Reproduction means production of new individuals for next generation it is important for the maintenance of species is but not for the survival of individual reproduction involve fertilization development and growth plants and animal reproduction involve sexual processes while most of unicellular organism involve a sexual reproductions Animals

3. UHS: Unit=14
FSc: Chapter=18
Reproduction
COURSE CONTENT
• Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
• Hormonal control of Human Menstrual Cycle (FSH, LH,
estrogen and progesterone)

5. Gametogenesis
• Production of gametes
• Male gamete=Sperm
• Female gamete=Egg

8. Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
• Production of sperm • Production of egg
• In male • In female
• 4 sperm are produced • 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
• Throughout life • Until a particular age
• Continuous process • Discontinuous process
• Controlled by testosterone • Controlled by FSH, LH
• Occurs in testis • Occur in ovaries
• Start at puberty • Start before birth

9. • Germ cells (2n)
• Spermatogonia (2n)
• Primary spermatocytes (2n)
• Secondary spermatocytes (n)
• Spermatids (n)
• Sperm (n)
Mitosis
Enlargment
Meiosis-I
Meiosis-II
Differentiation

10. • Germ cells (2n)
• Oogonia (2n)
• Primary oocytes (2n)
• Stop at Prophase-I
• Secondary oocytes (n) + 1st Polar body
• Stop at Metaphase-II
Mitosis
Enlargment
Meiosis-I
Puberty FSH
Meiosis-II
Divide mitotically
Two polar bodies

11. • Stop at Metaphase-II
• Fallopian tube
• Single Ovum (n) + 2nd Polar body
Ovulution
Fertilization

14.  Female Reproductive cycle
• Production of egg is a cyclic activity as compared to males
males
• Gamete production and release is a continuous process
beginning at puberty and lasting throughout life
• The periodic reproductive cycle is completed in
approximately 28 days
 The menstrual cycle
 The ovaries (ovarian cycle)
 The uterus (uterine cycle)
• Divided into four phases
• Regulated by pituitary gonadotropins

16. 1. The pituitary gland on the onset of puberty, releases
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) which stimulates the
development of several primary follicles. Only one of
follicles continues to grow with its primary oocytes while
rest break down by a degenerative process known as
follicle atresia.
2. The ovary, under the stimulus of FSH, also produces
estrogen hormone.-This, on one hand, stimulates the
endometrium (internal living of the uterus wall) and
vascularizes it, and on the other hand, inhibits the
of FSH from pituitary gland.

17. 3. Decrease of FSH and increase of estrogen, causes the pituitary gland
to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) which induces ovulation - the
release of ovum from the follicle.
4. The follicle cells, after release of the egg, are modified to form a
special structure called corpus luteum. This yellowish glandular
structure starts” secreting hormone called progesterone. This
hormone develops the endometrium and make it receptive for the
implantation of the zygote (placenta formation)
5. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum starts
degenerating. The progesterone secretion diminishes and its
supporting effect on the spongy endometrium is reduced, which
suffers breakdown
Discharge of blood and cell debris known as menstruation.
This stage usually lasts for 3 - 7 days

19. • The cycle is thus completed and the uterus is ready to
enter into the next cycle
• The human menstrual cycle generally repeats every
28 days although there is considerable variation in
different individuals or even within the same individual
at different times of her age
• Malnourishment and emotional stresses effect the
female reproductive cycle, which may be disturbed
• The end or complete stop of the menstrual cycle is
called menopause, after which the female stops
producing the ova