Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC delivers a presentation on IP addressing and IPv6 to the Policymakers Program during IETF 119 in Brisbane Australia from 16 to 22 March 2024.
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Whatâs an IP Address?
⢠The fundamental Internet infrastructure address
â Every device must have a unique* IP address
â Every network must have a range (block) of addresses*
⢠A âCommon Resourceâ
â Address pools are finite
â Managed in the common interest, under common policies
â For conservation and for routability
⢠Thereâs a differenceâŚ
â IP addresses (IPv4 or IPv6)
â Domain names (eg www.isoc.org)
â Email addresses (eg pwilson@apnic.net)
â IP as in Intellectual Property
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IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
⢠IPv4 (since 1983)
â Example: 202.12.29.142
â 32-bit* number: 232 = 4 billion addresses
â Mostly exhausted
⢠IPv6 (since 1999)
â Example: FE38:DCE3:124C:C1A2:BA03:6735:EF1C:683D
â 128-bit* number: 2128 = 340 billion billion billion billion
â Should (must) last for many decades at least, or forever?
⢠IPv6 transition (since 2011âŚ)
â More later.
* bit = binary digit
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Allocation
Where do IP Addresses come from?
Standards
Allocation
Assignment
RIR
More on all of this later.
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IP Addresses in useâŚ.
The Internet
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
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Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
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202.12.29.0/24
âŚ
âAnnounceâ
202.12.29.0/24
R
202.12.29.0/24
Traffic
202.12.29.0/24
Network
Network
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Internet Address Routing
The Internet
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Net
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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Global Routing Table
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The need for IPv6âŚ
⢠One reason: more IP addresses
â Other benefits are minor
⢠The Internet will keep growing
â Broadband, wifi, 4G, 5GâŚ
â âInternet of Thingsâ
⢠IPv6 is the only viable option
â Enable sustainable growth of the Internet
â Without IPv6 the future isnât great
⢠But will it work?
â Slow deployment so farâŚ
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Early days: 1981 â 1992
âThe assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are
developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a
link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact
Jon to receive a number assignment.â (RFC 790)
1981:
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Boom times: 1992 â 2001
âIt has become clear that ⌠these problems are likely to become critical
within the next one to three years.â (RFC1366, Gerich)
ââŚit is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an
organization in each of those geographic areas.â (RFC 1338)
1992:
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What do RIRs do?
⢠Internet number resource management
â IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6
â Autonomous System Numbers
â Allocation, Transfer
â Resource registration (âwhoisâ)
⢠Policy development process
â Coordination and support of PDP
â Open Policy Meetings
â Global policy process (via ASO and ICANN)
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Internet technical coordination
⢠A.K.A. the âcode layerâ (Lessig)
⢠One subset of âInternet Governanceâ
â Internet standards development
â DNS administration
â DNS infrastructure coordination
â IP address and related resource management
⢠Activities of several types
â Administrative
â Operational
â Standards and technical policy
â Internet address management (RIRs)
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IANA stewardship transition
⢠Original purpose of ICANN
â To take stewardship of IANA function from USG
â âIn no event later than 2000â (USG Green Paper)
⢠NTIA announcement March 2014
â Specific requirements defined, including accountability
â For completion by 30 Sep 2016
⢠Transition planning
â ICG: IANA transition Coordination Group
â Provided proposal to NTIA in 2016
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IANA stewardship transition
⢠Internet Number Community
â 1 of 3 communities identified by transition process
â RIR members and other stakeholders
⢠RIR CRISP team
â Community-selected planning committee
â CRISP principles and proposal 15 Jan 2015
⢠Implementation
â âSLAâ for IANA services (replacing NTIA)
â IANA Review Committee
â Accountability improvements
â Completed 2016
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APNIC
⢠The RIR for the Asia Pacific region
⢠Delegates and manages Internet
number resources
â IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
â AS numbers
⢠Membership-based, not-for-profit
â Community self-regulatory body
â Open, Neutral, Transparent
â Consensus-based Policy Process
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NIRs in the APNIC region
⢠National registries existed prior to APNICâŚ
â JPNIC, CNNIC, KRNIC, TWNIC, AUNIC, NZNIC
⢠Some NIRs formed later
â VNNIC, IRINN, IDNIC
⢠Some dissolved after APNIC formed
â AUNIC, NZNIC
â No new NIRs are being accepted now (due to IPv4 exhaustion)
⢠NIR functions
â Providing IP address registration services
â Hosting local PDP and related activities
â Interfacing with APNIC: operations and PDP
â Other activities according to role and need
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What else does APNIC do?
⢠Information products and services
â APNIC Labs, Blog, Ping
â Tools: Rex, DASH, Netox
⢠Capacity building
â Training and technical assistance
â Conferences, fellowships
â Community support: NOGs, CERTs
â Cooperation and advocacy: IETF, ICANN, ITU, APT, PITA, OECD, APEC TELâŚ
⢠Infrastructure support
â IXPs and DNS rootservers
⢠Internet development
â APNIC Foundation (2016)
â Asia Pacific Internet Development Trust (2021)