Gentrification involves wealthier people moving into poorer urban areas, improving housing and attracting businesses. This often displaces current residents who can no longer afford increased housing costs. Gentrification has positive impacts like neighborhood improvements but also negative impacts like displacement of long-time residents. In London, the gentrification of Soho led to demolition of historical buildings and displacement despite opposition from organizations seeking to preserve the neighborhood's character. Gentrification occurs globally but also impacts developing countries through foreign investment that directs local development. In South Africa, gentrification has two phases - initial consumption-driven renovations and later government-led urban renewal efforts. Solutions are needed to address displacement challenges caused by gentrification.
This document discusses urban transformation, renewal, and beautification and their impacts. It defines these concepts and outlines some debates around their impacts. Specifically, urban transformation changes rural economies to urban ones, affecting productivity and culture. Urban renewal revives aging cities through infrastructure improvements but can displace residents. Urban beautification aims to improve aesthetics but critics argue it is temporary and displaces the poor. The document then traces the historical evolution of these concepts before examining a case study of Shanghai's transformation, renewal, and efforts to preserve historical areas. Both positive and negative impacts are discussed.
Urban renewal is the process of redeveloping areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It often involves relocating businesses and demolishing structures to redevelop land. While proponents see it as improving economic and living conditions, critics argue it can displace existing communities. Early examples include Haussmann's redesign of Paris in the 1850s and the redevelopment of Rome from 1925-1950. Urban renewal aims to revitalize city centers and gentrify neighborhoods but has also demolished some neighborhoods in the past.
The document discusses how the functions and demographics of places can change over time. It provides examples of how rural and urban areas in the UK have experienced changes in their functions. Rural areas have seen a loss of shops and pubs, as well as a decline in agricultural employment, replaced by growth in commuter villages, tourism, and farm diversification. Urban areas have experienced deindustrialization in northern cities and growth of retail and leisure, both in cities and out-of-town shopping centers. Demographics have also changed, with aging populations and increased diversity in urban areas according to 2011 Census data. Gentrification and studentification are mentioned as ways areas can experience demographic structural changes.
This slideshow covers AICE syllabus content on settlement dynamics. There are various interactive resources and assessments at the end of the presentation. Enjoy!
Inner City Initiatives aimed to reverse the decline of inner cities after World War 2. Stage 1 from 1945-1967 saw large-scale redevelopment that demolished old housing and replaced it with high-rise flats, but this failed to adequately address social and economic problems. Stage 2 from 1968-1977 focused more on community development and services. Stage 3 from 1978-1990 officially recognized inner cities as problem areas and aimed to regenerate economies. Stage 4 from 1991 onward launched City Challenge grants for local urban redevelopment projects.
Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
concentric zone theory paper
concentric zone theory articles
chicago's concentric zone theory
concentric zone model definition
concentric zone theory of crime
concentric zone model example
concentric zone model strengths
concentric zone theory and statistics
Urban renewal is a comprehensive strategy aimed at dealing with urban decline and decay through policies and actions that improve economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions in problematic urban areas. It involves rearranging land use, ownership, and functions through redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation, and infrastructure improvements. Urban renewal is needed in old, congested urban areas where dilapidated buildings, lack of facilities, and obsolete land uses have reduced the potential and livability of cities. In India, rapid urbanization has overwhelmed aging infrastructure, leading to decay in city cores, making urban renewal crucial to revive cities with long histories.
This document discusses urban transformation, renewal, and beautification and their impacts. It defines these concepts and outlines some debates around their impacts. Specifically, urban transformation changes rural economies to urban ones, affecting productivity and culture. Urban renewal revives aging cities through infrastructure improvements but can displace residents. Urban beautification aims to improve aesthetics but critics argue it is temporary and displaces the poor. The document then traces the historical evolution of these concepts before examining a case study of Shanghai's transformation, renewal, and efforts to preserve historical areas. Both positive and negative impacts are discussed.
Urban renewal is the process of redeveloping areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It often involves relocating businesses and demolishing structures to redevelop land. While proponents see it as improving economic and living conditions, critics argue it can displace existing communities. Early examples include Haussmann's redesign of Paris in the 1850s and the redevelopment of Rome from 1925-1950. Urban renewal aims to revitalize city centers and gentrify neighborhoods but has also demolished some neighborhoods in the past.
The document discusses how the functions and demographics of places can change over time. It provides examples of how rural and urban areas in the UK have experienced changes in their functions. Rural areas have seen a loss of shops and pubs, as well as a decline in agricultural employment, replaced by growth in commuter villages, tourism, and farm diversification. Urban areas have experienced deindustrialization in northern cities and growth of retail and leisure, both in cities and out-of-town shopping centers. Demographics have also changed, with aging populations and increased diversity in urban areas according to 2011 Census data. Gentrification and studentification are mentioned as ways areas can experience demographic structural changes.
This slideshow covers AICE syllabus content on settlement dynamics. There are various interactive resources and assessments at the end of the presentation. Enjoy!
Inner City Initiatives aimed to reverse the decline of inner cities after World War 2. Stage 1 from 1945-1967 saw large-scale redevelopment that demolished old housing and replaced it with high-rise flats, but this failed to adequately address social and economic problems. Stage 2 from 1968-1977 focused more on community development and services. Stage 3 from 1978-1990 officially recognized inner cities as problem areas and aimed to regenerate economies. Stage 4 from 1991 onward launched City Challenge grants for local urban redevelopment projects.
Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations. Concentric Zone Model Theory was created by sociologist EW Burgess in 1925. Based on a study of land use patterns and social group in Chicago. City grows outward beginning with the CBD. Similar & functionally related activities will locate at the same distance from CBD.
concentric zone theory paper
concentric zone theory articles
chicago's concentric zone theory
concentric zone model definition
concentric zone theory of crime
concentric zone model example
concentric zone model strengths
concentric zone theory and statistics
Urban renewal is a comprehensive strategy aimed at dealing with urban decline and decay through policies and actions that improve economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions in problematic urban areas. It involves rearranging land use, ownership, and functions through redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation, and infrastructure improvements. Urban renewal is needed in old, congested urban areas where dilapidated buildings, lack of facilities, and obsolete land uses have reduced the potential and livability of cities. In India, rapid urbanization has overwhelmed aging infrastructure, leading to decay in city cores, making urban renewal crucial to revive cities with long histories.
Gentrification refers to the process of renovating deteriorated neighborhoods through investments by wealthier residents, often leading to increased property values and the displacement of long-time, usually lower-income, residents. It transforms working-class areas into more affluent, middle-class communities and changes the social character of neighborhoods. Gentrification is a complex issue with both positive and negative impacts.
The document summarizes the organization and evolution of urban space from ancient times to the present. It discusses the pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial city models. It then covers topics like globalization and urban space, social and territorial inequalities in cities, the urban landscape in the world today, and new urban spaces like technology parks and shopping centers. Environmental problems in cities are also addressed, such as lack of vegetation, water scarcity and pollution, high air contamination, and noise pollution that comes with consumer lifestyles.
The document summarizes an internship report on an urban development department in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. The intern worked on developing a neighborhood plan for Jamaya site. Key findings from the site analysis include: most buildings are single-story; roads are narrow and unplanned; land is underutilized; and there is only one primary school. The report provides background on the study area, analyzes physical characteristics like slope and land use, and identifies needs and opportunities to improve social services and infrastructure through the neighborhood development plan.
This document summarizes literature on urban shrinkage and discusses interventions taken by Rochester and Buffalo, New York. It finds that while both cities have experienced population loss due to deindustrialization, Rochester has adjusted better through economic diversification focused on education and healthcare. The document evaluates different shrinkage strategies used in Buffalo and Rochester, noting criticisms of over-reliance on demolition and attraction of private capital without addressing concentrated poverty or lack of affordable housing. It recommends that both cities embrace regional collaboration, focus on people rather than structures, attract innovative industries, and address social equity and transportation challenges to reduce spatial mismatch.
The urban fringe is the transitional zone between urban and rural areas. It is becoming increasingly important as cities expand outwards. The urban fringe goes through several stages of transformation, starting as purely rural land and eventually becoming urbanized as the city grows. This process impacts land use, occupations, and development patterns in the fringe. Effective planning and management are needed to balance development with preservation of natural and cultural assets in the sensitive urban fringe environment.
The document discusses the topics of gentrification and urban renewal. It begins with definitions of gentrification and describes the four stages of the gentrification process as outlined by Slater in 2011. These include the initial stage of pioneers renovating properties, the second stage of more newcomers renovating homes, the third stage of increasing investment and rising housing prices, and the fourth stage of many properties being gentrified and an influx of middle-class residents. The document also examines the positive and negative implications of gentrification, providing examples such as cleaner neighborhoods but also increased housing costs resulting in displacement. It concludes by considering potential solutions to gentrification such as liberalizing zoning laws and ensuring community input in the planning process.
This document discusses urban settlements and urbanization. It begins by defining urbanization as the growth of towns and cities leading to an increasing percentage of the population living in urban areas. It then provides details on factors that influence urbanization, including the Industrial Revolution, population growth, and migration from rural to urban areas. Some of the fastest growing cities mentioned are located in South and Southeast Asia. The document also covers counter-urbanization, megacities, and factors that influence the size, growth and functions of urban settlements such as their role as ports, administrative centers, or locations along transport routes.
This document discusses different strategies for improving cities, specifically in Mexico City. It outlines top-down and bottom-up approaches.
The top-down approach involves large-scale developments led by the government, where officials make the major decisions. Examples given include a housing agency that provided millions of mortgages and private developers building large identical housing developments. Issues arose from a lack of infrastructure to support the new housing.
The bottom-up example provided is of Neza, a squatter settlement whose residents organized to gain land ownership. They raised funds collectively for schools and utilities. This led to a thriving community with less crime than other parts of Mexico City.
The document asks the reader to consider the advantages and
Homer Hoyt proposed the sector model as an update to the concentric zone model. The sector model accounts for major transportation routes radiating out from the central business district. Land uses, such as industrial, commercial, and residential zones, develop along these transportation corridors in wedge-shaped sectors. The model places low-income housing and industry closest to the central business district, with wealthier residential neighborhoods farther out. Examples of cities that generally follow the sector model include Chicago and Calgary.
Concept, Meaning and Impact of Urbanization and IndustrializationRaulRajBasnet
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas and the increase in the proportion of people living in urban environments. It impacts include both positive and negative effects. Positively, it increases efficiency, convenience, social integration and economic opportunities. However, it also places burdens on housing, sanitation, healthcare and the environment. Sociological perspectives view urbanization as both strengthening social bonds through interdependence while also weakening them by replacing close-knit communities. Urbanization and industrialization are interrelated processes that transform societies and economies.
This document summarizes Burgess's concentric zone model of urban land use. It describes 5 zones from the inner city outward: (1) the central business district with offices, shops, and high density; (2) a zone of transition with manufacturing and low-income housing; (3) middle-class residential neighborhoods; (4) affluent commuter suburbs; and (5) surrounding countryside areas for those seeking a rural lifestyle near the city. The model shows how land uses change systematically from the urban core to outskirts based on factors like land value, density, and socioeconomic class.
Current Concepts of Urban Regeneration slides for Urban Dynamics & Regeneration course.
Master of Science in Sustainable Urban Design, Razak Faculty, UTM Kuala Lumpur
Ernest Burgess developed the concentric zone theory in the 1920s to model urban spatial patterns. The theory proposes that a city is organized into 5 concentric rings radiating out from the central business district. Zone 1 is the CBD with commercial activities. Zone 2 is a transitional zone with factories and abandoned buildings. Zone 3 is inhabited by working-class residents in tenements. Zone 4 contains middle-class houses, yards, and garages. Zone 5 is located furthest from the CBD and contains upper-class houses and suburbs. The theory argues that socioeconomic status decreases the further one moves from the CBD.
This document discusses slums and their causes, characteristics, and effects. It defines a slum as an overcrowded, decaying area lacking basic amenities. Common causes of slums include poverty, migration, lack of affordable housing and transport, and unplanned urban growth. Slums are characterized by deteriorated structures, fire hazards, poor health and sanitation, and overcrowding. The presence of slums can negatively impact surrounding areas by spreading disease and limiting access to services. The document also examines methods for slum clearance and improvement.
The document discusses how economic activity has changed over time from the Stone Age to the modern era. It describes how early humans focused on food gathering and followed resources, the development of agriculture and towns, the Industrial Revolution which led to urbanization and factories, and how the modern economy relies on services, global trade, and technology like the internet. It also discusses ways of measuring economic activity such as GDP, and how activities have both material and non-material impacts on quality of life.
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and metropolitan areas. It defines key terms like urban area, urbanization, metropolis, exurban, and suburban. It then describes the history of early cities appearing thousands of years ago along fertile river valleys. It also outlines the origin of urbanization in places like Mesopotamia, India, China, and how most rapid urbanization occurred in America, Europe in the 20th century. The document also discusses the classification of cities in the Philippines and identifies 12 metropolitan areas as the country's leading industrial and economic centers.
Urban processes can be categorized as either inward or outward movements. Inward movements include rural to urban migration, gentrification, and urban renewal. Outward movements include suburbanization, urban sprawl, and counter-urbanization. Urbanization is defined as an increase in the percentage of the population living in urban areas and is driven by natural population increase, industrialization, and rural to urban migration. Suburbanization occurs as people move to residential areas near the edge of cities, leading to urban sprawl. Counter-urbanization is a movement away from urban centers to smaller towns, rural areas, or satellite settlements within the sphere of a city's influence. Re-urbanization involves the regeneration of previously declined urban areas through government
Urbanization in Nepal has increased rapidly in recent decades as more people migrate to cities. This has brought economic benefits but also environmental and social challenges. Future urban planning needs policies that encourage conservation of historic areas, manage growth, and improve living conditions for growing urban populations through community development programs and facilities. Rapid urbanization worldwide requires balancing development with preserving green spaces and cultural heritage.
Gentrification refers to the process of renovating deteriorated neighborhoods through investments by wealthier residents, often leading to increased property values and the displacement of long-time, usually lower-income, residents. It transforms working-class areas into more affluent, middle-class communities and changes the social character of neighborhoods. Gentrification is a complex issue with both positive and negative impacts.
The document summarizes the organization and evolution of urban space from ancient times to the present. It discusses the pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial city models. It then covers topics like globalization and urban space, social and territorial inequalities in cities, the urban landscape in the world today, and new urban spaces like technology parks and shopping centers. Environmental problems in cities are also addressed, such as lack of vegetation, water scarcity and pollution, high air contamination, and noise pollution that comes with consumer lifestyles.
The document summarizes an internship report on an urban development department in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. The intern worked on developing a neighborhood plan for Jamaya site. Key findings from the site analysis include: most buildings are single-story; roads are narrow and unplanned; land is underutilized; and there is only one primary school. The report provides background on the study area, analyzes physical characteristics like slope and land use, and identifies needs and opportunities to improve social services and infrastructure through the neighborhood development plan.
This document summarizes literature on urban shrinkage and discusses interventions taken by Rochester and Buffalo, New York. It finds that while both cities have experienced population loss due to deindustrialization, Rochester has adjusted better through economic diversification focused on education and healthcare. The document evaluates different shrinkage strategies used in Buffalo and Rochester, noting criticisms of over-reliance on demolition and attraction of private capital without addressing concentrated poverty or lack of affordable housing. It recommends that both cities embrace regional collaboration, focus on people rather than structures, attract innovative industries, and address social equity and transportation challenges to reduce spatial mismatch.
The urban fringe is the transitional zone between urban and rural areas. It is becoming increasingly important as cities expand outwards. The urban fringe goes through several stages of transformation, starting as purely rural land and eventually becoming urbanized as the city grows. This process impacts land use, occupations, and development patterns in the fringe. Effective planning and management are needed to balance development with preservation of natural and cultural assets in the sensitive urban fringe environment.
The document discusses the topics of gentrification and urban renewal. It begins with definitions of gentrification and describes the four stages of the gentrification process as outlined by Slater in 2011. These include the initial stage of pioneers renovating properties, the second stage of more newcomers renovating homes, the third stage of increasing investment and rising housing prices, and the fourth stage of many properties being gentrified and an influx of middle-class residents. The document also examines the positive and negative implications of gentrification, providing examples such as cleaner neighborhoods but also increased housing costs resulting in displacement. It concludes by considering potential solutions to gentrification such as liberalizing zoning laws and ensuring community input in the planning process.
This document discusses urban settlements and urbanization. It begins by defining urbanization as the growth of towns and cities leading to an increasing percentage of the population living in urban areas. It then provides details on factors that influence urbanization, including the Industrial Revolution, population growth, and migration from rural to urban areas. Some of the fastest growing cities mentioned are located in South and Southeast Asia. The document also covers counter-urbanization, megacities, and factors that influence the size, growth and functions of urban settlements such as their role as ports, administrative centers, or locations along transport routes.
This document discusses different strategies for improving cities, specifically in Mexico City. It outlines top-down and bottom-up approaches.
The top-down approach involves large-scale developments led by the government, where officials make the major decisions. Examples given include a housing agency that provided millions of mortgages and private developers building large identical housing developments. Issues arose from a lack of infrastructure to support the new housing.
The bottom-up example provided is of Neza, a squatter settlement whose residents organized to gain land ownership. They raised funds collectively for schools and utilities. This led to a thriving community with less crime than other parts of Mexico City.
The document asks the reader to consider the advantages and
Homer Hoyt proposed the sector model as an update to the concentric zone model. The sector model accounts for major transportation routes radiating out from the central business district. Land uses, such as industrial, commercial, and residential zones, develop along these transportation corridors in wedge-shaped sectors. The model places low-income housing and industry closest to the central business district, with wealthier residential neighborhoods farther out. Examples of cities that generally follow the sector model include Chicago and Calgary.
Concept, Meaning and Impact of Urbanization and IndustrializationRaulRajBasnet
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas and the increase in the proportion of people living in urban environments. It impacts include both positive and negative effects. Positively, it increases efficiency, convenience, social integration and economic opportunities. However, it also places burdens on housing, sanitation, healthcare and the environment. Sociological perspectives view urbanization as both strengthening social bonds through interdependence while also weakening them by replacing close-knit communities. Urbanization and industrialization are interrelated processes that transform societies and economies.
This document summarizes Burgess's concentric zone model of urban land use. It describes 5 zones from the inner city outward: (1) the central business district with offices, shops, and high density; (2) a zone of transition with manufacturing and low-income housing; (3) middle-class residential neighborhoods; (4) affluent commuter suburbs; and (5) surrounding countryside areas for those seeking a rural lifestyle near the city. The model shows how land uses change systematically from the urban core to outskirts based on factors like land value, density, and socioeconomic class.
Current Concepts of Urban Regeneration slides for Urban Dynamics & Regeneration course.
Master of Science in Sustainable Urban Design, Razak Faculty, UTM Kuala Lumpur
Ernest Burgess developed the concentric zone theory in the 1920s to model urban spatial patterns. The theory proposes that a city is organized into 5 concentric rings radiating out from the central business district. Zone 1 is the CBD with commercial activities. Zone 2 is a transitional zone with factories and abandoned buildings. Zone 3 is inhabited by working-class residents in tenements. Zone 4 contains middle-class houses, yards, and garages. Zone 5 is located furthest from the CBD and contains upper-class houses and suburbs. The theory argues that socioeconomic status decreases the further one moves from the CBD.
This document discusses slums and their causes, characteristics, and effects. It defines a slum as an overcrowded, decaying area lacking basic amenities. Common causes of slums include poverty, migration, lack of affordable housing and transport, and unplanned urban growth. Slums are characterized by deteriorated structures, fire hazards, poor health and sanitation, and overcrowding. The presence of slums can negatively impact surrounding areas by spreading disease and limiting access to services. The document also examines methods for slum clearance and improvement.
The document discusses how economic activity has changed over time from the Stone Age to the modern era. It describes how early humans focused on food gathering and followed resources, the development of agriculture and towns, the Industrial Revolution which led to urbanization and factories, and how the modern economy relies on services, global trade, and technology like the internet. It also discusses ways of measuring economic activity such as GDP, and how activities have both material and non-material impacts on quality of life.
The document discusses the emergence and development of urban communities and metropolitan areas. It defines key terms like urban area, urbanization, metropolis, exurban, and suburban. It then describes the history of early cities appearing thousands of years ago along fertile river valleys. It also outlines the origin of urbanization in places like Mesopotamia, India, China, and how most rapid urbanization occurred in America, Europe in the 20th century. The document also discusses the classification of cities in the Philippines and identifies 12 metropolitan areas as the country's leading industrial and economic centers.
Urban processes can be categorized as either inward or outward movements. Inward movements include rural to urban migration, gentrification, and urban renewal. Outward movements include suburbanization, urban sprawl, and counter-urbanization. Urbanization is defined as an increase in the percentage of the population living in urban areas and is driven by natural population increase, industrialization, and rural to urban migration. Suburbanization occurs as people move to residential areas near the edge of cities, leading to urban sprawl. Counter-urbanization is a movement away from urban centers to smaller towns, rural areas, or satellite settlements within the sphere of a city's influence. Re-urbanization involves the regeneration of previously declined urban areas through government
Urbanization in Nepal has increased rapidly in recent decades as more people migrate to cities. This has brought economic benefits but also environmental and social challenges. Future urban planning needs policies that encourage conservation of historic areas, manage growth, and improve living conditions for growing urban populations through community development programs and facilities. Rapid urbanization worldwide requires balancing development with preserving green spaces and cultural heritage.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
2. GENTRIFICATION, URBAN
RENEWAL, AND ASSOCIATED
TERMS
o Since the 1980s, the urban restructuration process has had important effects on
cities. One of these is the transformation of urban residential space, which
includes processes such as urban renewal and gentrification (Uzun, 2018).
o Gentrification
o The process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier
people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often
displacing current inhabitants in the process.
o According to Glaeser, Kim and Luca (2018) Gentrification involves the substantial
replacement of a neighborhood's lower-income residents with newcomers of
higher income who renovate and upgrade the neighborhood. Although
gentrification is first and foremost a residential process, it also entails commercial
redevelopment. As the socioeconomic composition of the neighborhood changes,
so it does the perception of acceptable land usesThis process involves
neighbourhood changes that include economic change in a historically disinvested
neighbourhood
3. URBAN RENEWAL
• Urban Renewal
• Urban renewal refers to the improvement of parts of urban areas that are run
down.
• Urban and inner city renewal programmes aim to speed up service delivery
and upgrade infrastructure such as roads. Fight urban decay and most
importantly develop skills and create jobs.
4. “YUPPIES”
• Yuppies are young and upcoming professionals.
• These young professionals go back and renovate their homes .
• They form part of the “Gentrified City”
• Improved city leads to displacement.
5. STEPS OR PROCESS OF GENTRIFICATION,
SYSTEMATICALLY.
• Invasion and succession occurs as the city grows and spreads out, leading to the
urban functions invading the rural functions.
• 1. The Initial stage
• This stage features a small group of pioneers who buy and renovate properties in an
area for their personal use.
• Little displacement as these pioneers buy vacant space and renovate. These
newcomers have certain skills.
• 2. The Second stage
• Similar to the initial stage as homes are renovated in this gentrification stage
• Houses purchased at this stage are a bit dispersed and most are vacant making
them easy to get/acquire.
6. • Governments agencies are attracted to this improving space.
• 3. Stage 3
• This new and gentrified space grabs the medias attention. Newspaper
articles, posts on social media etc.
• The pioneers are joined by the developers and this leads to the
urban renewal.
• Drastic improvements are experienced at this stage as new investors
developer undertake a lot of work.
• House prices increase and displacement occurs.
• Middle-class income residents fill these spaces as the low-income
slowly move out.
7. • 4. Final Stage
• A greater number of properties are gentrified, leading to more middle income
residence moving in.
• Non-residential building are converted to cater for the growing population on
middle-income residents.
• Small and specialized retail, professional services, and commercial activities
emerge.
• These all lead to increases in housing and rent prices which worsens the issue
of displacement.
• It is at this stage that other neighbourhoods in the city are identified to meet
the demand on the middle class population.
8. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
IMPLICATIONS AND REAL-WORLD
CONSEQUENCES OF
GENTRIFICATION.
• Positive Implications
• According to Yoon and Park (2018), small houses and local houses in Seoul have
been westernized as they have been converted to cafes, western style restaurants,
and large chain store. In the Korean society, such changes are recognized as
commercial gentrification which is a big issue, however it also has positive elements
to it.
• There is evidence of improved neighbourhood images and better scenery.
• It also leads to changes in regional characteristics, landscape and industry
homogenization
9. • New store fronts and buildings emerge, this can
bring new jobs in communities which had no job
opportunities in the past.
• Cleaner streets due to the process of gentrification
will be evident, attracting the wealthy to buy
property in these communities.
11. NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF
GENTRIFICATION
• The area which is gentrified of renewed changes from a low-income residential area to a
middle-income or high-income residential area.
• This can be viewed as good but the previous residents need to be considered because they will
be displaced.
• These residence who were living in these areas have to relocate to less expensive areas, with
possibly even worse social problems because they can no longer afford to live where they lived.
• Local businesses which catered for the low-income residents will suffer greatly as they will no
have to compete with more prominent businesses.
• Displacement may be of economic benefit to cities as the rising property values increase the tax
base (Nesbitt, 2005; Phillips, 2018).
12. GENTRIFICATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN
THE UK (LONDON)
• Transmormation was experienced in Soho so much so that one
may notice the high amount of urban renewal and demolition
interventions.
• In 2007 the Westminster government presented the Soho action
plan that dictated actions to urban renewal to make necessary
physical improvements in the area
13. • Since then, old markets, historical bars and theatres and rundown buildings were
demolished to build new residential and office towers.
• Destroying historical monuments to construct new buildings did not sit well with
the residents on Soho in London. People share a connection with a place.
• Numerous organizations have been created which aim to protect Soho from
gentrification, the most famous one being “Save Soho”
• Despite unhappiness from the public local authorities and planning experts support
this plan but I would not expect this from the South African Council of Planner since
South Africa has a new and rich history.
• Although gentrifying the city of Soho and renewing it may bring enormous
improvements in the people's quality of life in the long run, as gentrified cities will
definitely receive better service delivery than previously. An issue that needed to be
considered was that Soho had some historical building that needed to be protected
and several activities that had been the heart of that neighbourhood for decades.
These activities needed to be bettered no banned.
14. • One of the main interventions that have been carried out in Soho during the study
period is the rebuilding of the Totenham Court Road station. As one may seeit has
had a great impact in the area since the Crossrail proposals for the western ticket
hall and the associated emergency escape and ventilation shaft at Tottenham Court
Road required the demolition of two blocks of buildings to the south of Oxford
Street, between Great Chapel Street to the west and Dean Street to the east
17. GENTRIFICATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
IN THE AFRICAN CONTINENT
• Since Africa has gained her independence, billions of dollar has been
poured into it through corrupt African governments who end up
misusing funds. China being the largest investor In Africa causing
development.
• According to Mocombe (2006), gentrification is the economic and
social strategy by which upper class owners who govern the
capitalist world system under-develop and then dependently develop
countries in attempt to accumulate capital through industrialization
as opposed to agricultural production which dominated the
industrial phase of the world system.
• Development through gentrification represents the means by which
foreign capital directs local capital to slow down and control the
economic development of underdeveloped countries.
18. • Globally, gentrification in terms of urban history refers to the devaluation
and revaluation of urban inner cities by capital.
• Resources such as land, labour and capital of developing countries are
gentrified by foreign capital (Smith, 1996).
• Brain drain
19. RELEVANT PHOTOS TO REFLECT THE
DAILY RHYTHMS AND NUANCES LINKED
TO GENTRIFICATION.
22. GENTRIFICATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
• Gentrification of inner city suburbs in South Africa (SA).
• In SA gentrification emerged in two distinct phases.
• 1ST phase was consumption driven as middle-class residents renovated their
dilapidated properties to increase their value (Kotze, 1998).
• This drove the working class people out of due to increased property values
• For Garside (1993), this phase was linked to the racial desegregation, with coloureds
replacing whites in Suburbs of Lower Woodstock.
• Black, coloured and Indian people in SA were and still are the agents of
gentrification, owing to the rise of the black-middle call and their demand for
housing.
23. GENTRIFICATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
• The 2nd phase came about as local governments came to view
gentrification as a means to combat inner city decline.
• The following image shows the gentrification of New Orleans,
Cape Town which resulted in better housing and increased
housing costs.
• Original residents of this area were unhappy, claiming that white
people came and upset their culture and status quo.
24.
25. • The development of the Maboneng Precinct occurred in a space that was not
formally occupied. Despite the signs of gentrification, Maboneng cannot simply be
read through the traditional lens of gentrification, often derived from Western
settings (Nevin, 2014).
• Maboneng serves as a good example that gentrification is not always a bad
process.
JOHANNESBURG MABONENG
26. JOHANNESBURG MABONENG
• Its development has provided an important space for young,
black, upwardly-mobile professionals as we known them as
“yuppies”.
• It is also a space for black LGBTI youth who can afford to leave the
township to rent of buy property.
• A space for racial and sexual freedom in out post-apartheid city.
27.
28. SOLUTIONS THAT COULD DIRECTLY
ADDRESS THE ISSUES AND/OR
CHALLENGES OF GENTRIFICATION.
• Issues associated with gentrification such as displacement of the low-income
workers needs to be addressed by government laws which will control rent
increases.
• Vacant properties need to be taxed, to prevent these spaces from being changed as
they may represent some historical area for some groups in society.
29. • Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
houses to shelter the displaced low-income residence.