The document summarizes a study on seed dispersal by frugivorous bats in Guyana. The study found:
- 20 plant species were identified in bat fecal and stomach samples, with the most common being Ficus nymphaeifolia, Piper bartlingianum, Cecropia latiloba, and C. sciadophylla.
- Cecropia latiloba, an early successional plant species, was previously unknown to be dispersed by bats.
- Bats of the genera Artibeus and Carollia accounted for most sample collections, with Artibeus associated with dispersing Ficus and Cecropia, while Carollia dispersed Piper and Solanum
Simultaneous pollinator occurence (hymenoptera, agaoninae) in a threatened sp...Robert Mts
This study found evidence that two species of Pegoscapus wasps simultaneously pollinate Ficus mexiae, a threatened fig species in Brazil. The researchers analyzed 57 syconia from two F. mexiae trees and found that both Pegoscapus sp. 1 and Pegoscapus sp. 2 emerged from the syconia, with Pegoscapus sp. 2 being more abundant. While both wasp species were found to contribute to pollination and seed production, their relationship seems competitive, as their abundances were negatively correlated. This provides preliminary evidence that F. mexiae relies on both wasp species for pollination, and maintains diversity in Neotropical figs.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
Vegetation analysis of the pasonanca natural park, zamboanga city, philippinesAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the vegetation at three sites within the Pasonanca Natural Park in Zamboanga City, Philippines. A total of 283 individual plants from 45 species, 27 genera and 25 families were recorded across the three sites. Species diversity was found to be high at all three sites based on species composition, distribution, importance values, and diversity indices. While species evenness varied between the sites depending on the measure used, all three sites showed fairly high species evenness overall. Few species were found to be threatened, while many were not threatened or not evaluated. The study provides information that can aid local conservation efforts.
This study analyzed the diet and habitat use of five frugivorous bird species in agroforest home gardens, secondary forests, and pastures in Brazil. The researchers found that overall habitat use frequency was higher in secondary forests than home gardens or pastures for four of the five bird species. However, the number of feeding bouts was higher in home gardens than forests for all species except one. Differences in monthly feeding activity were only statistically significant for two species. The total number of food taxa was larger in home gardens than forests. The results support agroforestry systems as an important habitat for frugivorous birds.
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
The document summarizes a study on seed dispersal by frugivorous bats in Guyana. The study found:
- 20 plant species were identified in bat fecal and stomach samples, with the most common being Ficus nymphaeifolia, Piper bartlingianum, Cecropia latiloba, and C. sciadophylla.
- Cecropia latiloba, an early successional plant species, was previously unknown to be dispersed by bats.
- Bats of the genera Artibeus and Carollia accounted for most sample collections, with Artibeus associated with dispersing Ficus and Cecropia, while Carollia dispersed Piper and Solanum
Simultaneous pollinator occurence (hymenoptera, agaoninae) in a threatened sp...Robert Mts
This study found evidence that two species of Pegoscapus wasps simultaneously pollinate Ficus mexiae, a threatened fig species in Brazil. The researchers analyzed 57 syconia from two F. mexiae trees and found that both Pegoscapus sp. 1 and Pegoscapus sp. 2 emerged from the syconia, with Pegoscapus sp. 2 being more abundant. While both wasp species were found to contribute to pollination and seed production, their relationship seems competitive, as their abundances were negatively correlated. This provides preliminary evidence that F. mexiae relies on both wasp species for pollination, and maintains diversity in Neotropical figs.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Diversity of hymenopteran parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) associated w...arboreo.net
This research evaluated the diversity of hymenopteran
parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) at different
reforestation sites of Tectona grandis. Insects were collected with Malaise traps from October 2009 to September 2010.
One collected a total of 414 Chalcididae specimens
distributed in 3 genera and 16 species. Brachymeria and
Conura were the most representative genera with 14 species.
The site bordered by pasture vegetation presented a higher
number of collected specimens when compared to the other sites. Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa
occurred as super dominant, super abundant, super frequent and constant species.
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
Vegetation analysis of the pasonanca natural park, zamboanga city, philippinesAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the vegetation at three sites within the Pasonanca Natural Park in Zamboanga City, Philippines. A total of 283 individual plants from 45 species, 27 genera and 25 families were recorded across the three sites. Species diversity was found to be high at all three sites based on species composition, distribution, importance values, and diversity indices. While species evenness varied between the sites depending on the measure used, all three sites showed fairly high species evenness overall. Few species were found to be threatened, while many were not threatened or not evaluated. The study provides information that can aid local conservation efforts.
This study analyzed the diet and habitat use of five frugivorous bird species in agroforest home gardens, secondary forests, and pastures in Brazil. The researchers found that overall habitat use frequency was higher in secondary forests than home gardens or pastures for four of the five bird species. However, the number of feeding bouts was higher in home gardens than forests for all species except one. Differences in monthly feeding activity were only statistically significant for two species. The total number of food taxa was larger in home gardens than forests. The results support agroforestry systems as an important habitat for frugivorous birds.
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
- The study examined the impacts of insect herbivory on population dynamics of tree cholla cactus across an elevational gradient in New Mexico.
- Insect herbivore abundance and damage to cacti decreased with increasing elevation, inversely correlated with cactus density.
- Experimental exclusion of insects showed their negative effects on cactus growth and seed production were strongest at low elevation and decreased at higher elevations.
- Demographic modeling predicted insect herbivory depressed population growth rates the most at low elevation, less so at mid elevation, and hardly at high elevation.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
This study investigated the effects of habitat restoration in 12 urban parks in Metro Vancouver on plant and pollinator communities. Restored plots had higher plant species richness and diversity compared to control plots, but similar plant abundance. Pollinator abundance, richness and diversity were not significantly different between restored and control plots. Network analysis found control plots had higher asymmetry, suggesting invasive plants increase network resilience. The results suggest that while restorations improved plant diversity, added native plants did not provide enough additional floral resources to significantly change pollinator communities compared to resources from invasive species in control plots. Managers should ensure alternative forage is available after invasive removal by planting generalist native species with overlapping blooms.
1) The study analyzed carbon to nitrogen ratios in leaf litter from two transgenic American chestnut trees, one hybrid chestnut, and one wild-type chestnut after 6 months of decomposition.
2) There were no significant differences in carbon to nitrogen ratios between the transgenic and wild-type chestnuts. However, one transgenic chestnut had significantly different carbon concentrations than the wild-type.
3) While differences were detected statistically, the biological significance is unclear given variation within samples and small sample sizes for some genotypes. Further research is needed to fully understand impacts on decomposition and nutrient cycling.
This document summarizes a study on the diversity and distribution of aculeate Hymenoptera in midwestern Brazilian dry forests. Over eight years, researchers conducted expeditions across two regions, sampling nine sites total. They found high species richness, with estimates of 763 observed species and over 1,400 potential species. Analysis showed most species were rare, following a lognormal abundance distribution. The regions may represent an ecotone between biomes and a center of faunal dispersal and evolution. Further study is needed to understand alpha diversity and niche relationships across taxa.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the demographic changes in 70 plant and animal lineages from the South American Dry Diagonal region in response to Pleistocene climate oscillations. Comparative phylogeographic and predictive modeling approaches were used to analyze DNA sequences and distribution data. The results suggest contrasting demographic responses among lineages during glacial periods, with asynchrony in community responses. Species attributes related to resource use, reproduction and dispersal appeared to influence the contrasting responses. Lineages showing similar responses exhibited synchronous changes across the Middle and Late Pleistocene, supporting shared evolutionary responses to common environmental mechanisms.
Agroforestry systems restoration of semiaridCharlieSC4
Se revisó información ecológica y etnobotánica sobre bosques y sistemas agroforestales del Valle de Tehuacán, en el
centro de México, con el fin de analizar la utilidad de las técnicas de manejo tradicional para la restauración de zonas
semiáridas de México. Los sistemas agroforestales de la región involucran el uso de múltiples recursos vegetales por la
gente del área, promoviendo la conservación de la diversidad biológica en los sistemas agrícolas. Estimamos que estos
sistemas mantienen en promedio 57% de las especies presentes en las comunidades de cactáceas columnares, y cerca
del 94% de la diversidad genética de las especies de cactáceas columnares dominantes. Entre las especies mantenidas en
estos sistemas se incluyen algunas especies de árboles y arbustos de valor cultural y económico, los cuales son además
reconocidos por ecólogos como plantas nodrizas cruciales para el reclutamiento de plántulas de numerosas especies de
plantas nativas. El mantenimiento de elementos nativos de la vegetación en general y de plantas nodrizas en particular
favorece la conservación de la biodiversidad y de interacciones bióticas importantes para la restauración de la vegetación
y de la fertilidad del suelo tanto en ecosistemas naturales como transformados a nivel de paisaje.
This document summarizes a study that identified global priorities for collecting and conserving crop wild relatives. The study analyzed 1079 crop wild relative taxa for 81 globally important crops. Researchers gathered occurrence data from 420 sources and modeled species distributions to measure sampling, geographic, and ecological representativeness. This identified collecting "hotspots" and prioritized taxa for collection. The results support ex situ conservation of crop wild relatives by targeting areas and species that will fill gaps in collections.
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined the effect of wet and dry seasons on termite foraging behavior and abundance in cropland, forest, and grassland habitats in Rufiji District, Tanzania over one year.
2. Termite abundance was significantly different between the three habitats, with the highest abundance found in croplands. However, termite species richness was not significantly different between habitats.
3. Termite abundance was higher during the wet season than the dry season across all habitat types due to increased food and moisture availability. Species richness was also generally higher in the wet season.
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
Scientific data is used to assess environmental risk and ensure biodiversity conservation in several ways:
1) Qualitative and quantitative methods like indices are used to measure biodiversity levels and threats.
2) Environmental impact assessments require developers to identify potential effects and propose safeguards to reduce impacts.
3) The precautionary principle places the burden of proof on actions that could harm the environment when risks are uncertain.
4) Risk analysis uses hypothesis testing and comparisons to evaluate probabilities of species extinction.
The slides contain a summary on my research on the ''abundances and distribution of the five most preferred food species for the mountain gorilla of the Virungas''. The presentation was delivered at the University of Twente, the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). It is part of a continuous follow up on the student's research - required for the successful completion of a Master of Science at ITC, NL
This document provides a preliminary proposal to study polypore fungi in forests on Haida Gwaii. The proposal involves studying polypore biodiversity and abundance across forest stands of different ages and management regimes using GPS-linked photography. It also proposes investigating nutrient transfer between polypore mycelia and ectomycorrhizal fungi using isotope labeling in laboratory microcosms. The proposal notes that polypores play an important role in forest ecology and many have medicinal properties, but they remain understudied.
The crop wild relatives of potato have been largely and successfully used in breeding to acquire agronomical attributes that can help the cultivated potato to be more resistant against pest, diseases and extreme environmental conditions. Assessing the representativeness of these species in genebanks, is a fundamental step to secure these genetic resources for plant breeding and future availability of this crop.
Poster prepared for the International Potato Center (CIP) Board of Trustees meeting, December 2014
The document reports on new findings that expand the known geographic distribution of the microhylid frog species Stereocyclops incrassatus. Specimens of S. incrassatus were collected in three Atlantic Rainforest fragments in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil, approximately 1,000 km north of its previously known range. This represents the first records of the species occurring in these states and north of the São Francisco River, and suggests its distribution in northeastern Brazil's Atlantic forest is underestimated. The populations of S. incrassatus are currently classified as declining.
Nuts & Bolts: Genetically Appropriate Choices for Plant Materials to Maintain...nycparksnmd
Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
Aspectos das interações de abelhas nativas e plantas medicinaisLabel-ha
Este projeto examina as interações entre abelhas nativas e 116 espécies de plantas medicinais em um arboreto na Univille. Até o momento, o projeto completou a palinoteca com 32 espécies de plantas, organizou um catálogo polínico online e observou que 45% das plantas receberam visitas de abelhas, coletando principalmente pólen e néctar. A análise do néctar e composição polínica de méis continua em andamento.
Diversidade de Plantas Apícolas em Santa CatarinaLabel-ha
Este documento resume um estudo sobre a diversidade de plantas apícolas na região de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram identificadas 404 espécies de plantas apícolas pertencentes a 243 gêneros e 84 famílias. As famílias Asteraceae, Fabaceae e Lamiaceae apresentaram maior riqueza de espécies. Algumas espécies encontradas têm ocorrência restrita a Santa Catarina e estão ameaçadas.
- The study examined the impacts of insect herbivory on population dynamics of tree cholla cactus across an elevational gradient in New Mexico.
- Insect herbivore abundance and damage to cacti decreased with increasing elevation, inversely correlated with cactus density.
- Experimental exclusion of insects showed their negative effects on cactus growth and seed production were strongest at low elevation and decreased at higher elevations.
- Demographic modeling predicted insect herbivory depressed population growth rates the most at low elevation, less so at mid elevation, and hardly at high elevation.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
This study investigated the effects of habitat restoration in 12 urban parks in Metro Vancouver on plant and pollinator communities. Restored plots had higher plant species richness and diversity compared to control plots, but similar plant abundance. Pollinator abundance, richness and diversity were not significantly different between restored and control plots. Network analysis found control plots had higher asymmetry, suggesting invasive plants increase network resilience. The results suggest that while restorations improved plant diversity, added native plants did not provide enough additional floral resources to significantly change pollinator communities compared to resources from invasive species in control plots. Managers should ensure alternative forage is available after invasive removal by planting generalist native species with overlapping blooms.
1) The study analyzed carbon to nitrogen ratios in leaf litter from two transgenic American chestnut trees, one hybrid chestnut, and one wild-type chestnut after 6 months of decomposition.
2) There were no significant differences in carbon to nitrogen ratios between the transgenic and wild-type chestnuts. However, one transgenic chestnut had significantly different carbon concentrations than the wild-type.
3) While differences were detected statistically, the biological significance is unclear given variation within samples and small sample sizes for some genotypes. Further research is needed to fully understand impacts on decomposition and nutrient cycling.
This document summarizes a study on the diversity and distribution of aculeate Hymenoptera in midwestern Brazilian dry forests. Over eight years, researchers conducted expeditions across two regions, sampling nine sites total. They found high species richness, with estimates of 763 observed species and over 1,400 potential species. Analysis showed most species were rare, following a lognormal abundance distribution. The regions may represent an ecotone between biomes and a center of faunal dispersal and evolution. Further study is needed to understand alpha diversity and niche relationships across taxa.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the demographic changes in 70 plant and animal lineages from the South American Dry Diagonal region in response to Pleistocene climate oscillations. Comparative phylogeographic and predictive modeling approaches were used to analyze DNA sequences and distribution data. The results suggest contrasting demographic responses among lineages during glacial periods, with asynchrony in community responses. Species attributes related to resource use, reproduction and dispersal appeared to influence the contrasting responses. Lineages showing similar responses exhibited synchronous changes across the Middle and Late Pleistocene, supporting shared evolutionary responses to common environmental mechanisms.
Agroforestry systems restoration of semiaridCharlieSC4
Se revisó información ecológica y etnobotánica sobre bosques y sistemas agroforestales del Valle de Tehuacán, en el
centro de México, con el fin de analizar la utilidad de las técnicas de manejo tradicional para la restauración de zonas
semiáridas de México. Los sistemas agroforestales de la región involucran el uso de múltiples recursos vegetales por la
gente del área, promoviendo la conservación de la diversidad biológica en los sistemas agrícolas. Estimamos que estos
sistemas mantienen en promedio 57% de las especies presentes en las comunidades de cactáceas columnares, y cerca
del 94% de la diversidad genética de las especies de cactáceas columnares dominantes. Entre las especies mantenidas en
estos sistemas se incluyen algunas especies de árboles y arbustos de valor cultural y económico, los cuales son además
reconocidos por ecólogos como plantas nodrizas cruciales para el reclutamiento de plántulas de numerosas especies de
plantas nativas. El mantenimiento de elementos nativos de la vegetación en general y de plantas nodrizas en particular
favorece la conservación de la biodiversidad y de interacciones bióticas importantes para la restauración de la vegetación
y de la fertilidad del suelo tanto en ecosistemas naturales como transformados a nivel de paisaje.
This document summarizes a study that identified global priorities for collecting and conserving crop wild relatives. The study analyzed 1079 crop wild relative taxa for 81 globally important crops. Researchers gathered occurrence data from 420 sources and modeled species distributions to measure sampling, geographic, and ecological representativeness. This identified collecting "hotspots" and prioritized taxa for collection. The results support ex situ conservation of crop wild relatives by targeting areas and species that will fill gaps in collections.
Seasonal changes on termite foraging behaviour under different habitats in ru...Alexander Decker
1. The study examined the effect of wet and dry seasons on termite foraging behavior and abundance in cropland, forest, and grassland habitats in Rufiji District, Tanzania over one year.
2. Termite abundance was significantly different between the three habitats, with the highest abundance found in croplands. However, termite species richness was not significantly different between habitats.
3. Termite abundance was higher during the wet season than the dry season across all habitat types due to increased food and moisture availability. Species richness was also generally higher in the wet season.
Influence of seasonality and eucalyptus plantation types on the abundance and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the influence of seasonality and different types of Eucalyptus plantations on the abundance and diversity of litter insects in Rwanda. The study found that the order Hymenoptera was generally the most abundant across seasons. Abundance and diversity varied between plantation types and was generally higher in some Eucalyptus species compared to the native Entandrophragma excelsum. Diversity was highest in the dry season and declined in the rainy seasons, indicating heavy rain negatively impacts litter insects. The variability in insects is attributed to changing habitat conditions across seasons and plantation types.
First record of Euphorbia golondrina L. C. Wheeler (Euphorbiaceae) in CameroonInnspub Net
New record of Euphorbia golondrina L.C. Wheeler, a species previously recorded as endemic for Mexico and the United States of America during the late 1930s and subsequently considered extirpated is presented for Cameroon and Africa. The present record obtained from a phytodiversity inventory carried out in Wabane sub division of the mount Bambouto Caldera and other sites in Cameroon, extends the distribution of E. golondrina to the southwest region of Cameroon and adds new marginal occurrence sites for this species. This study presents taxonomic comments, distribution maps and pictures of the species. The affinities of this species are discussed and its position within Chamaesyce’s subgenus of the genus Euphorbia is indicated. The current status of the species in Cameroon is elucidated, and recommendations for its conservation are offered.
Scientific data is used to assess environmental risk and ensure biodiversity conservation in several ways:
1) Qualitative and quantitative methods like indices are used to measure biodiversity levels and threats.
2) Environmental impact assessments require developers to identify potential effects and propose safeguards to reduce impacts.
3) The precautionary principle places the burden of proof on actions that could harm the environment when risks are uncertain.
4) Risk analysis uses hypothesis testing and comparisons to evaluate probabilities of species extinction.
The slides contain a summary on my research on the ''abundances and distribution of the five most preferred food species for the mountain gorilla of the Virungas''. The presentation was delivered at the University of Twente, the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). It is part of a continuous follow up on the student's research - required for the successful completion of a Master of Science at ITC, NL
This document provides a preliminary proposal to study polypore fungi in forests on Haida Gwaii. The proposal involves studying polypore biodiversity and abundance across forest stands of different ages and management regimes using GPS-linked photography. It also proposes investigating nutrient transfer between polypore mycelia and ectomycorrhizal fungi using isotope labeling in laboratory microcosms. The proposal notes that polypores play an important role in forest ecology and many have medicinal properties, but they remain understudied.
The crop wild relatives of potato have been largely and successfully used in breeding to acquire agronomical attributes that can help the cultivated potato to be more resistant against pest, diseases and extreme environmental conditions. Assessing the representativeness of these species in genebanks, is a fundamental step to secure these genetic resources for plant breeding and future availability of this crop.
Poster prepared for the International Potato Center (CIP) Board of Trustees meeting, December 2014
The document reports on new findings that expand the known geographic distribution of the microhylid frog species Stereocyclops incrassatus. Specimens of S. incrassatus were collected in three Atlantic Rainforest fragments in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil, approximately 1,000 km north of its previously known range. This represents the first records of the species occurring in these states and north of the São Francisco River, and suggests its distribution in northeastern Brazil's Atlantic forest is underestimated. The populations of S. incrassatus are currently classified as declining.
Nuts & Bolts: Genetically Appropriate Choices for Plant Materials to Maintain...nycparksnmd
Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
Aspectos das interações de abelhas nativas e plantas medicinaisLabel-ha
Este projeto examina as interações entre abelhas nativas e 116 espécies de plantas medicinais em um arboreto na Univille. Até o momento, o projeto completou a palinoteca com 32 espécies de plantas, organizou um catálogo polínico online e observou que 45% das plantas receberam visitas de abelhas, coletando principalmente pólen e néctar. A análise do néctar e composição polínica de méis continua em andamento.
Diversidade de Plantas Apícolas em Santa CatarinaLabel-ha
Este documento resume um estudo sobre a diversidade de plantas apícolas na região de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram identificadas 404 espécies de plantas apícolas pertencentes a 243 gêneros e 84 famílias. As famílias Asteraceae, Fabaceae e Lamiaceae apresentaram maior riqueza de espécies. Algumas espécies encontradas têm ocorrência restrita a Santa Catarina e estão ameaçadas.
Apifauna e seus recursos forrageiros ocorrentes em área de barragem hidrelétr...Label-ha
Este estudo analisou a diversidade de abelhas e suas interações com plantas em uma área de preservação ambiental em Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram amostradas 96 espécies de abelhas pertencentes a 5 subfamílias, interagindo com 110 espécies de plantas. A riqueza de espécies encontrada indica um ambiente preservado, com novas ocorrências registradas.
Este documento discute a morfologia das folhas vegetativas. Descreve que as folhas são expansões laterais do caule que realizam funções como fotossíntese. Detalha a origem, organização básica e nomenclatura morfológica das folhas, incluindo características como forma, margem, venação e inserção no caule.
Diversidade de apifauna no entorno da represa hidroelétrica do rio do Bracinh...Label-ha
Este estudo realizou um levantamento de espécies de abelhas e suas plantas forrageiras na Estação Ecológica do Bracinho, localizada na represa hidrelétrica do rio do Bracinho em Joinville, Santa Catarina. Foram amostradas 1467 abelhas de 59 espécies, das quais 432 eram Apis mellifera. As plantas mais visitadas pelas abelhas foram de famílias como Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Lythraceae e Arecaceae. O estudo também encontrou novas espécies de abelhas para Santa
Essências atrativas e novo registro de Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em Sa...Label-ha
Este documento resume um estudo sobre abelhas das orquídeas (Euglossini) na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Parque Ecológico Prefeito Rolf Colin em Joinville, Santa Catarina. Foram coletados 68 machos de 4 espécies diferentes usando armadilhas com diferentes essências. O estudo registrou uma nova espécie para a região, Eulaema cingulata, e mostrou que o eugenol e a vanilina foram as essências mais atrativas.
Essências atrativas e novo registro de Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em Sa...Label-ha
Este documento apresenta um estudo sobre as espécies de abelhas da tribo Euglossini ("abelhas das orquídeas") encontradas no Parque Ecológico Prefeito Rolf Colin em Joinville, Santa Catarina. Foram coletados 68 machos pertencentes a 4 espécies diferentes usando armadilhas com iscas aromáticas. A isca de vanilina atraiu o maior número de indivíduos, enquanto eugenol atraiu todas as espécies. Um registro novo para Santa Catarina foi feito: Eulaema cingulata.
Influência de fatores abióticos na atividade externa de Melitoma segmentaria ...Label-ha
Este estudo analisou como fatores ambientais como temperatura, umidade e luminosidade influenciam a atividade externa da abelha solitária Melitoma segmentaria em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade ocorre principalmente entre 7h-9h e é influenciada por temperaturas entre 18,6-27,5°C, umidade de 52-90% e iluminação de 0-1075 lux. O estudo fornece informações sobre como fatores ambientais afetam o comportamento de forrageamento em abelhas sol
Abelhas nativas (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana ...Label-ha
Este documento descreve um estudo sobre as abelhas nativas encontradas em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana na região da Serra do Mar no município de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram amostradas 557 abelhas de 40 espécies nativas, incluindo espécies que interagem com plantas endêmicas ameaçadas. O estudo destaca a importância da preservação da área para a manutenção da biodiversidade local e dos recursos hídricos.
8_Diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associ...Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
This study examined the diversity and antimicrobial activity of fungal endophyte communities associated with three plant species in Brazilian savanna ecosystems. A total of 93 fungal endophyte isolates were obtained from the plants and identified through DNA sequencing. The most common genera isolated were Colletotrichum from Myrciaria floribunda and Alchornea castaneifolia, and Mycosphaerella from Eugenia aff. bimarginata. Crude extracts of the fungal isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity, with 38 extracts showing activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Emericellopsis donezkii and Colletotrichum gloesporioides demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, with
This document summarizes a study on floral resources used by insects in a grassland community in southern Brazil. The study identified 106 plant species from 73 genera and 34 families that were visited by 219 insect species. Bees visited 91.5% of plant species, while flies visited 53.8% and wasps visited 34.9%. The family Asteraceae, with 38 species, was the richest and most visited family. Bees were the most representative insect visitors. Forty plant species were considered important resources due to the high number of insect species and individuals recorded on their flowers.
A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey and Annotated Check...Label-ha
Author(s): Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga and Paulo Nogueira Neto
http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
http://label-univille.blogspot.com.br/2013/09/a-high-grassland-bee-community-in.html
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and composition of lichenized fungi in a landscape mosaic of native Araucaria forest and planted forests in southern Brazil. A total of 113 taxa of lichenized fungi were recorded, including 78 species found during surveys of 12 vegetation types (native Araucaria forest, Araucaria plantation, pine plantation, eucalyptus plantation) and 35 additional species. The highest diversity of species was found in Araucaria plantations, while the greatest number of shade-tolerant taxa occurred in native Araucaria forest. Most lichen taxa were recorded on host trees with basic bark pH. Variations in lichen community composition and distribution between the vegetation types may be related to
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
This study monitored the diversity and structure of tree communities in two stands (B and C) of an Atlantic tropical forest in southeast Brazil over several years. Stand B was surveyed in 2000, 2005 and 2011, while stand C was surveyed in 2001, 2006 and 2011. The stands differed in their structure, diversity, and species richness over time. The most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation were trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, indicating an advanced successional stage.
This study investigated the colonization of benthic macroinvertebrates on different artificial substrates placed in a university pond in Brazil over 80 days. Four substrate types were used: rock cobbles, cement brick, sponge, and PET bottles containing plant debris. A total of 14 taxa colonized the substrates, with Chironomidae, Polycentropodidae, Calopterygidae and Dicteriadidae being the most abundant. Chironomidae were pioneer colonizers. The sponge substrate supported the highest number of individuals (756), likely due to its porous structure providing protection. Over time the study observed predation and competition between taxa. The 80-day period allowed colonization to occur in
1) Turnera subulata is a subshrub with distylic flowers common in northeast Brazil. The study examined the pollination biology of a population, focusing on effective pollinators and differences between short- and long-styled flower morphs.
2) Twenty-eight insect species visited the flowers, predominantly bees. Several bee species were effective pollinators, including highly social, polylectic, and one oligolectic species - Protomeliturga turnerae.
3) While P. turnerae shows reproductive dependence on T. subulata, the plant does not depend on this specialized bee as other polylectic visitors also ensure reproductive success.
The Whittier College ENVS 396 class sampled arthropods in Zuma Canyon using pitfall traps placed in restored, native, and invaded sites. The invaded site had the greatest number and species richness of arthropods, while the native site had the highest diversity. Restored and native sites did not significantly differ in species richness as hypothesized. However, species richness was highest in the invaded site rather than the native site as predicted.
Notes on the diet of seven terretrial frogs in three agroecosystemsRodrigo Souza Santos
- Seven species of terrestrial frogs were studied across three agroecosystems (corn, soybean, and rubber tree plantations) and forest remnants in Brazil.
- A total of 94 frogs were captured representing 7 species from three families. The most common species was Physalaemus nattereri, comprising 56% of captures.
- Stomach contents of 80 frogs revealed 10 prey categories including ants, spiders, beetles, termites and others. Termites were the most abundant prey item followed by ants, beetles and spiders.
- The generalist predator P. nattereri, consumed ants and termites more frequently than other prey items. Adults and juveniles
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICSEucalyptus Edge Effect on QEvonCanales257
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS
Eucalyptus Edge Effect on Quercus-Herbivore Interactions
in a Neotropical Temperate Forest
C HERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN1, M CUAUTLE1 , M DE LAS N BARRANCO-LEÓN2, J GARCÍA-GUZMÁN1, El BADANO2,
F LUNA-CASTELLANOS1
1Depto de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
2División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
AbstractKeywords
Quercus , herbivory, edge effect,
Lepidoptera caterpillars
Correspondence
M Cuautle, Depto de Ciencias Químico
Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla,
Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [email protected]
hotmail.com
Edited by Martin F Pareja – UNICAMP
Received 18 June 2018 and accepted 26
April 2019
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2019
Fragmentation leads to the formation of edges between habitats, which in
turn changes biotic and abiotic factors that might influence herbivory or
plant-herbivory interactions. The aims of this study were to describe the
herbivory community associated with oak (Quercus) and to determine the
effects of proximity to a Eucalyptus edge and season on insect herbivory.
We selected three forest sites that were subsequently divided into three
quadrants located at different distances from the Eucalyptus edge: edge
(0 m), intermediate (30 m), and oak forest interior (60 m). We randomly
selected 10 oak trees per quadrant and conducted monthly surveys, during
the dry and rainy season (from February to October 2010), where we
quantified leaf area and the percentage of herbivory. These were analyzed
using linear mixed models, with distance and season as fixed factors and
individual and site as random factors. The primary oak herbivores were
Lepidoptera caterpillars. We found that herbivory increased away from
the edge but just during the rainy season, although higher herbivory levels
were found during the dry season. These results seem to be related to a
specialist community of herbivorous associated to the Quercus. This study
emphasizes the importance of considering border effect, especially within
Natural Protected Areas to establish strategies to improve and maintain
native oak forest and the biodiversity of its Lepidoptera herbivorous
community.
Introduction
Landscape modification due to anthropogenic activities (e.g.,
land conversion to agricultural or livestock) has resulted in
habitat fragmentation, one of the major threats for forest
conservation (Buckley 2000, Franklin et al 2002).
Fragmentation is defined as the disruption or breakdown of
large vegetation patches into smaller ones resulting in a dis-
continuity of resource distribution that affects species occu-
pancy, reproduction, and/or survival (Franklin et al 2002).
One of the important features of this phenomenon is an
increase in edge length relative to the forest area, particular-
ly in small habitat fragments (Laurance 1991, Laurance &
Yensen 1991, Murcia 1995, Laurance et al 2007, De
Carvalho ...
This document reports on a study of woodborer insects damaging an Eucalyptus clone plantation in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Wood disks were collected from 15 damaged Eucalyptus trees and four species of woodborers were identified: Premnobius cavipennis, Premnobius ambitiosus, Dryocoetoides cristatus (Scolytidae family) and Euplatypus parallelus (Platypodidae family). Over 90% of the insects belonged to Premnobius species. This is the first report of the native Brazilian species D. cristatus damaging Eucalyptus, showing its ability to adapt to this plant. After collection,
- Researchers studied a small mammal community in an Atlantic forest fragment surrounded by a coffee plantation in southeastern Brazil between 2002-2003.
- A total of 300 captures of 114 individuals from 11 species were recorded. 73% of forest species also used the coffee plantation, mainly young and male Marmosops incanus.
- The exceptionally low recapture rate in the coffee plantation suggests it functions as a corridor between fragments rather than habitat, with species moving through but not residing in the plantation. Understanding how species use matrix habitats is important for conservation planning as it affects individual movement patterns.
Seasonal variation of litter arthropods in some eucalyptus plantations at the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of litter arthropods in Eucalyptus plantations and a native Entandrophragma excelsum stand in Rwanda. A total of 10,291 arthropod individuals belonging to 5 classes were collected over 3 seasons. The class of insects was the most abundant, representing over 54.8% of individuals in the first season, 77.3% in the second, and 76.6% in the third. Abundance varied between plantations and seasons, with the highest numbers found in Eucalyptus saligna and E. tereticornis stands. The study aims to assess how different plantation types and seasons impact arthropod abundance and
GOOD COPY individual paper, St. Andrews Field CourseRachel Brodie
This document summarizes an experiment that examined the effects of predator interactions between green crabs and dogwhelks on the consumption of blue mussel prey. The experiment tested single-predator treatments of just dogwhelks or just crabs, as well as a multiple-predator treatment with both species present. Results showed that dogwhelk feeding rates decreased significantly in the presence of green crabs, while crab foraging increased when dogwhelks were present. Additionally, significantly more total mussels were consumed in the multiple-predator treatment than in the single-predator treatments. This indicates that the presence of another predator species impacts the feeding behavior and rates of these invertebrate predators.
- The study compared bird diversity between an area that will be inundated for a reservoir project (Inundated Area) and a proposed compensation area (Compensation Area) in Costa Rica.
- While total bird abundance and number of species did not differ significantly between areas, species richness was significantly higher in the Inundated Area based on rarefaction analysis.
- Due to the higher species richness found in the more mature forest of the Inundated Area, the authors recommend expanding the Compensation Area to better account for differences in biodiversity and habitat quality between the two areas.
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
PENSOFT ARTICLE COLLECTION ABOUT MYANMAR
https://pensoft.net/about#Company-Profile
Pensoft is an independent academic publishing company, well known worldwide for its innovations in the field of semantic publishing and for its cutting-edge publishing tools and workflows. Founded in 1992 "by scientists, for the scientists" and initially focusing on book publishing, it has grown to become a leading publisher of innovative open access journals, such as: Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO), ZooKeys, Biodiversity Data Journal, PhytoKeys, MycoKeys, Nature Conservation, NeoBiota, Comparative Cytogenetics, and others. Pensoft has published more than 1,000 books and over 4,000 open access articles, mostly in the field of natural history.
Pensoft is a member or partner of several professional publishing organisations and data publishing platforms, including CrossRef, OASPA, PubMedCentral, CLOCKSS, Research Data Alliance (RDA), OpenAIRE, LifeWatch, DataONE, Dryad Data Repository, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), and others.
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24248/
A new remarkable species of Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Myanmar (Burma) (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24453/
Filling the BINs of life: Report of an amphibian and reptile survey of the Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) Region of Myanmar, with DNA barcode data
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24198/
Taxonomic notes on Babinskaiidae from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the description of a new species (Insecta, Neuroptera)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22510/
Laubuka tenella, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Bangladesh and southwestern Myanmar (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22310/
New genus and species of sisyrids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber
https://www.facebook.com/groups/799902210118950/permalink/1642543752521454/
https://www.facebook.com/Pensoft/
The ecological and evolutionary significance of the crocodile-plover symbiosi...AI Publications
The present study investigates the epibiotic relationship between the Nile crocodlei (Crocodylus niloticus) and the Egyptian plover (Pluvianus aegyptius), also known as the crocodile bird. Epibiosis is a form of symbiosis where one organism resides on the surface of another. To understand this relationship, the present study examines the ecological and evolutionary context of it, as well as the behavioral and physiological mechanisms that facilitate it. Furthermore, the present study evaluates the implications and challenges for conservation of this relationship. To achieve these objectives, a literature review on this topic summarizes the main findings, which indicate that the crocodile offers a safe habitat for the plover to roost and nest, while the plover cleans the crocodile’s teeth and removes parasites. However, the present study also identifies the limitations and gaps in the current knowledge and proposes directions for future research. This study argues that this relationship between living organisms is a remarkable case of cooperation and confidence in nature, and that it deserves more interest from researchers and decision-makers.
Similar to BEES AND PLANTS IN A TRANSITION AREA BETWEEN ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST AND ARAUCARIA FOREST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL (20)
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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BEES AND PLANTS IN A TRANSITION AREA BETWEEN ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST AND ARAUCARIA FOREST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
1. Rev. Écol. (Terre Vie), vol. 67, 2012.
– 313 –
Bees and Plants in a transition area between Atlantic Rain Forest
and Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil1
Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga
2
, Caroline Furtado Noble
3
,
Daniela Beatriz Goudard Bussmann
3
& Cristiane Krug
3
Résumé.— Abeilles et plantes dans une zone de transition entre la forêt pluviale atlantique et la forêt
à Araucaria dans le sud du Brésil.— La communauté d’abeilles indigènes d’une zone de transition entre la
forêt pluviale atlantique et la forêt à Araucaria, à Joinville, état de Santa Catarina, Brésil, a été étudiée en ce
qui concerne la richesse en espèces, l’abondance relative, les ressources florales et les interactions avec les
plantes. Les observations ont été effectuées mensuellement de 2008 à 2009, en utilisant des filets entomo-
logiques. Ont été échantillonnés 710 individus de 88 espèces des cinq sous-familles d’abeilles existant au
Brésil. Les abeilles ont été prélevées sur 62 espèces de plantes de 29 familles. Les familles végétales les plus
visitées ont été les Asteraceae (48 %), Lamiaceae (10 %), Saxifragaceae (9 %) et Rosaceae (8 %). La sous-
famille d’abeilles présentant la plus grande diversité d’espèces a été celle des Halictinae (44 %), suivie par
les Apinae (38 %), Andreninae (11 %), Megachilinae (8 %) et Colletinae (1 %). La séquence en abondance
d’individus, par sous-familles, a été: Apinae (81 %), Halictinae (12 %), Andreninae et Megachilinae (les
deux 3 %) et Colletinae (moins de 1 %). Apis mellifera L. est l’espèce la plus abondante (42 %), suivie par
Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) (14 %) et Plebeia sp. L’étude dépeint un système avec des interactions asymé-
triques, démontré par le groupement des espèces, avec une prédominance de relations générales, révélant
l’importance relative de l’abondance pour l´imbrication des réseaux mutuels. Les mensurations de réseau
évaluées dévoilent un lacis robuste et diversifié, un trait récurrent dans la structuration de la biodiversité.
Summary.— The community of native bees from a transition area between Atlantic rain forest and
Araucaria forest in Joinville, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, was studied regarding to species richness, relative
abundance, floral resources and plant interactions. Observations were made monthly from 2008 to 2009,
using entomological nets. 710 individuals of 88 species were sampled from the five bee subfamilies existing
in Brazil. The bees were sampled on 62 plant species from 29 families. The most visited plant families were
Asteraceae (48 %), Lamiaceae (10 %), Saxifragaceae (9 %) and Rosaceae (8 %). The bee subfamily with
the highest species diversity was Halictinae (44 %), followed by Apinae (38 %), Andreninae (11 %), Mega-
chilinae (8 %) and Colletinae (1 %). The subfamilies abundance sequence was: Apinae (81 %), Halictinae
(12 %), Andreninae and Megachilinae (both 3 %) and Colletinae (less than 1 %). Apis mellifera L. was the
most abundant species (42 %), followed by Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) (14 %) and Plebeia sp. This study
depicts a system with asymmetric interactions shown by the species grouping, with a predominance of gene-
ral relationships, revealing the relative importance of abundance for mutual networks nesting. The results
from the network metrics evaluated reveal a robust and diverse web, in a recurrent feature of biodiversity
structuring.
1
Presented at III CLAE – Congresso Latino-Americano de Ecologia, São Lourenço, MG, Brazil.
2
Author for correspondence: Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Region of Joinville -UNI-
VILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville/Santa Catarina, CEP 89219-710, Brazil. E-mail: label@univille.br
3 Label - Bee Laboratory of UNIVILLE. R. Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville/Santa Catarina, CEP 89219-710,
Brazil. E-mail: label@univille.br
2. – 314 –
Bee-flower interactions that develop in a phyto-varied area with diversified melissofauna
constitute one of the many webs that interweave in the community structuring of an environ-
ment. These interactions, when interpreted, reveal the functionality of pollinators acting as
specialists on certain plant groups or as generalists. Plants that do not offer resources to groups
of specialist pollinators can still be pollinated by generalist groups (Forup & Memmott, 2005)
and even show the dependence of some plants species to pollinator species moving there.
To assess and categorize the state of the environment, given its situation of exploita-
tion, and consequent indication of priority areas for protection, studies have been carried out
that attempt, generally speaking, to detect certain parameters such as size and configuration
of areas, species richness, abundance, number of species in indicator categories (endemic or
endangered species) (Cullen et al., 2004) that are meant as appropriate estimates of the cate-
gory of preservation. Besides these parameters, the ecosystems have been studied from the
point of view of the supporting ecological processes and performance, the interaction nets
having been used as a measure device (Bascompte et al., 2003). These studies demonstrated
that the approach of community structure using this tool allows perceiving the organization and
complexity of the guilds, providing indices that represent the complexity of interactions (Gui-
marães & Guimarães, 2006). Studies aiming to understand the general design that prevails in
interaction networks formed by plants and pollinators have recently been made, among others
by Stang et al. (2007), Freitas et al. (2007) and Pigozzo & Viana (2010).
The resulting graphic ditrophic webs allow depicting the interaction that occurs between
members. Their analysis leads to conjecture the various adjustments in relation to the perfor-
mance of the two groups in a given biocoenotic environment for both the offered resource and
the consumer (Lewinsohn et al., 2006). According to Biesmeijer et al. (2005), the study of bee
communities shows that the properties presented by the network itself are more important than
the identity of pollinators because the interactions are largely caused by generalist groups.
The basic instrument that provides the construction of these networks are the surveys of
the involved agents, enabling to inventory, in a quantitative and qualitative manner, the bees
(consumers) and the plants (trophic resources) (Lévêque, 1997). Researches involving commu-
nities of flower visitors and plants have been undertaken to this end (Pinheiro-Machado et al.,
2006) and, besides the purposes of understanding the components of the trophic web, aspects
of pollination biology can be supported by the analysis done (Freitas & Sazima, 2006).
Studies of bee-plant networks using analytical tools for analysing metrical parameters
have been conducted in Brazil in the environments of caatinga (xeric shrubland and thorn
forest), restinga (dunes), cerrado (savanna) and rain forest (Viana & Kleinert, 2006; Rodarte
et al., 2008; Bezerra et al., 2009; Pigozzo & Viana, 2010; Santos et al., 2010, among others). In
transition areas, no data is available. This paper intends to verify the interaction network within
an ecotonal area. The importance of this knowledge is linked to the understanding of the struc-
turing lattice that weaves in ecotonal environments and to the assumptions of management and
conservation of biodiversity.
In this way, this study basically aimed at understanding the community organization of
bees and their flowers that develop in a transition area between Atlantic rain forest and Arau-
caria forest (Pine forest), in Southern Brazil. The main goals were to determine the network of
interactions between bees and plants and characterize its structural pattern.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was performed in the northeastern region of Santa Catarina, in Caetezal Private Natural Heritage Reserve
(26º18’05” S / 48º50’38” W), located in the transition area between Atlantic rain forest and Araucaria forest, and created
in 1979, with a surface of 4757 hectares and an average altitude of 800 meters above sea level. It includes the original
vegetation of Mountain tropical rainforest, Transition forest (rain forest to Araucaria forest) and highlands, in good state
of preservation. The climate is humid mesothermal (CFa), with no dry season, with hot summers and monthly average
temperatures never below 15 o
C. The rainfall is abundant and evenly distributed throughout the year (1909 mm) with
the most intense period of rain in the summer. The relative humidity is high (values between 84 and 86 %). It shows
a quite varied topography, constituted of hills and cliffs of the Serra do Mar (the mountain chain along the seashore
3. – 315 –
of Brazil), with frequent and abrupt undulations of the terrain, providing steep slopes. Soils present are shallow, well
drained and sometimes rocky.
Bee were sampled monthly, between 9 a.m and 16 p.m, along a pre-established transect about 3000 m long,
where flowering plants were observed, each for about 5 minutes, on sunny days, in alternate routes on every collection
day (Sakagami et al., 1967). All native bees on flowers were collected with entomological nets by two collectors. The
individuals of Apis mellifera L., an exotic species, completely adapted in Brazil, were just accounted and recorded.
Samples of plants visited by bees were also collected.
The study was conducted from March 2008 to February 2009. At the end of captures, the sampled area had been
given 84 hours of sampling effort.
Bee and botanical taxa sampled were prepared and identified by specialists and literature guidelines (classification
system APG II for plants; Melo & Gonçalves, 2005 for bees). The information was grouped into a database. Vouchers
are stored in the reference collection of Label – Laboratory of Bees of Univille, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Data regarding bees and their associations with plants were tooled into spreadsheet MS Excel and R programs
(Dormann et al., 2008), starting from the adjacent matrix, with presence and absence data of interaction between plants
and bees species, resulting in a bipartite graphic that expresses the interaction network. In the interaction network,
species are represented in lines and their thickness indicates the interaction strength between the species.
Among all the available metrics to describe a network of quantitative interactions, the following were calculated,
according to Dorman et al. (2009): the number of interactions, the network size, the connectance, the measure of
network´s specialization level, the average degree for plants and animals species and the distribution of degrees.
The number of observed interactions (E) is considered as the lines that are present in the network, after its
construction. The network size is expressed by M = B. P (B and P are the number of interacting bees and plants in the
habitat, respectively) and represent the number of possible interactions in the network.
The connectance (C), which measures the proportion of connections that are actually observed, is the ratio between
the number of observed interactions (E) and the number of possible interactions which, in turn, is given by the product
of the number of bees (B) and plants (P) from the network: C = E/ B. P. For percentage values, the value of C was
multiplied by 100.
The measurement of the networks specialization level (H2) ranges from 0 to 1, revealing perfect specialization (1)
or no specialization (0).
Plants average degree was obtained through the arithmetic average from all plant species degrees, as degree is the
number of interactions in which each species was involved. The same was done for bees.
Degrees distribution was done graphically, in vertical bars representation, where x-axis represents the number of
interactions established (degrees) and y-axis, the number of species that showed a certain degree, whether it is plant or
animal.
The nesting degree of the network was measured by the NODF index and calculated with the help of the program
ANINHADO (Guimarães & Guimarães, 2006), using as a model of randomization (null model) the NODF (Coe), with
1000 randomizations (Almeida Neto & Ulrich, 2011).
RESULTS
Bees
A total of 710 bees specimens of 88 species from the five subfamilies represented in Brazil
were sampled, listed in Table I, as well as the plant species on which these bees were captured.
In terms of subfamilies representativeness, the greatest numbers for species diversity and
individuals abundance were presented by Halictinae and Apinae, followed by Andreninae and
Megachilinae (Tab. II).
In this study, regarding the species preponderance, it was observed that Apis mellifera has
proved to be the most abundant species (42 %), followed by Trigona spinipes (14 %).
Among the bee species sampled, we found Plebeia sp. but no species of the genera
Partamona, Tetragonisca, Paratrigona, Frieseomellita and Nannotrigona, taxa of relative
occurrence.
Plants
Sixty two plant species from 29 plant families were sampled. Asteraceae was the most
visited family (48 %) and also the family with the largest number of plant species (34 %). The
other most visited plant families by bees were: Lamiaceae (10 %), Saxifragaceae (9 %) and
Rosaceae (8 %), the first one being represented by two species and the following by only one
species. In decreasing number of visited plant species, there were: Solanaceae (7 %), Verbena-
ceae (6 %) and Melastomataceae (5 %).
4. – 316 –
Table I
List of bee (Apidae) and plant species on which they were observed as well as the number of individuals sampled for
each plant species in the locality of Caetezal, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2008-2009
Subfamily Bee species Plant species Nº
Colletinae Colletes rugicollis Friese, 1900
Lamiaceae Hyptis lappulacea Mart. ex Benth 2
Andreninae Anthrenoides antonii Urban, 2005
Araceae Zanthedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng 1
Anthrenoides meridionalis (Schrottky, 1906 )
Onagraceae Ludwigia sericea (Cambess.) H. Hara 1
Anthrenoides albinoi Urban, 2005
Solanaceae Solanum bistellatum L.B. Sm. & Downs 2
Anthrenoides sp. 2
Asteraceae Baccharis uncinella DC. 1
Anthrenoides sp. 3
Asteraceae Elephantopus mollis Kunth. 1
Onagraceae Ludwigia sericea (Cambess.) H. Hara 1
Psaenythia bergi Holmberg, 1884
Asteraceae Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. 1
Hypochoeris brasiliensis (Less.) Griseb 2
Psaenythia sp.1
Asteraceae Barrosoa betoniciiformis (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob. 1
Bidens pilosa L. 1
Hypochoeris brasiliensis (Less.) Griseb 1
Fabaceae Desmodium adscendens (SW) DC. 1
Psaenythia sp.2
Asteraceae Elephantopus mollis Kunth. 1
Erigeron maximus (D.Don.) Otto ex DC. 1
Hypochoeris brasiliensis (Less.) Griseb 1
Fabaceae Desmodium adscendens (SW) DC. 1
Psaenythia sp. 3
Asteraceae Solidago chilensis Meyen 1
Begoniaceae Begonia cucullata Ruiz ex Klotzsc 1
Halictinae Augochloropsis aff. sparcilis (Vachal, 1903)
Asteraceae Baccharis stenocephala Baker 1
Augochloropsis cognata Moure, 1944
Polygalaceae Polygala paniculata J. Le Conte ex Torr. & A. Gray 1
Rosaceae Rubus rosifolius Stokes 1
Augochloropsis sp.1
Asteraceae Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC 4
Bidens pilosa L. 1
Erechtites valerianifolius ( Link ex Spreng.) DC. 1
Vernoanthura catarinensis (Cabrera) H. Rob. 2
Augochloropsis sp.2
Asteraceae Austrœupatorium picturatum (Malme) R.M. King &
H. Rob. 1
Augochloropsis sp.3
Asteraceae Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. 1
Augochloropsis sp.4
Asteraceae Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. 1
Hypochoeris brasiliensis (Less.) Griseb 1
10. – 322 –
Bee – flower interactions
The total number of species x species interactions observed was 210, while the number of
possible interactions of this network is 5368; therefore, approximately 3.91 % of the possible
interactions were actually registered. The connectance which indicates the proportion of pos-
sible interactions that are actually observed in the network is of the order value of 0.0391. The
value of the measure of the network specialization (H2 ’) was 0.516.
In terms of the interactions observed for the bees, 43 (20 %) focused on three social
species, representing only 3.4 % of the bee fauna: Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (20 plant
taxa – 10 %), Plebeia sp. (13 plant taxa – 6 %) and Trigona spinipes Fabricius, 1793 (10 plant
taxa – 5 %) (Fig. 1). Many species were sampled only once. The degree of bees varied from 1
to 20, where the average degree for the bee community was equal to 2.39. It is noteworthy that
24 (27 %) bee species used more plants species than average and 54 (60,5 %) visited only one
plant species (Fig. 2).
The plant species that had the largest number of connections in the network was Hypo-
choeris brasiliensis (Less) Griseb (Fig. 1), interacting with 24 species of native bees and also
with the exotic species Apis mellifera, which represented 60 % of all visits to this plant. In
descending order, the three plant species that had the highest interaction concentration were:
Hypochoeris brasiliensis (25 – 12 %), Cunila galioides Benth (10 – 5 %) and Baccharis tri-
mera (Less.) DC. (9 – 4 %), all of the Asteraceae family. The degree of the plants ranged from
1 to 25, with the average degree for the plant community of 3.39. Twenty one of 84 species of
plants (25 %) received a number of species visitors above the average, while 29 (34 %) recei-
ved only one bee species visit (Fig. 3).
The asymmetry of the interactions was observed in this network through the species grou-
ping. In the bipartite graph (Fig. 1), which represents the bee-flower associations in the study
area, it was observed that many plant species are visited by a few species of bees, while a few
bee species visit many plant species, showing a system with asymmetric interactions, shown
by the value of nesting NODF = 6.22 (P < 0.00) that was significant.
DISCUSSION
Different bee species richnesses have been detected in other studies in the State, realized
with the same methodology (Ortolan & Laroca, 1996; Krug & Alves-dos-Santos, 2008; Mouga
& Krug, 2010) as well as in a neighbourhood state (Alves-dos-Santos, 1999). On the other
hand, the data of subfamilies representativeness partly deviate from the pattern noticed for the
State (Mouga, 2009).
Among the bee species found, there were rare taxa not assigned to the state of Santa
Catarina but only to neighbouring or distant ones: Augochlropsis cognata Moure, 1944, Augo-
chlora dolichocephala (Moure, 1941), Neocorynura aenigma (Gribodo, 1894) (Moure et al.,
2007) as well as species indicative of well-preserved environments or recently described (e.g.
Anthrenoides antonii Urban 2005, Megachile (Trichurochile) thygaterella Schrottky, 1913 and
Melipona (E.) bicolor shencki (Gribodo, 1893).
The great number of interactions displayed by Apis mellifera in the network was already
noticed before (Santos et al., 2010, among others) and notifies about the place this species occu-
pies in the environment. As this species is, in many places in Brazil nowadays, very common,
its inclusion in the analysis is unavoidable but realistic of the structure of the bee communities.
The Asteraceae family was the dominant group of mellitophilous plants in many studied
areas in Brazil: grasslands and Araucaria forest (Bortoli & Laroca, 1990; Barbola et al., 2000),
rocky grasslands (Martins, 1995; Faria-Mucci et al., 2003), “cerrado” (savanna) (Carvalho &
Bego, 1997), dunes and Atlantic forest (Alves-dos-Santos, 1999) which is in part explained
probably by the fact that Asteraceae flowers display characteristics that make these plants more
attractive to floral visitors in comparison to plants in other families: inflorescences with a large
number of gathered flowers (more attractive to floral visitors than scattered single flowers)
(Faegri & Van Der Pijl, 1979); their surface serving as a landing area (Endress, 1994); the
11. – 323 –
floral traits as the floral tube size with few millimetres and the secondary pollen presentation
(Proctor et al., 1996).
Figure 1.—Interaction network between bees and plants in the locality of Caetezal, Joinville, Santa Catarina State.
On left, species of bees; on the right, species of plants. The number of lines and their thickness represent the strength
of interaction between the species. Legend: Auglora = Augchlora; Augpsis = Augchloropsis; Auglore = Augchlorella;
Augini = Augchlorini; Anthren = Anthrenoides; B = Bombus; Ce = Ceratina; Cre = Crewella; Lophop = Lophopedia;
Meg = Megachile; Melip = Melipona; Melis = Melissoptila; Neocor = Neocorynura; Paratetr = Paratetrapedia; Psaeny
= Psaenythia; Psdlora = Pseudaugochlora; Pseudep = Pseudepeolus; Scap = Scaptotrigona; Schw = Schwarziana;
Thygat = Thygaterella; Xyloc = Xylocopa.
12. – 324 –
Figure 2.— Histogram of interactions frequency by number of bee species in the locality of Caetezal, Joinville, Santa
Catarina State, Brazil.
Figure 3.— Histogram of interactions frequency by number of plant species in the locality of Caetezal, Joinville, Santa
Catarina State, Brazil.
In a quantitative comparison of social bee – food plant relationships retrieved from seve-
ral studies performed in Brazil, Biesmeijer & Slaa (2006) report that the prevalence of social
species of Apidae in the environment has influenced the interaction networks as a result of the
peculiarities of behaviour, foraging and competition of these taxa.
The value of connectance confirms numbers found in other studies (Basilio et al., 2006;
Petanidou et al., 2008), amounts that often stay in the same order of values. As an alternative,
Blutgen et al. (2006) proposed H2´, instead of the use of connectance.
Dormann et al. (2008) indicate that the properties of first order (abundance distribution of
network participants) and second order (network connectance) are factors that, above all, allow
a very large agreement between the observations and null models.
The value of the measure of the network specialization indicates a greater specialization
of the studied community, in relation to a similar study conducted in England (H2’ = 0.24) and
close to the one in an Argentine community (H2’ = 0.63) (Blüthgen et al., 2006).
13. – 325 –
In this study, the relationship that transpires between the attractiveness of the plant species
to bees and their demand of supplies points to a generalization of the use of resources rather
than a specialization.
On the other hand, the data collected show a community structure with less social species,
which may purport bee species with more specialized resources. Oligolecty relationships (Pin-
heiro-Machado et al., 2006) and concentration of visits to a few floral species (Roubik, 1989)
can be expected in the rain forest. However, in this study, several bee species that show this
pattern were represented by few individuals, and are possibly rare, what requires caution in the
understanding of this study, and, if possible, further surveys. Most bee species that visited only
one plant species are solitary and represented by few individuals, what precludes conclusions
about their diet breath (Bascompte & Jordano, 2007).
The found system, with asymmetric interactions, is a general pattern for this kind of inte-
raction web, confirmed by several authors (Vazquez & Aizen, 2003; Mouga & Krug, 2010,
among others).
Pigozzo & Viana (2010) suggest that there is a correlation between the abundance of
certain bee species and the richness of plant species they exploit as well as the fact that plant
species with more intense blooms attract the greatest number of bees. In fact, according to
Blutgen et al (2006), the nested pattern can be generated by the random combination of sets of
plants and flower visitors with different abundances.
In short, in the focused environment, the study exposed rare taxa and others not yet repor-
ted to the state. As in Biesmeijer & Slaa (2006), in their summary on the community structure
of social bees in Brazil, we found, in this study, the set of bees that forage in group, of medium
size, non-aggressive and the set of aggressive, group bee foragers (including Trigona spinipes,
Apis mellifera and Plebeia sp.). However, species of the genera Partamona, Tetragonisca,
Paratrigona, Frieseomellita and Nannotrigona, taxa of relative occurrence as commonly found
across habitats and latitudes, referred by the authors mentioned before, were not sampled.
Considering that the study was performed in a transition area, a comparison with the bee
fauna of the adjacent Atlantic rain forest and Araucaria forest, when the data of these two for-
mations would be available, would be very interesting.
The organization and complexity level of the bee-plant interaction network in the area
have been addressed, aiming to contribute to their conservation as well to understand the com-
munity structure in different ecosystems of Brazil, emphasizing the ecological characterization
of the tool in the environmental assessment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To UNIVILLE for funding of the project, to Joinvillea Herbarium of UNIVILLE and Botanical Municipality
Museum of Curitiba for their aid with the plant identification as well as to the bee experts Danúncia Urban, Antonio
Aguiar and Gabriel A. R. Melo for their help in bee identification.
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