This is the sample presentation slide for the curriculum models.

1. CURRICULUM MODELS
Curriculum and
philosophy and development of education in malaysia

2. CONTENT
Table of
CURRICULUM AND CURRICULUM MODELS
Definition of curricullum
objective model
tyler's model
taba's model
theoretical foundations
of curriculum
process model
stenhouse's model
curriculum models
review / recap

3. Definition of
CURRICULUM
According to the New International Dictionary curriculum is
defined as: Course content that is offered by an educational
institution.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary curriculum is
defines as: Courses that are taught in schools or institutions of
higher learning.

4. CURRICULUM
Definition of
According to the Franklin Bobbitt (1918)
curriculum can be viewed in two perspective.
Holistic
development of
the individual
Educational
experience
provide by the
schools for the
pupils

5. Process of holistic
Process of holistic
Process of holistic
development
development
development
Biological
Social-emotional
process
Cognitive

6. Definition of
CURRICULUM ACCORDING TO THE LEADERS
JOHN DEWEY
American Philosopher
Phycologist
Education reformer
As efforts made to restructure the society

7. DANIEL TANNER
Curriculum encompasses "all the preferably
planned experiences which should be gained by
pupils, and the aspired learning outcomes of
teachers and pupils

8. FRANZ SCHUBERT
" Spesific aspects for reconstructing society,
including subject content, learning concepts and
task, planned activities, experiences and learning
outcomes and local culture

9. JOHN KERR
" All the learning planned by an educational institution and implemented
either in group or individually , and inside or outside the classroom
The two main elements: 1) learning is planned.
2) Issues related to the schooling

10. CURRICULUM
Theoretical foundations of
The eminent educationist in theoretical foundations of curriculum from 1900-1940.
ALFRED BINET
He was a French psychologist who invented and Proposed a systematic
procedure to measure learning aptitudes.
He invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test in 1904.

11. JEAN PIAGET
He was a Swiss psychologist from 9 August
1980 until 16 September 1980.
He was known for his work on child
development
Studied children's cognitive development

12. Stages of children's
Stages of children's
Stages of children's
cognitive development
cognitive development
cognitive development
Concrete
operational Formal operation
Pre-opertional
Sensorimotor
Birth through ages 18-24 months Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early
childhood (age 7)
Ages 7 to 11 Adolescence through adulthood

13. LEV VYGOTSKY
He is a social constructivist who stressed the
importance of interaction with the environment,
including other people.

14. IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV
He was a Soviet and Russian physiologist
known primarily for his work in classical
conditioning.

15. The eminent educationist in theoretical foundations of curriculum from 1940 - 1960
BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER
He was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and
social philosopher.
He is known for his theory on operant conditioning.
This theory is known as S-R theory. (Stimulus-Respons Theory).

16. ABRAHAM MASLOW
He is an American psychologist who was best
known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

17. MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.

18. BENJAMIN SAMUEL BLOOM
He is an American educational psychologist.
He is the creator of Bloom's Taxanomy.
It contains the sequencing of learning .

19. RALPH TYLER
He was an American educator who worked in the field of assessment
and evaluation.
He is also an eminent figure in curriculum.
His contribution will be discuss on the on curriculum models.

20. ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON
He was a German-American developmental psychologist
and psychoanalyst.
He known for his theory on psychological development of
human beings.
The significant contributions of
the prominent figures during
from 1960- 1980.

21. LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
He was as an American psychologist.
Best known for his theory of stages of moral development.
Categorized the moral development of human beings into 4 stages.

22. ALBERT BANDURA OC
He was a Canadian-American psychologist
His social learning theory explain how human beings learn through
imitiating the behaviour of others.

23. MODELS
Curriculum
Model : entity that contains several components, e.g. target group, learning
outcomes, educational experiences, etc) which are inter-related.
For this reason, it functions as a guide to help us take appropriate actions
and ensure that the educational goals are achieved.
In relation to this, there are simple models and complex models. However, it
can be said that most of the models are similar and have been modified
from the earlier ones.

24. MODELS
Curriculum
tyler's model
founder : ralph tyler
taba's model
founder : hilda taba
stenhouse's model
founder : lawrence
stenhouse
objective model process model

25. MODEL
Objective
the founder of Tyler's Model, Ralph W. Tyler was born in Chicago in
1902.
Initially, he was a teacher.
After obtaining his Doctorate, he became the Director of the
Educational Research Department, Ohio State University.
Carried out many reseaches. In 1949, he produced a book entitled
Basic Principles of Curriculum.
been appointed as consultant to several American Presidents.
He is remembered as a teacher, researcher and a consultant.
His most significant contributions are in curriculum and evaluation.
In 1994, he died from cancer.
TYLER'S MODEL
Ralph W. Tyler
1902-1994)

26. TYLER'S OBJECTIVE MODEL

27. Page 08 of 15
TYLER'S OBJECTIVE MODEL
It can be concluded that Tyler's Model is a "ends-means model".
The reason being that the teaching product (ends), which is the aim of education
(learning outcomes) have to be predetermined before the teaching method (means).
E.g. : collaborative group work, lecture, field work, simulations and so on.
So, this model merely focuses on the product (achievement of educational aims).

28. MODEL
the founder of Taba's Model is Hilda Taba.
She was a curriculum theorist and an educator or teacher.
Her contribution were mainly confined to the social science
curriculum with emphasis on concept development and critical
thinking.
Taba was more inclined towards progressive education and the
ideas of the progressivists such as Dewey and Bode whoc views has a
significant influences on her writings.
In fact,, her dissertation entitled The Dynamics of Education stressed
the importance of a planned curriculum and was able to evaluate
pupils' understanding using suitable evaluation tools.
Objective
TABA'S MODEL
Hilda Taba
(1902-1967)

29. MODEL
Interestingly, Taba also involved in the Eight-Year Study
project with Ralph Tyler.
upon completion of the project, she succeeded in producing
a model which was useful as a guide for curriculum design.
This model is none other than Taba's model which consists of
seven components.
Objective
TABA'S MODEL
Hilda Taba
(1902-1967)

30. TABA'S OBJECTIVE MODEL

31. TABA'S OBJECTIVE MODEL
both Tyler's and Taba's models stress the purpose of education or the teaching
objectives (learning outcomes).
Objective models are systematic because they consist of specific implementation
components or steps for achieving the predetermined educational aims and the
teaching objectives are clearly defined.
Thus, the content and teaching methods are more manageable and this facilitates
evaluation.

32. TABA'S OBJECTIVE MODEL
Issues related to Objective Models
The curriculum seems to be centered around the educational aims
predetermined by the curriculum designers.
The fact that the teaching objectives are explicit implies that behavioral changes
are objective, mechanical and measurable.
The teaching objectives involve the comprehensive and holistic evaluation of
knowledge and skills.
There is a possibility that because the educational aims are predetermined, both
teachers and pupils may ignore the learning that has occured as a result of the
interaction of teacher-and-pupils, pupils-and-pupils, pupils-and-resources, and
so on.

33. MODEL
Process
Process Model stresses more on the teaching process.
Contain Stenhouse's Model which was founded by Lawrence
Stenhouse.
He was a renowned thinker, especially in educational research
and curriculum development area.
One of the founders of CARE (Center of Applied Research in
Education) at East Anglia University
President of the British Educational Research Association
(BERA).
Stenhouse's published works:
- An introduction to Curriculum Research and Development(1975)
-Research as a Basis for Teaching; Readings from the Work of
Lawrence Stenhouse (1985)
LAWRENCE STENHOUSE
(1926-1982)

34. STENHOUSE'S MODEL
Involves the interaction between
teachers, pupils and the
knowledge to be disseminated
According to Stenhouse, the teaching process has the following characteristics:
Active Dynamic
Not something physical
Do you know why Stenhouse proposed the above?

35. He considered curriculum as a form of content delivery (subjects,
courses, etc) by educators to a target group (children, students,
etc) in a specific institution(school, college, etc). In this process, the
concerned parties are open to comment, critique,
recommendations, and so on.
1.
2. Another theory- when teachers enter the classroom, not only they
bring their lesson plan of what they intend to deliver but also their
personality, belief system, values, and expectations about student
achievement.

36. The curriculum should contain the following principles:
I) Content selection- what to teach, what to be learned
ii) Selection of teaching strategies- how to teach, how to learn
iii) Making decisions about the sequence of content to be taught
iv) Implementation of the curriculum in the different contexts, for
example, school, students, environment, and so on.
Elaborating further, it should be remembered that the curriculum is a
process that only outlines the teaching practice in an educational
situation. It is not a "one size-firs-all" package suitable for every and
any context.

37. Learning outcomes are obviously not the main characteristic of
Stenhouse's Model
Students are not passive objects who only accept what is
delivered by their teachers.
Students should be given the opportunity to voice their opinions
and views.
Since interaction is given such great importance, the focus has
then shifted from teaching to learning.
In summary,

38. REVIEW / RECAP
project 02
1. The term curriculum originates from the Latin word currere which means "running".
2. There are many definitions of curriculum proposed by curriculum theorists.
3.The theoretical foundations of curriculum are based on the findings of educationists and
psychologists throughout the 20th century.
4. Curriculum models can be categories into two types, that is Objective model and Process
model.
5. The Objective model includes Tyler's and Taba's Model whilst an example of the Process Model
is Stenhouse's Model.
6. The founder of Tyler's Model was Ralph Tyler. This model consists of four components, namely,
objective, content, organization and evaluation.
7. Tyler's Model is an "ends-means model" where the teaching product (ends) is predetermined
before the teaching method (means). This model focuses only on the achievement of the
educational aims (product).

39. REVIEW / RECAP
project 02
8. The founder of Taba's Model was Hilda Taba. This model contains seven components
which outline the implementation steps sequentially: (i) Diagnosis of needs (ii) Development
of objectives (iii) Selection of content (iv) Organization of content (v) Selection of educational
experiences (vi) Organization of educational experiences and (vii) Evaluation,
9. Both Tyler's Model and Taba's Model stress on educational aims or teaching objectives.
However, although these two models contain specific strengths, there are several related
issues which need to be addressed.
10. Stenhouse's Model views curriculum as a process which contains specific characteristics
and principles, and stressing on the interaction between teacher- and- pupils, pupil-and-
pupil and so on.