continued unabated. Local differences in factor endowments and the uneven geographic distribution of policy support contributed to considerable variation in the pathways to the forest transition, the shape of the forest transition curve, and the environmental and economic outcomes among villages. A better understanding of these processes is paramount to design incentive schemes that stimulate sustainable land use transitions.
We explore methodologies that allow conclusions to be drawn from the large Poverty Environment Network (PEN) dataset. First, we characterize the diverse parts of the tropics in terms of factors that influence forest resources, access and livelihoods. Secondly, for the conclusions drawn from the site-based analysis to be useful for roader policy recommendations, we need to know the extrapolation domains. We compared the characteristics of landscapes where PEN studies took place with overall tropical landscapes, and those of PEN villages with 'random' villages. Both methods rely on variables derived from global data sets using spatial analysis. Thirdly, we study the relationships of livelihoods and forests using multilevel regression analysis. Our study suggests that for global comparative analysis, it is necessary to identify the overall variation of the system of interest, to define the extrapolation domain of the samples/study sites, and to address relationships that by nature involve multiple scale processes. Available global data set, advances in spatial techniques and relatively cheap computer storage and computational power allow such analysis to be done, adding value through global comparative analysis of the interesting site-level findings.
Theme 5 aims to understand and improve the impacts of trade and investment on forests and people. There are growing influences from trade and investment shifts linked to commodity flows, converging food/feed/energy markets, and expanding transnational capital. A framework shows the drivers of these flows, their impacts through corporate strategies and national/local policies, and various response options. Research highlights include studies of Chinese involvement in African timber and minerals, chainsaw milling networks in Central Africa, and carbon debts from biofuel-induced land use changes. Emerging issues include the need to modify incentive systems and power structures to promote green economies and sustainable development pathways.
1. Tree cover in landscapes changes over time in complex non-linear ways, depending on how "forest" is defined. At certain scales, tree cover transitions follow a pattern of initial decline followed by recovery, as described in the basic forest transition hypothesis.
2. Increases in human population density are linked to decreases in natural forest cover, while increases in economic development and welfare are linked to increases in tree cover, as described in the population density and welfare hypothesis.
3. Spatial patterns of tree cover resemble the temporal dynamics described in hypothesis 2, reflecting the benefits derived from trees in different land cover types, as described in the spatial forest transition hypothesis.
4. Institutional changes from forest to agrarian regimes of
This document outlines the conceptual framework and components of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6). It includes 5 components: smallholder production systems, forest and tree resources management, environmental services, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and impacts of trade and investment. The program aims to enhance forest and tree contributions to income and food security, conserve forest resources, maintain ecosystem services, reduce emissions, and influence policies supporting sustainable management. It will target over 1 billion hectares of forest and involve over 3 million producers through improved production systems and 500 million people dependent on forests.
This presentation focuses on sharing analysis undertaken on the growth of area cleared for, or planted with industrial plantations from 1975 to 2010 across Indonesian Borneo determined by visual inspection of >182 Landsat images. It also discusses the trajectory of land cover changes before industrial plantations establishment to identify whether plantations have been established on: 1) intact forests, 2) logged forests; 3) very degraded forests; or 4) smallholder agricultural areas. Finally, the proportion of 2000-2010 deforestation (loss of old-growth natural forest cover) caused by industrial plantations and by small farmers is analyzed. The implications of these findings for the large versus small-scale debate will be discussed.
More from Forest, Trees and Agroforestry - Component 3: Landscape Management (12)
Seminar 13 Mar 13 - Session 4 - Who drives deforestation in Kalimantan by DGa...
Seminar 13 Mar 2013 - Session 3 - Environmental service reward experience in Asia by BLeimona
1. SHARING GOOD PRACTICES AND LESSONS FROM
REWARDS FOR, USE OF AND SHARED INVESTMENT IN PRO-
POOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES SCHEME (RUPES-II)
2008 – 2012
Beria Leimona and Meine van Noordwijk
ICRAF SEA – RUPES
One day Seminar
“Tree cover transitions and investment in multicolored economy:
hypothesis grounded in data”
Bogor, 13 March 2013
2. RUPES SITES IN ASIA
covering 12 sites in 8
countries
2002-2012
Bac Kan Action research sites
3. Balancing act is needed
ES Provisions
and
Environmental
Goal
Efficiency Fairness
Pro-poor
Adapted from van Noordwijk et al (2011)
4. Poverty is a major issue –
enhancement of ES cannot be
disentangled from
development needs
Communities depend greatly
on social contacts in
managing their landscapes
Defining pro-poor as:
Include
Access
Process and decision making pro-poor approach
Outcome
.... of the schemes to PES
....support a positive bias
toward poor stakeholders development
(Van Noorwijk & Leimona 2010)
5. 1 Access to PES scheme
Designed and administered for fairness of farmers with low formal
education, prone to social conflicts and influenced by power
structures within their community
Case: Conservation reverse-auction – mimicking market-based
mechanism for soil erosion
PES contractual relationships are subject to asymmetric
information between landowners and conservation agents.
Information asymmetries can limit the effectiveness of PES
schemes and make them expensive to implement.
The auction for the PES programme in Indonesia was designed
using a uniform price rule for fairness reasons.
However, uniform pricing is relatively less cost-effective compared
to the discriminative price rule.
Different targeting scenarios: cost-efficiency vs pro-poor
6. Targeting No of No of Price per Average Erosion
scenario house- hectares hectare erosion potential
holds potential per dollar
index per
enrolled
hectare
Cost only 34 25.00 172 22.24 0.129
Cost- 31 24.00 167 23.14 0.139
efficiency
Eligibility 31 24.00 167 23.10 0.138
rule
Pro-poor 13 4.75 1,111 22.69 0.200
Source:
Jack, B. K., Leimona, B., & Ferraro, P. J. (2008). A Revealed Preference Approach to Estimating
Supply Curves for Ecosystem Services: Use of Auctions to Set Payments for Soil Control in Indonesia.
Conservation Biology, 23(2), 359-367.
7. 2 Process and decision making
Applying multiple knowledge approach for ES
Clarifying drivers of problems and identifying ES –
not based on perception per se
Negotiation support system
Nested approach to PES
Free prior informed consent at individual level
Why?
Start with broader paradigm of PES: strict
conditionality generally cannot work in developing
countries
• Lack of data in connecting land use change and ES provisions
• Lack of monitoring tools, capacities and institutions
8. Singkarak Sumberjaya Kapuas Hulu Talau
Initial Deforestation at the upstream of Deforestation caused:
Forest conversion to coffee
Forest conversion to agriculture Deforestation surrounding
watershed caused floods and agroforestry gardens caused and illegal logging causing the water spring decreased
perceived decrease of the water level of the
lake, thus disturbing the
• Floods paddy field along the river
increase of sediment yield,
thus clogging the HEP
increased of sediment yield,
thus decreasing the water
water supply from the
spring.
problem operational of hydroelectric power electricity generator and quality for drinking water
• Decrease of the water level of the
company (HEP). causing low electricity company.
production.
lake disturbingthat operationalfrom water
Decrease of water level was caused Sedimentation mostly was Low run-off showed
the Lack of water
of
Results from
HEP watershed was still well-
by ineffective watershed buffering caused by instable geological springs dominantly was
hydrological in retaining water during rainy
season.
characteristics of the
watershed.
functioning with the current
land practices and changes.
caused by climatic changes
and ineffective watershed in
analysis with Downstream water quality was Coffee plantation less than 3 Intensive use along riparian
buffering water.
combined influenced by high domestic and
agricultural pollutants.
years, landslides (occurred in
forested area), river bank
causing river bank collapse and
river edge cutting for boat
Overconsumption and
unwise use of water from
ecological Floods were mostly caused by river
collapse, and dirt footpaths transportation were sources of the spring worsened water
were sources of sediment sediment yield. management and caused
knowledge stream diversion by HEP.
yield. conflicts.
Reforestation uses trees with low Simple sediment retention Tembawang traditional Reviving local wisdom of
Management evapotranspiration. construction and planting agroforestry system along spring water management
implication Local wisdom maintains clean
deep root trees, including
compaction of dirt path were
riparian zone helps reducing
pressures to soil erosion.
can help solving internal
conflicts.
water stream in the upstream and
from local conserving native ikan bilih.
useful to reduce surface
erosion.
perspectives
Upstream village level: maintaining Collective action to conserve Collective action to conserve Collective and individual
Management current intact environment, i.e. riparian zone involving riparian zone involving village action to promote tree-
implication for biodiversity conservation such as
organic coffee, bundled VCM and
village members along the
river.
members along the river. planting to increase
watershed buffering.
Collective action to maintain
watershed watershed services.
Individual and collective intact forest in the upper Spring water management
management Villages surrounding the Lake:
improving water quality of the
action to manage coffee
garden by applying simple
watershed as a potential for
REDD+ type schemes.
with wise consumption and
regulated extraction of
and RWS Lake and connecting river. construction and multistrata
Law enforcement on illegal
PDAM.
tree-planting.
logging and logging permits.
Source: Leimona, B., Lusiana, B., Van Noordwijk, M., Ekadinata, A., & Mulyoutami, E. (2011).
Reconciling multiple ecological knowledge for rewarding watershed services in the uplands of
Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre
9. Singkarak Sumberjaya Kapuas Hulu Talau
Deforestation at the upstream of Forest conversion to coffee Forest conversion to agriculture Deforestation surrounding
Initial watershed caused floods and agroforestry gardens caused and illegal logging causing the water spring decreased
perceived decrease of the water level of the
lake, thus disturbing the
increase of sediment yield,
thus clogging the HEP
increased of sediment yield,
thus decreasing the water
water supply from the
spring.
problem operational of hydroelectric power electricity generator and quality for drinking water
company (HEP). causing low electricity company.
production.
• Decrease of water level ineffective
Results from Decrease of water level was caused Sedimentation mostly was watershed buffering in retaining water water
Low run-off showed that Lack of water from
by ineffective watershed buffering caused by instable geological watershed was still well- springs dominantly was
during rainywith the current
functioning season.
hydrological in retaining water during rainy
season.
characteristics of the
watershed. land practices and changes.
caused by climatic changes
and ineffective watershed in
analysis with • Downstream water qualitybuffering water. high
Downstream water quality was Coffee plantation less than 3 Intensive use along riparian
combined influenced by high domestic and domestic and agricultural pollutants.
years, landslides (occurred in causing river bank collapse and Overconsumption and
agricultural pollutants. forested area), river bank river edge cutting for boat unwise use of water from
ecological • Floods river stream of the springby HEP.water
collapse, and dirt footpaths transportation were sources diversion worsened
Floods were mostly caused by river
were sources of sediment sediment yield. management and caused
knowledge stream diversion by HEP.
yield. conflicts.
Reforestation uses trees with low Simple sediment retention Tembawang traditional Reviving local wisdom of
Management evapotranspiration. construction and planting agroforestry system along spring water management
implication Local wisdom maintains clean
deep root trees, including riparian zone helps reducing
compaction of dirt path were pressures to soil erosion.
can help solving internal
conflicts.
water stream in the upstream and
from local conserving native ikan bilih.
useful to reduce surface
erosion.
perspectives
Upstream village level: maintaining Collective action to conserve Collective action to conserve Collective and individual
Management current intact environment, i.e. riparian zone involving riparian zone involving village action to promote tree-
implication for biodiversity conservation such as
organic coffee, bundled VCM and
village members along the
river.
members along the river. planting to increase
watershed buffering.
Collective action to maintain
watershed watershed services.
Individual and collective intact forest in the upper Spring water management
management Villages surrounding the Lake:
improving water quality of the
action to manage coffee
garden by applying simple
watershed as a potential for
REDD+ type schemes.
with wise consumption and
regulated extraction of
and RWS Lake and connecting river. construction and multistrata
Law enforcement on illegal
PDAM.
tree-planting.
logging and logging permits.
10. Singkarak Sumberjaya Kapuas Hulu Talau
Deforestation at the upstream of Forest conversion to coffee Forest conversion to agriculture Deforestation surrounding
Initial watershed caused floods and agroforestry gardens caused and illegal logging causing the water spring decreased
perceived decrease of the water level of the
lake, thus disturbing the
increase of sediment yield,
thus clogging the HEP
increased of sediment yield,
thus decreasing the water
water supply from the
spring.
problem operational of hydroelectric power electricity generator and quality for drinking water
company (HEP). causing low electricity company.
production.
Decrease of water level was caused Sedimentation mostly was Low run-off showed that Lack of water from water
Results from by ineffective watershed buffering caused by instable geological watershed was still well- springs dominantly was
hydrological in retaining water during rainy
season.
characteristics of the
watershed.
functioning with the current
land practices and changes.
caused by climatic changes
and ineffective watershed in
analysis with Downstream water quality was Coffee plantation less than 3 Intensive use along riparian
buffering water.
Reforestation uses trees with low
combined influenced by high domestic and
agricultural pollutants.
years, landslides (occurred in causing river bank collapse and Overconsumption and
evapotranspiration. boat
forested area), river bank river edge cutting for unwise use of water from
ecological Floods were mostly caused by river
collapse, and dirt footpaths transportation were sources of the spring worsened water
were sources of Local wisdom maintains clean water and caused
sediment sediment yield. management
knowledge stream diversion by HEP.
yield. conflicts.
Reforestation uses trees with low
stream in the upstream and Reviving local wisdom of
Simple sediment retention Tembawang traditional
conserving
Management evapotranspiration. nativeagroforestry system along
construction and planting ikan bilih. spring water management
implication Local wisdom maintains clean
deep root trees, including riparian zone helps reducing
compaction of dirt path were pressures to soil erosion.
can help solving internal
conflicts.
water stream in the upstream and
from local conserving native ikan bilih.
useful to reduce surface
erosion.
perspectives
Upstream village level: maintaining Collective action to conserve Collective action to conserve Collective and individual
Management current intact environment, i.e. riparian zone involving riparian zone involving village action to promote tree-
implication for biodiversity conservation such as
organic coffee, bundled VCM and
village members along the
river.
members along the river. planting to increase
watershed buffering.
Collective action to maintain
watershed watershed services.
Individual and collective intact forest in the upper Spring water management
management Villages surrounding the Lake:
improving water quality of the
action to manage coffee
garden by applying simple
watershed as a potential for
REDD+ type schemes.
with wise consumption and
regulated extraction of
and RWS Lake and connecting river. construction and multistrata
Law enforcement on illegal
PDAM.
tree-planting.
logging and logging permits.
11. Singkarak Sumberjaya Kapuas Hulu Talau
Deforestation at the upstream of Forest conversion to coffee Forest conversion to agriculture Deforestation surrounding
Initial watershed caused floods and agroforestry gardens caused and illegal logging causing the water spring decreased
perceived decrease of the water level of the
lake, thus disturbing the
increase of sediment yield,
thus clogging the HEP
increased of sediment yield,
thus decreasing the water
water supply from the
spring.
problem operational of hydroelectric power electricity generator and quality for drinking water
company (HEP). causing low electricity company.
production.
Decrease of water level was caused Sedimentation mostly was Low run-off showed that Lack of water from water
Results from by ineffective watershed buffering caused by instable geological watershed was still well- springs dominantly was
hydrological in retaining water during rainy
season.
characteristics1. of the
watershed.
functioning with the current
land practices and changes.
caused by climatic changes
and ineffective watershed in
analysis with Downstream water quality was 1. Upstream village level
Coffee plantation less than 3 Intensive use along riparian : buffering water.
combined influenced by high domestic and
agricultural pollutants.
years, landslides (occurred in causing river bank collapse and Overconsumption and
maintaining current boat
forested area), river bank river edge cutting for
intact environment from
unwise use of water
ecological Floods were mostly caused by river
collapse, and dirt footpaths
•
transportation were sources of the spring worsened water
biodiversity conservation such as caused
were sources of sediment sediment yield. management and
knowledge stream diversion by HEP.
yield. organic coffee conflicts.
Reforestation uses trees with low Simple sediment retention Tembawang traditional Reviving local wisdom of
Management evapotranspiration. construction and planting• bundled system along watershed management
agroforestry VCM and spring water
implication Local wisdom maintains clean
deep root trees, including riparian zone helps reducing
compaction of dirt path were services soil erosion.
pressures to
can help solving internal
conflicts.
water stream in the upstream and
from local useful to reduce surface
conserving native ikan bilih.
erosion. 2. Villages surrounding the Lake :
perspectives
Upstream village level: maintaining
improving water quality of the Lake individual
Collective action to conserve Collective action to conserve
Collective and
Management current intact environment, i.e. riparian zone involvingand connecting river.village
riparian zone involving action to promote tree-
implication for biodiversity conservation such as
organic coffee, bundled VCM and
village members along the
river.
members along the river. planting to increase
watershed buffering.
Collective action to maintain
watershed watershed services.
Individual and collective intact forest in the upper Spring water management
management Villages surrounding the Lake:
improving water quality of the
action to manage coffee
garden by applying simple
watershed as a potential for
REDD+ type schemes.
with wise consumption and
regulated extraction of
and RWS Lake and connecting river. construction and multistrata
Law enforcement on illegal
PDAM.
tree-planting.
logging and logging permits.
12. Financial capital
Emotion, intuition
Macro economic Human Social Risk & .
development buffering
capital Pico capital
economics
sermons
Ratio Social norms
Infra- Natural
structure Spatial planning & LU rights capital
Giga economic green development
Source: van Noordwijk, M., Leimona, B., Jindal, R., Villamor, G. B., Vardhan, M.,
Namirembe, S., et al. (2012). Payments for Environmental Services: Evolution Toward
Efficient and Fair Incentives for Multifunctional Landscapes. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources, 37(1), 389-420.
13. Four Level of ‘conditionality’
Co-investment in
Level IV
ES stewardship
Compensation
for more
Level II / III
beneficial land
practices
Commoditized
Level I
ES
Source: Van Noordwijk, M., & Leimona, B. (2010). Principles for fairness and efficiency in enhancing environmental services
in Asia: payments, compensation, or co-investment? Ecology and Society, 15(4).
14. 3 Outcome of PES scheme
Recognizing multi-dimension of poverty
Benefits were mostly non-
financial:
expanded social networks with external
stakeholders;
knowledge and capacity of the community;
and
small-scale public infrastructure investments.
15. The livelihood issues discussed in focus groups
Capital Type of information discussed
Financial Sources of income over the three periods
Human What (if any) capacity/skills/knowledge were gained
through the scheme?
Social What was the nature and degree of trust with other
stakeholders during the three periods?
What norms or standards of behavior did the community
set itself in connection with the scheme (e.g. sanctions
etc)?
What were community’s networks like during the three
periods?
Natural What benefits did they gain from the watershed and its
protection?
Physical Had any investments been made as a result of the scheme
(e.g. infrastructure)?
Source: Leimona, B., Pasha, R., & Rahadian, N. (2010). The livelihood impacts of incentive payments for watershed
management in West Java, Indonesia. In L. Tacconi, S. Mahanty & H. Suich (Eds.), Livelihoods in the REDD?: Payments for
Environmental Services, Forest Conservation and Climate Change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
17. Type of knowledge/ capacity/skills gained by participants
and non-participants after the PES implementation
Type of knowledge/capacity/skills Participant (%) Non-participant (%)
Conservation
Causes of erosion, landslides and downstream sedimentation 100 17
How to maintain clean water and to reduce air pollution 83 -
Roles of trees in conservation 67 -
Simple construction to prevent erosion 50 -
Understanding of PES concept 33 17
Institution and Governance
Ability to govern an organization 67 17
Ability to solve problems within farmer groups 67 -
Administration of farmer groups 50 17
Networking to improve local business and PES implementation 50 -
Transparent financial management 33 -
How to develop local business
Livestock 33 17
Agriculture 17 -
Fishery - -
18. Trust among internal and external stakeholders
Relationship How trust is expressed
Amongst participants Borrowing money and rice;
Sharing information;
Mortgaging (loans);
Collective labor sharing
Participants and government Making identification and family card;
Paying tax;
Receiving administrative information;
Getting cash assistance;
Maintaining security
Participants and non- Collective labor sharing;
participants Sharing information;
Borrowing money, rice, daily needs and construction materials
Participants and FKDC Delivering the payments for accomplishing the contracts;
Sharing information;
Maintaining transparency in managing the funds of organizations.
Participants and PERHUTANI Giving seedlings;
Giving information;
Giving access to manage forest and plant ally-cropping on the area of
PERHUTANI.
Participants and NGO Implementing programs;
Sharing information, especially on environmental services;
Conducting meetings.
19. Thank You
World Agroforestry Centre
PO Box 161, Bogor, 16001, INDONESIA
Tel: +62 251 8625415
FAX: +62 251 8625416
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org
20. George Price’s condition for intergenerational increase in
altruism:
( Individual
Gain-Loss )+( Social
cohesion )( Group
Gain-Loss )>0
Carrots Sticks