India lives in villages” -said Mahatma Gandhi – father of nation-many decades ago-
Even after 100 years - data does not seem to disagree
Villages House majority of Indian population
-69% --roughly one-eleventh of humanity on planet earth
- almost 67% households-- still in rural areas
- Despite decline – villages will hold large population
- more than 50% before 2050
India- second largest urban/rural system globally after China
- - 6.4 lakh Villages Vs 0.079 lakh towns/cities
- 833 million pop Vs 377 million - 2011
Villages critical to India’s growth
Provider of food;- daily/basic needs of human living
Provider of basic/raw material for industrial processing
Mainstay of industry& national economy
One of Major contributor to Indian GDP
Offering largest consumer market
Houses largest manpower/work force
-Rural economy - primarily agrarian
Large dependence of population on Agriculture
- characterized by- Lower /limited productivity
- leading to - Poverty.
Agriculture contributes - 14 % of India’s GDP,
main source of income/ sustenance for- 69 % of rural population
Agriculture - strongly influences
-- food security
--prices of food
-- monetary wages.
-- rural income & demand
--supply of raw materials to industrial sectors
Rural India suffering due to--
-- public investment-- in rural India getting diluted
– proportion of irrigated land – remain low
- Large land-- rainfed land
- declining land productivity
- Limited adoption of cash crops
- Lack of agriculture diversification.
- Lack of consolidated land holding
- Low land holding
-- slow Growth of agricultural output--only 3.2% during 2007-2011.
- Housing Large population - Below Poverty Line (BPL)—25.7%- 2013
About 1/3 Rural India-- survives on a family income of Rs 5000/ month – Current income- India 1.79 lakh/capita/year
Rural development - easy to understand – difficult to implement.
- Rural areas face;
- Problem of physical/ planned development
- Villages prone to climate change and natural disasters
-- lack of adequate infrastructures , services , amenities,,
-Inadequate transport, Employment ,Physical development- etc.
- Lack of adequate Credit
- Absence of gainful alternates to occupations-- other than agriculture
-- Low investment in skilling Human beings in rural area
Promoting Rural development essential for India;
- to fueling overall economic growth
- increasing income opportunities
-- curbing poverty .
1% decline in agricultural growth– can pull back industrial/ GDP growth by 0.52%
For Achieving target of 9% GDP growth- Agricultural sector must grow annually@ 4%
Rural India- Offers comparatively better options than Urban India -to overcome challenges posed by;
- climate change,
- global warming,
-reducing carbon footprints and
- managing Green House gas emissions
1. Planning For Climate
Responsive &
Sustainable Villages
• Jit Kumar Gupta
•Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
•Former Advisor, Town Planning
•Punjab Urban Development Authority
Jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Mob- 90410-26414
2.
3. Defining – Village- India
India- has Two kinds of settlements;
Urban and Rural
Village has no definition
Village defined by exclusion- definition speaks of urban settlements – rest are rural
Urban settlements are defined as ;
Statutory towns-
includes an area having
- municipality,
-corporation,
-cantonment board
-- a notified town area committee/Nagar Panchyat
Census Town—
- a habitation that has;
- a population- minimum of 5,000;
- Avocation-at least 75% male working population engaged in non-agricultural
pursuits; and
population-- density - minimum 400 people per sq km.
Villages---Rest of human settlements excluding urban- -- with governing bodies
known to be panchayats
-- which act as local decision-making entities
- With low density/ low concentration of human beings/activities-large in number
4. Population Distribution- Urban/Rural-India-2011
Urban Pop. Distribution(2011)377 m (31.1 %)-
7935 towns/cities
-Mega Cities with Pop > 10m - 4% of total Country pop
- Cities with Population 5-10m- 3%
- Cities with Population 1-5m- 6%
- Cities with Population 0.1-1m- 9%
- Cities with Population < 0.1 m- 9%
** Rural Pop Distribution(2011) 833 m ( 68.9%) -------
6,40, 867 villages ( Inhabited -5,99,608)
--236,004 Indian villages have population < 500,
-- 4,681 villages have population > 10,000
---- Very large (>10k), large villages(>5k)-17%( 23.54%)
-- Medium villages (2-5 k)— 24%( 34.63%)
--- Small villages (1-2000) — 17% (23.70%)
------Hamlets (500-1000) — 8% (12.39%)
---- Small Hamlets(<500)— -- 3% ( 5.74 %)
2 out of 3 Indian lives in villages.
Every 6th Indian lives in large villages
6 out of 10 ruralites live in large and medium villages.
Globally,- Every Ninth person lives in Indian Villages
6. Rural India- Role and Importance
“India lives in villages” -said Mahatma Gandhi – father of nation-
many decades ago
.Even after 100 years - data does not seem to disagree
Villages House majority of Indian population
-69% --roughly one-eleventh of humanity on planet earth
- almost 67% households-- still in rural areas
- Despite decline – villages will hold large population
- more than 50% before 2050
India- second largest urban/rural system globally after China
- - 6.4 lakh Villages Vs 0.079 lakh towns/cities
- 833 million pop Vs 377 million - 2011
Villages critical to India’s growth
Provider of food;- daily/basic needs of human living
Provider of basic/raw material for industrial processing
Mainstay of industry& national economy
One of Major contributor to Indian GDP
Offering largest consumer market
Houses largest manpower/work force
7. Rural India--Contributions of Agriculture to GDP
-Rural economy - primarily agrarian
Large dependence of population on Agriculture
- characterized by- Lower /limited productivity
- leading to - Poverty.
Agriculture contributes - 14 % of India’s GDP,
main source of income/ sustenance for- 69 % of rural population
Agriculture - strongly influences
-- food security
--prices of food
-- monetary wages.
-- rural income & demand
--supply of raw materials to industrial sectors
Rural India suffering due to--
-- public investment-- in rural India getting diluted
– proportion of irrigated land – remain low
- Large land-- rainfed land
- declining land productivity
- Limited adoption of cash crops
- Lack of agriculture diversification.
- Lack of consolidated land holding
- Low land holding
-- slow Growth of agricultural output--only 3.2% during 2007-2011.
8. Rural India- Role and Importance
- Housing Large population - Below Poverty Line (BPL)—25.7%- 2013
About 1/3 Rural India-- survives on a family income of Rs 5000/ month – Current
income- India 1.79 lakh/capita/year
Rural development - easy to understand – difficult to implement.
- Rural areas face;
- Problem of physical/ planned development
- Villages prone to climate change and natural disasters
-- lack of adequate infrastructures , services , amenities,,
-Inadequate transport, Employment ,Physical development- etc.
- Lack of adequate Credit
- Absence of gainful alternates to occupations-- other than agriculture
-- Low investment in skilling Human beings in rural area
Promoting Rural development essential for India;
- to fueling overall economic growth
- increasing income opportunities
-- curbing poverty .
1% decline in agricultural growth– can pull back industrial/ GDP growth by 0.52%
For Achieving target of 9% GDP growth- Agricultural sector must grow
annually@ 4%
11. Problem of--Declining share in GDP
Contribution of agriculture to GDP reduced from 51.88% in1950 to 13.94% in
2013.
Share of service sector increased > 200% from 29.54% to 59.93%
Industry contribution increased by 60%; from 16.19% to 26.15%
--almost 69 % of population lives in rural areas 50% labour force still
dependant on agriculture, --Situation definitely not sustainable for Rural
India/India
Share of Agriculture sector in GDP --must go up considerably
12. Problem of--Livelihood & Employment
Almost ¾ of rural households—-- live with monthly income -- less than Rs
5000.
More than 50% rural households-- do not own land
More than half Ruralites work as casual labour- unemployment/disguised
employment
- Rural India suffers from-- low employment /low wages & perpetual
poverty..
source--Socio- Economic and Caste Census
13. Problem of--Poverty
Poverty reduction in urban areas higher than rural
areas
-- nearly 25.7 % of rural India is poor, compared to
13.7% in urban areas. Rural poverty placed at double
that of urban poverty- Every 4th Ruralite remains poor.
15. Low Literacy Levels
Literacy levels increasing since independence.
- Still Rural literacy lower than urban - both in males/ females
Large gender disparity -- both in males/females
-- urban female literacy rate-- almost higher by more than 20% than
rural female.
-Urban Male Literacy rate – 11.61% higher than Rural Male
16. Net Attendance –Rural Vs Urban- Low
Net attendance --insight into education dynamics of India- Higher in
Urban compared to Rural.
Rate of fall of net attendance -from primary to secondary-- much steeper
in rural areas.
Reasons- lack of family commitment, migration, climate induced
disasters, famine and poverty.
17. Health Indicators- Poor Health
Health - Known to be wealth of a society--best indicators
of well-being of population /human resources
development.
Rural India lags behind Urban India-- in all indicators
including Infant Mortality- Steady declining mortality
Rural infant mortality 20% higher than urban mortality
24. Widening gap between Rural & Urban
India Vs Bharat debate is not new.
Urban –Rural divide debated for years
Little progress--in bridging gap between rural-urban- over last
seven decades
Gap ever widening - when looking at;
--physical,
--socio-economic,
--healthcare,
--education indicators
No city exists in isolation
- invariably supported by large number of villages for
-- sustaining urban activities/population
-- meeting daily urban needs
Cities/villages- cannot be seen in isolation
- Cities/villages
-two sides of same coin
-need integration, collaboration,
co-operation and mutual support
25. Challenges of Rural Indian
Agriculture
Indian agriculture - undergoing heavy stress
- average land holdings decreasing day by day.
- Agriculture acreage static- 140 million hect-. For last 40
years
- number of farmers increased from 7 to 14 crore.
- adding one crore farmers every five years.
Over 80 % rural households –landholdings - less
than one hectare (10,000 square metres)
landholdings decreased in size- almost 50%- last
20 years;
just 7% per cent farmers-- own more than 2
hectares,
over 75 % urban migrants-- come from marginal
26. Major Problems- Rural India
India- Ranks among countries having Low land man ratio-2.4 Vs 17.7
Large population base -69%
High degree of Poverty ( Majority of rural India lives on Rs 35 per day)
Lack of sanitation and cleanliness- adverse impact on health;
Low level of skill &literacy -- Low level of gainful employment
Inadequate level of basic infrastructure /services /amenities- water supply,
sanitation, drainage, power, SWM- Poor Quality of life
Agriculture largely Rainfed--Low level of irrigation facilities
Large number of Poor quality Housing- Katcha, temporary- Poor human
Living
Haphazard and unplanned development- Poor Quality of life
Low level of Healthcare & Educational facilities- Low Human Quality Index
Poor quality of living environment-Poor Quality of life
Poor accessibility/connectivity- to urban markets-Absence of efficient
marketing of agrictural produce -Low prices for agricultural produce
-Low order of Agro-based industries
- Low income/low employment opportunities
-High water pollution- Large diseases- Poor Health- High mortality
Loss of Fertile soil /desertification-- due to erosion, Overgrazing /
deforestation- Low agricultural productivity- poverty
- Large number of Villages Prone to Natural Hazards- Repeated
destruction of human/animal life/property- leading to perpetual poverty
27. Issues Facing Rural Economy-India
Large population- depending on agriculture
Agriculture responsible for - 6.7 GW of GHG emissions annually
Low level- of literacy
High degree- of unemployment/disguised unemployment
Lack of -female empowerment
Poor capacity- to combat disasters- natural/manmade
Poor infrastructure/skill to combat disasters
Absence of sustainable agriculture –leading to GHG
Inadequate Land reforms-Declining- agricultural productivity
High degree of indebtedness
Large wastage of agricultural produce
Poor solid waste management- men/animal
Poor skilling -Large scale loss of agricultural produce
Increasing social/economic/physical/ cultural divide-
Highly stratified/ divided rural society- based on caste/economy/
traditions/avocations
Absence of any planning/development Agency
29. Opportunities
Weakness
Rich in natural resources- compact
development- small area- limited
population-
Good Natural attributes; Cultural
strength; Low mechanical travel
Provider of food/basic human needs
Producer of raw material for industries
Sustainer of economy
Considerable contribution to GDP
Lack of infrastructure/services
Poor accessibility/Areas of neglect
Low land holding/ high social divide
Lower order of literacy/ low level of skill
Poor educational /healthcare facilities
-outdated agricultural practices- causing
GHG emissions
Poor housing/ Poor quality of life
Poor capacity to plan/ develop
Poor financial health/low wages
High degree of poverty/unemployment
Strength
For making agriculture more productive
Skilling India, Promoting higher growth
rate-- making India economically vibrant
•Providing gainful employment for all
•Promoting economical/cost-effective
development- Minimizing GHG emission
•Eradicating poverty
• Improving connectivity between urban /
rural areas-synergizing urban-rural growth
• Making growth of urban Centers rational
• Promoting operational efficiency of
urban /rural settlements- making India
Threats--Neglect will lead to—Global
warming; GHG emissions;
unsustainability; Chaos, unemployment,
poverty, poor health, lower quality of
life,
development paralysis, haphazard
/unplanned urban development, large
scale migration, neglect of agriculture,
food scarcity, food insecurity declining
industrial productivity, loss of large rural
33. Ministry of Rural Development-
GOI
Involves-- two departments
1. Department of Rural Development
2. Department of Land Resource.
Vision—Promote sustainable / inclusive
growth of rural India through;
- a multipronged strategy focusing on--
-- eradicating poverty ;
--increasing livelihood opportunities
-- providing social safety net
-- developing infrastructure for growth.
--improving quality of life
--correcting developmental imbalances,
--reaching most disadvantaged
-- Need to add SDGs as part of agenda
34. Ministry of Rural Development
Major programs operated by Ministry in rural areas;-
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act
National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM—
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Grameen (PMAY-G)—
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGY)
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee RURBAN Mission
Integrated Watershed Management Programme.
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY); --
Samagra Siksha Abhiyan;
Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY);
National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP);
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY); .
Provision of Urban Amenities In Rural Areas (PURA)
Mission Amrit Sarovar
Jal Jeevan Mission-
Swatch Bharat Mission-
.
36. Need for Village Planning
Villages Critical for scripting growth/ development of India
In the words of Mahatma Gandhi- father of nation-
‘ India lives in villages -India will prosper if villages prosper,
--if villages perish India will perish too”
Villages can help in-
Making India Achieve SDGs; Reduce GHG emissions;
Minimise Global warming ; Reduce carbon footprints - Ushering
new era of-- India regeneration-Making India vibrant -
Physically, socially, environmentally /economically
Villages would need; -Empowering people --
Physically/socially/ economically-- by
skilling/education/healthcare/ employment
-- Promoting promoting planned development/ management;
-- ensuring basic amenities/ services essential for human
living
37. Need for Village Planning
Villages have great potential for ;
-providing simple/healthy/cost-effective living
- Leveraging national Economy
-Providing food security to nation/ globally
Generating Employment- gainful employment > 2/3rd work
force
- Making national growth rational
Eradicating poverty- 365 million
Providing quality of life- to majority of Indians
Minimizing migration–
minimizing haphazard urban development
Minimizing slums/houselessness -- in urban India
Ensuring-- housing for all --Rationalizing urban growth-
Promoting-- planned development in India
Eliminating majority of urban ills - having genesis in neglect
of rural India
39. Objectives- Making Villages Climate Smart
Village Planning to revolve around/aim at-
-Promoting sustainability, liveability, good health, skilling, education,
food, shelter, providing basic infrastructure, services; accessibility
:Empowerment, enablement, accountability of Panchayati Raj
Institutions – for inclusive development with social justice
Promoting-- holistic development of Villages
Minimising Rural- urban divide
-Creating Urban opportunities for rural residents- to Create a level
ground for income options.
Preventing -- distress migration from Rural areas to urban areas--
Guaranteeing -- a decent standard of living.
Providing -- basic amenities/facilities- essential for good living
Providing easier, faster/ cheaper-- access to institutions/urban
markets-
Offering Remunerative price of agricultural produce/ commodities
Introducing modern techniques/ sustainable /affordable technology for
agriculture - to promote increased productivity
Improving standard of living of underprivileged population
Providing basic needs: education, healthcare, clean drinking water
etc.
40. Objectives- Making Villages Climate Smart
Changing cropping pattern- adopting crops –using less water/ less
GHG emission/ growing more vegetables/ adopting climate resistant
crops
Making optimum use of local resources
Making villages self- sufficient-- in day- to- day needs
Making villages- carbon neutral / zero-energy
Economic empowerment- sharing of resources;
Generating- appropriate employment
Social empowerment -- engaging entire community in village
development/ Rural sustainability
- Creating a Co-operative culture of living/working
Promoting inclusive development.
Improving Village environment/ Ecology
Making Villages- Green, Clean, Zero-waste
Promoting Planned Physical Development
Promoting integrated urban –rural growth
Involving local community –for decision making
Minimising social stratification
Promoting Agro-based industry
Promoting alternate source of employment /income
41. Understanding, Appreciating,
Implementation of - 73rd CAA,
1992-Promoting Good Governance
- Adopting Regional Planning
- Adopting District Planning
-Adopting Metropolitan Area
Planning
- Empowering Aspirational Districts
-Implementing Ru-Urban Mission
42. 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992-Rural
-Made India from 2 tier-federal- to 3 tier system of
Governance – by including Panchayats
Gave constitutional recognition to Rural institutions of
governance -- Converted Panchayati raj system into ;
--3-tier system with- elected bodies at
--village -taluk/ block- district levels.
--System based on ;
--traditional {Panchayati raj. Panchayat governance}
for
-- Decentralisation/empowering local institutions
-- with a degree of local autonomy.
-- larger people participation at local level for more
-effective implementation of rural development
programs. --
73RD amendment calls for
- having a duly elected -
- gram panchayat -- for each village/ group of villages,
-- Block level council—Block Samiti
43. ELEVNTH SCHEDULE
1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
5. Fisheries
6. Social forestry and farm forestry
7. Minor forest produce.
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries. 10. Rural housing.
11. Drinking water 12. Fuel and fodder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways/other means of communication
14. Rural electrification
15- Education including primary and secondary schools
16 Non- conventional sources of energy 17. Technical Training and vocational
education 18. Public distribution system
19. Adult and non-formal education. 20 Maintenance of public assets
21. Cultural activities 22. Markets and fairs
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers &
dispensaries
24. Family welfare. 25. Women and child development.
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
27. Welfare of the weaker section
28 Public distribution system
44. Regional Planning
Globally--Most progressive countries/states/ cities
- adopted Regional perspective for :
---Integrating urban and rural settlements
--for Minimizing migration
--Making urban development-- more rational / sustainable
--Promoting co-operation & collaboration; between urban-rural areas
- Minimizing local competition /conflicts- urban/rural
- Infrastructure optimization between neighboring cities/rural
settlements,
-- Preventing disasters,
-- Promoting / protecting regional ecology / bio-diversity,
-- Providing recreational activities
-- Overcoming confusion over role / responsibilities of various agencies.
-- Achieving integration and decentralized planning--
• Regional Planning optimizes Regional resources
by--
-- promoting synergy between rural & urban areas
-- connecting villages/cities-- through a well defined settlement hierarchy
-- using developmental potential of each settlement
-- making them sustainable
45. District Planning - DPC
• 73rd/74th CAA,1992- Landmark legislation- Rural/Urban
Empowerment- promoting Decentralization- Setting of
DPC/MAPC
•District Planning vital for growth of Rural India
•- Creating synergies between villages/ cities at district level
•Creating Committee for District planning
•- Consisting of elected representatives
•- Taking District as Regional Planning Unit
-- Consolidating plans of Panchayats/ Municipalities
-- Prepare draft development plan for district
- Villages lack manpower/knowledge/ resources to prepare
village development plans
-DPC has no manpower for planning at distinct level
-- DPC needs strengthening/empowerment
-- Besides preparing Draft District Development Plan ;
-Should also be involved in implementation
-District Town Planning office to provide assistance/ support
46. Metropolitan Planning- MPC
243ZE. Metropolitan Planning Committee
-Constituted for Metro Area
– to prepare Draft development plan for Metropolitan area –
- ------------Consolidating plans of both rural- urban
settlements
(a) Metropolitan Planning Committees consists of:
-- not less than two-thirds of members elected
from Municipalities/ Chairpersons of Panchayats in
Metropolitan area--
-(d) functions relating to planning / coordination
--- MPC has no manpower for planning at Metropolitan level
-- MPC -- needs strengthening/ empowerment
-- prepares only Draft Metropolitan Development Plan
-- to be actively involved in-- finalization/ implementation of
MPC
-- Conflict between District Planning & Metro Planning need
Resolution
47. Development of Aspirational Districts-
options
117 out of 742 districts—identified as Aspirational district by NITI
Aayog—640(2001) & 593(1991)
-- based upon indicators -having impact on Human development
Health & Nutrition, Education, ;Agriculture & Water Resources,
Financial Inclusion/Skill Development/ Basic Infrastructure --.
Treating backward districts -- not a physical problem
but human problem
People suffering for centuries -- due to exclusion ,
poverty, acute deficiency of basic amenities/ neglect
States – should rationalize - structure, plan, develop /
manage backward districts
-- based on a detailed study & analysis
Program extended from District to Block level for
-- Empowering Villages- socially/physically/
economically
48. Ru-urban mission- Vision
National Rurban Mission (NRuM)
follows vision of;
-- "Development of a cluster of villages
-- that preserve and nurture
-- essence of rural community life
-- with focus on equity and
inclusiveness
-- without compromising with facilities
-- perceived essentially urban in nature,
-- creating a cluster of "Rurban Villages
49. RU-URBAN MISSION- COMPONENTS
Skill Development --training Linked to Economic
Activities
Agri- Services and Processing Support-- to
Agriculture /Allied Activity
Digital Literacy --(access to digital resources for all
citizens
24 x 7 Piped-- Water Supply
Sanitation
Solid waste / liquid management / Vermi-compost Pit
Metalling Village Streets with Drains
Creating Fully equipped Mobile Health Unit
Up- gradation of primary/secondary /higher
secondary schools
Promoting Inter- village roads connectivity/ Public
transport
Creating Citizen Service Centres- for electronic
52. Methodology for village Development
planning---- Must be different in approach/ intent
/contents- to urban planning. Each Village unique/distinct-
requires different approach
-Village planning based on;
-Empowering people, communities / local institutions
--based on local initiative consultative/ participatory
mechanism- -- involving all stakeholders.
-- using simple/direct technique,
-- making - time bound, quick/simple decisions/actions
i. Involving Panchayats--Holding Exploratory meeting with
for:
-- briefing about project ,
-- Defining aim/ objectives /scope,
-- value to be added to village -- planning & development,
--processes / methodology to be followed
-- for implementation and obtaining
--consent for going ahead with project.
53. Methodology for village Planning
Ii. Approval from Panchayat
Iii. Calling meeting of Gram Sabha involving all residents
for:
-- explaining project,
-- benefits,
-- understanding problems,
--identifying needs/ priorities
--understanding vision,
-- promoting participatory mechanism,
-- sourcing suggestions
obtaining approval
- defining role of residents,
iv. Creating a Think Tank comprising --elders, NGO,
Panchayat for aiding/advising about plan preparation and
implementation.
---Carrying out a SWOT Analysis
54. V Carrying out a;
-- socio-economic, demographic survey
-- asking for priorities of development/infrastructure .
VI Creating a physical map of village defining --
-- location/conditions of houses
-- community buildings,
-- public buildings
-- Mapping services--sewerage, roads,
--- sanitation/ storm/waste water drainage, network
-- street lights(if any) etc
vii. Preparing inventory of:
-- problems,
--deficiency in infrastructure,
---amenities,
-- additional facilities needed etc
viii. Making projections/forecast for next 5 years for
population, housing /other infrastructure, services etc
55. x Preparing Draft Development Plan of Village based
on:
-- studies made
-- analysis carried out,
--vision and priorities defined ,
-- problems identified,
--Understanding needs/ requirements of village
-projections made for -- development / amenities /
services
--rough estimates / cost of development.
x. Sharing Draft Development Plan with:
-- Think Tank and
-- Panchayat
-- for approval in principal
for placing before Gram Sabha.
56. •xii. Development works to comprise --
*Water Supply
*Sewerage
* Streets
*Drainage
* Street Lighting
Toilets in houses/ community latrines
* Water Bodies
*Afforestation, Landscaping of open spaces--Plantation of Trees
*Construction of Panchayat Ghar / Community Centre
*Providing dispensary for Residents/ animals
*School &Library
* Creating Vocational Centre/ Anganwari/ adult education centre
*Krishi Vigyan Kendra – -for sale of essential agricultural inputs, seeds,
--latest information about prices/marketing options of agricultural
produce,
--new options for crop/agriculture diversification, weather forecast and
--innovations in agriculture,
* Co-operative Banking &
E-Samparak Kendra
57. XIV Village development Plan shall essentially be taken up as a joint
venture of all :
-- stakeholders involving residents,
-- Panchayat,/ Panchayat officials
--Think Tank,
-- NGOs,
--state/ local rural development agencies
--corporate agencies etc
-- for formulation / implementation of Plan --Plan is reviewed
periodically to meet emerging village demand
XV Methodology for Financing
Funding of development works to be through:
--Funds made available by state
- Income of Panchayat from its own resources
-- Grant- in- aid by state,
--funds made available by MPLAD/MLA
-- funds available under different state/ local level rural development schemes,
-- contribution by villagers ,
- Funds from Self- Help Groups
-- Individual Donations/contributions
-- international agencies – Funding viability gap
60. Village Dharnai –Bihar- Solar Power
Once struggling- to get basic electricity - Dharnai-- first village in India to
completely run on solar power. Used diesel-based generators / cow dung to meet
electricity requirement -- costly and unhealthy.
Launched solar-powered 100 kilowatt micro-grid in 2014, quality electricity
provided to more than 2,400 people living .
61. Payvihir– Maharashtra-Organic Forest ,
Fruits
Turning a barren, 182-hectare land under community forest right, into a
forest.— village started growing & selling organic Sitafals (custard
apples) and Mangoes in Mumbai under their brand Naturals Melghat!
62. Hiware Bazaar, Maharashtra- Water management
.Facing water shortage village decided to shun water-intensive crops
opted for horticulture / dairy farming. Consistent water conservation--- rising
groundwater levels -- village started to prosper. Today, village has 294 open wells-
- brimming with water / prosperity. -never called a single water tanker since 1995.
village has 60 millionaires& highest per-capita income in India
63. Odanthurai, Tamil Nadu-Solar/Wind Energy
Panchayat generating electricity for own use
--sold surplus energy to Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
--- Village created corpus of Rs 5 crores
-- to install wind /solar energy farms
--enable free supply of electricity to over 8,000 residents.
64. Khonoma, Nagaland-First Green Villag
India’s first green village.--perfectly terraced fields,
--self-sustaining village- Protects / conserves natural habitat.
-- Hunting banned -- Village practices its own eco-friendly version
of jhum agriculture that enriches the soil.
65. Punsari, Gujarat- Technology driven Villag
Punsari village,-- Closed-circuit cameras, water purifying plants, biogas
plants, air-conditioned schools, Wi-Fi, biometric machines – done in
eight years- cost of Rs. 16 crore.--Transformation made possible by
young tech-savvy sarpanch – 33-year-old Himanshu Patel
--village offers amenities of a city but the spirit of a village.”
66. Mawlynnong, Meghalaya- Cleanest
village
plastic is banned--paths lined with flowers-- bamboo
dustbins stand at every corner, --volunteers sweep
streets -- signboards warn visitors against littering. --
Cleanliness a ritual for all old/young –
--village Known as cleanest village in India /Asia.
67. Piplantri, Rajasthan- Saving girls&
Trees
Village Panchyat saving girl children & increasing green cover
---planting 111 trees when a girl is born –ensuring survival of trees --
attaining fruitation as girls grow up. - set up a fixed deposit for girls -
parents sign an affidavit ensuring their education
.-During last nine years,- planted over a quarter million trees on village’s
grazing land—Preventing trees from termite,
-planted over 2.5 million aloe-vera plants around them.
Trees/aloe-vera,-- a source of livelihood for several residents.
69. Global Warming- GHG
Emissions
1.World is warming --faster than recorded history
-already 1.2°C warmer than pre-industrial times
2. If heating continues,- with 2degree global warming - devastating impact on planet
earth - causing—
-- hunger-- flooded homes along coasts--- more wildfire-- hurricanes -- droughts..
4. For Ensuring - safe future-- below 1.5°C mark-- requires –
--Cutting 30 GT greenhouse gas emissions annually by 2030-by
-- rationalizing --Transport & industry
-- Managing our land and resources more efficiently,
-- Making building green & Cities smart
--curbing deforestation and food waste.
5. Six key sectors hold key-- to reduce 29-32 GT CO2 & limit temperature rise to 1.5˚--
include--.
- Energy;
- Industry;
- Transport;
- Building &Cities;
- Agriculture & food-Waste;
- Nature Based solution
https://www.unep.org/interactive/six-sector-solution-climate-change/
70.
71. Conclusions
Rural India- Offers comparatively better options than
Urban India -to overcome challenges posed by;
- climate change,
- global warming,
-reducing carbon footprints and
- managing Green House gas emissions
- Achieving sustainable Development Goals
Because Villages provide options due to ;
- Having Smaller population base
- Being Physically Compact
- - Having Limited daily needs
- Having Limited mobility/ Travel
- Shorter Travel distance/limited travel demand
- Having Sustainability- in daily needs
- -Availability of Natural resources – land sun, air, flora,
fauna
- - Limited pollution - large Open space
72. • Conclusions
Urgent Need for Making Climate Smart villages- by;
Making climate change/sustainability integral part of all
missions – PMAY; NULM; MNREGA, PMGSY;
Evolving/ adopting a policy of Regionalisation-using
Regional Planning –for Creating synergy / making
Urban & Rural areas mutually supportive - Physically,
socially, economically , environmentally, structurally,
culturally and financially
Prioritizing Planned development-
Making agriculture – More climate responsive,
diverse, rational , resource/water- efficient; land –
efficient, environmental friendly; disaster resistant;
productive; ensuring food security
Providing basic amenities / facilities to all-
Empowering/ Skilling rural India for Removing
poverty-- Creating multiple options for universal
employment
73. Conclusions
Promoting culture of co-operation/ sharing in
villages- for doing all activities
Making villages self-sufficient -- in all day-to-day
requirements
Promoting education / literacy-- for all
Making rural planning/development/sustainability--
integral part of academics-- at all level in urban/rural
areas
Running specialized dedicated courses --for rural
Sustainability/ development- Masters in Rural
Development
Involving all educational institutions-- in process of
rural emancipation – making village life qualitative
Adopting villages -- by academic Institutions
imparting architecture/Engineering educations-- for
promoting sustainable development-
74. Conclusions
Promoting – art/science of water conservation /preservation-
RWH
Adopting green practices-- for nature development
Promoting solar/gas based energy-- for lighting and cooking
Promoting Agro-based industries-- for making value addition/
generating employment
Implementing 73 rd CAA in letters & spirits
Empowering village panchayats/ involving communities
Involving professionals/Academic institutions -- in framing
District/ Metropolitan plans-
– Creating bare- foot professionals
Creating self- help groups-- for planning /implementation of
projects
Mapping all Villages-Creating physical maps for planned
development
Creating safe/ qualitative model housing design
Making Villages Zero-energy, Zero-waste, Zero- Carbon
Leveraging non-conventional sources of Energy
75. Conclusion
• Reversing Climate change & Restoring land / oceans,;
protecting biodiversity, rebuilding ecosystems by;
• Launching drive to halt degrading- and for
compensating - forest destroyed/ creating land for
agriculture / urban development/ change of land use
change ( 25 % GHG.)
• - Planting large number of trees
• - Joining Plant-for-the-Planet initiative
• -Using common/public vacant land for plantation
• Involving communities in greening villages
• -Restoring water bodies
• - Promoting Rain water harvesting
• - Allowing people to sponsor tree-plantation
• - Creating options for planting trees
• -Adopting plant based food- rather than animal meat
based
79. WAY FORWARD--Making Affordable
Rural Housing A Distinct Reality
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining National Housing Policy
Creating a dedicated Rural Housing Policy on pattern followed in Urban
Housing
Ensuring Adequate funds for housing- easy availability of funds to individuals
Promoting Cost-Management
Creating Land Bank;
Creating Innovative Architectural Design
Using Cost/Energy Efficient Building Technologies- Green Housing-Promoting
Affordable living
Inventing new Building Materials- based on Agro /industrial waste based
Adopting Co-operative Based Approach
Shifting from Construction to Manufacturing
Making Housing- Beneficiary- led Program
Bringing Vacant Houses into market
Skilling Manpower-
- Promoting R& D---
Rationalizing Government Charges
80. Way-forward to Approach Rural Housing
- Considering context, nature, complexities, culture of rural
housing
- - rural housing dealt on different footing- from urban housing.
-Rural housing - simple, economical / rooted to local culture
- Rural housing- linked to larger economic/ social context -- ---
generating employment/ resources/ empowering rural poor- to
ensure better living.
- Creating dedicated rural- focused financial institutions
- - for easier/ minimum documentation /affordable and low-
cost funds.
- Allocating higher percentage of GDP for housing sector, .
-- Skilling rural India --for time-efficient -sustainable / cost-
effective housing
81. Way-forward to Approach Rural Housing
Involving IITs/NITs/reputed institutions in R&D- in building materials / /
cost- effective / time-efficient construction technologies
Promoting industries- for large scale production of building materials
from agricultural / industrial waste.
Viewing housing in larger context- with physical/ social infrastructure
Planning rural housing - with basic amenities- following a cluster
approach- for optimizing land/ensuring planned/ creating self-contained
/cost-effective shelter
Planning /designing rural houses for- optimum utilization of available
space/ putting them to multiple uses / moving from formal to informal living.
Engaging/ involving-- , Architects, Planners/ Engineers- in aiding/ advising/
assisting in - planning, designing /construction of houses
Making housing –integral part of village planning/ development - with
basic amenities/ services-making villages self-reliant /self-sustaining habitat.
Adopting Co-operative mode--- for planning, designing / construction-
rather than an individual activity-- for bringing operational efficiency
/promoting overall development of rural settlements
82. Way-forward to Approach Rural Housing
Skilling villagers – in construction / operation / maintenance
Promoting Building Centres-for skilling rural India in
producing goods/ products used in construction / aiding /
advising beneficiaries
Rural houses -- planned, designed / constructed- for safety,
against natural / manmade disasters.
Reinventing/ improving/ upgrading Local materials- in
construction –for longevity/ minimum maintenance .
Houses viewed in life- cycle cost- rather than initial- cost - for
affordable living.
New housing- planned/ designed / constructed- in proximity
to existing rural settlement-- making them integral part of social
fabric of existing rural settlement.
Area allocation to household-- seen in larger context of
living /working- with Cultural habits before designing-
Evaluation made of animals/birds as part of rural living
83. Way-forward to Approach Rural Houses
Houses designed –to create healthy homes/living- providing adequate air,
light, ventilation, privacy and security..
Adopting innovations made by Lauri Baker;
-- combining traditional construction- with modern architecture-
-Creating cost- effective, environment friendly/structurally sound housing
-Promoting rat- trap bond-- for bricks walls;
- minimizing doors; --using/ frameless doors on pivots/
-- replacing large windows with jaali
--using corbels or arches / brick on edges instead of beams / lintels
-sharing common walls/ using lime - for promoting cost -effectiveness.
Synergizing rural /urban housing -to make optimum use of innovations
made--in design, structures, construction materials, building technologies, ----
---safety of structure – to promote quality housing.
Creating good quality rural housing stock on continued basis-- to meet
shortage / additional need of housing arising-- due to increased rural
population
--Using Multiple options for shelter- based on-- affordability,-- family
size,-- shelter requirements-- marital status,-- type of avocation, -- skill, tenure
etc.,
84. Way-forward to Approach Rural Housing
Retrofitting of existing housing- saving existing stock from dilapidation,
damage and obsolescence. .
Taking up Regional Planning, District Planning and Metropolitan Planning,
on priority to ensure rural- urban continuum .
Empowering Panchayati Raj institutions, for land mobilization, selection of
beneficiaries, ensuring quality construction, proper implementation /
monitoring
Reinventing construction sector-- by creating easy-to-use construction
machinery, pre-fabricated components, using agricultural and industrial by-
product-based construction materials
Promoting Quality construction involving locally sourced materials/
building techniques -- generating employment
Involving BMTPC / NBCCL -- made partner in
- sustainable housing- through technology dissemination; -sourcing /
distribution of cost-effective / sustainable construction materials.
- Creating state level R&D Agencies in materials, construction, technologies
85. Way Forward
Evolving Innovative / state of art architectural designs based on :
i. Providing high building/space efficiency,
ii. Optimum utilization of land resource,
iii. Optimising structural design,
iv Using cost-effective building technologies/services,
v Using large prefabricated components
vi Minimising maintenance and upkeep.
• Using locally available building materials
--Promoting cost-effectiveness based on mass producing materials - utilizing
waste.
--Encouraging research /development
- promote industries producing materials from industrial / agricultural waste
-- Using cost-effective materials/ reducing depletion of non-renewable resources
• Adopting co-operative based approach
-- Involving Beneficiaries-Creating co-operative societies of beneficiaries
- for involving stakeholders/ sourcing their support /resources for
- -- creating adequate housing stock,- minimising transfer of units
- - procuring easy loans from financial institutions.