Title: The Transformative Power of Computer Usage in Today's World Ladies and gentlemen, In the rapidly evolving landscape of the 21st century, few phenomena have had as profound an impact as the widespread adoption and utilization of computers. From personal computing to artificial intelligence, from social networking to scientific research, computers have become ubiquitous tools that shape nearly every aspect of our lives. Today, I stand before you to explore the transformative power of computer usage in our modern world. First and foremost, let us consider the realm of communication. Never before in human history have we been so interconnected, thanks to the advent of the internet and social media platforms. Computers serve as our gateways to the digital realm, facilitating instant communication with individuals across the globe. Whether it's through email, messaging apps, or video conferencing tools, computers have revolutionized the way we connect with one another, breaking down barriers of distance and time. Moreover, the democratization of information is another hallmark of computer usage in today's world. The internet is a vast repository of knowledge, accessible to anyone with a computer and an internet connection. From educational resources to scholarly research, from news updates to DIY tutorials, the wealth of information available at our fingertips is staggering. Computers empower individuals to learn, explore, and discover at their own pace, fostering a culture of lifelong learning and intellectual curiosity. In addition to communication and information access, computers have also revolutionized industries and economies around the world. The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way we shop, allowing consumers to browse and purchase goods and services online with unprecedented ease and convenience. From Amazon to Alibaba, from eBay to Etsy, online marketplaces have become virtual shopping malls where millions of transactions take place every day, transcending geographical boundaries and time zones. Furthermore, the integration of computers into various sectors, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, has led to increased efficiency, productivity, and innovation. In healthcare, electronic medical records and telemedicine platforms enable healthcare providers to deliver quality care to patients regardless of their location. In finance, algorithmic trading and blockchain technology have revolutionized the way we invest, trade, and manage financial assets. In transportation, autonomous vehicles and smart traffic systems promise to revolutionize urban mobility and reduce congestion on our roads. However, amidst the myriad benefits of computer usage, it is essential to acknowledge the challenges and concerns that accompany this technological revolution. Cybersecurity threats, such as hacking, malware, and data breaches, pose significant risks to individuals, businesses, and governments alike. Privacy concerns regarding

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Introduction to Computers
Valia Mitsou
Computer and Information Science
Brooklyn College
Source: Introductory Concepts and Techniques,
A preliminary edition was prepared by Rave Harpaz

2. 2
What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that can:
- accept data (input)
- manipulate data (process)
- produce information (output) and
- store the results for future use (storage).
Generally, the term is used to describe a
collection of devices that function together as
a system.

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Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer
(output)
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)

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Data and Information
 All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
 Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
 During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.

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Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
 Speed;
 Reliability (low failure rate);
 Accuracy;
 Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information;
 Ability to communicate with other computers.

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How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
 It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
 Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
 Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.

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What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
 Input devices.
 Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
 Memory.
 Output devices.
 Storage devices.

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Input Devices
 Keyboard.
 Mouse.

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The Keyboard
The most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

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The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism
that detects movement of the mouse.

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The Central processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the
computer and performs the logical and
arithmetic operations. It is considered the
“brain” of the computer.

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Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory
or RAM (temporary memory) is the main
memory of the computer. It consists of
electronic components that store data
including numbers, letters of the alphabet,
graphics and sound. Any information stored in
RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is
etched on a chip that has start-up directions
for your computer. It is permanent memory.

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How is information stored
Computers store information by using
switches (on-off switches, like the ones used
for turning on/off lights, except a lot smaller,
and implemented with electronics - i.e. no
moving parts).
Information is encoded in binary.
Binary digits 0 and 1 are called bits.
With 1 bit we can encode 2 different
options (true, false).

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How is information stored
By using more than one bit we can encode
more information.
For example, with 2 bits we
0 1 1 can encode 22=4 different
options (00,01,10,11).
With 3 bits 23=8 different options, with 4 bits
24=16 etc...

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How is information stored
5 bits (32 options) are enough to encode all
26 different English letters.
8 bits together constitute a byte, which is
usually one character (one memory location).
The standard encoding of characters to
binary numbers is called ASCII code.

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Amount Of RAM In Computers
The amount of memory in computers is
typically measured in kilobytes or megabytes.
One kilobyte (K or KB) equals 1,024 (210)
bytes and one megabyte (M or MB) equals
approximately one million bytes (220).

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Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available for
use. The two output devices more commonly
used are the printer and the computer
screen.
The printer produces a hard copy of your
output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

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Storage Devices
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store
data when they are not being used in
memory. The most common types of auxiliary
storage used on personal computers are hard
disks, CD/DVD-ROM drives and miniature
mobile storage media.

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Hard Disks
 A hard disk is the main device for auxiliary storage.
 Storage capacities of hard disks for personal
computers range from 40 GB to 1 TB (around 1
trillion bytes!)

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Compact Discs
 A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a
flat round, portable storage medium that is usually
4.75 inch in diameter. The capacity of a CD is 650-
750 MB of data.
 DVDs have the same shape and size as CDs, but a
much larger capacity.

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Miniature Mobile
Storage Media
Rewriteable media which allow users to
transport files conveniently:
 Flash memory cards
 USB flash drives

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Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers.
Software can be categorized into
two types:
 Operating system software
 Application software.

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Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer
how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today's operating systems have a graphical
user interface (GUI) that provide visual
clues such as icon symbols to help the user.
- Windows
- MAC
- Linux

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Application Software
Application Software consists of programs
that tell a computer how to produce
information. Some of the more commonly
used packages are:
 Word processing
 Electronic spreadsheet
 Database
 Presentation graphics

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Word Processing
 Word Processing software is used to create and print
documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.

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Electronic Spreadsheets
 Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to
add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations
on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers
can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly
recalculates the new results.

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Database Software
 Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in
an organized and efficient manner, with flexible
inquiry and reporting capabilities.

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Presentation Graphics
 Presentation graphic software allows the user to
create documents called slides to be used in making
the presentations. Using special projection devices,
the slides display as they appear on the computer
screen.