This presentation covers the rhetorical structure of a For-and-against speech and includes tips on how to engage the audience and how to close your speech effectively. It lists 9 factors of attention that any speaker has to consider before giving a speech. The presentation guides you through every step of developing your next speech, from opening your speech to closing it. The presentation also includes useful phrases and linking words to order your arguments, to provide your opinion, to express disagreement or doubt, to be evasive, to talk about pros and cons and to summarize your speech.

2. Opening
• Grab the attention, engage the
listeners, introduce the subject
Opinion
+arguments
• Clearly state your opinion and provide
supporting arguments
Opposing
view +
arguments
• Clearly state the opposing viewpoint
and supporting arguments, point out
the insufficiency of these arguments
Conclusion
• Restate your opinion and summarize
the main points

3. • Think about your
audience
Audience
• Understand their
point of view and
their perception of
the subject
Their point
of view
• Think what
obstacles prevent
your audience
from seeing the
subject from your
point of view.
Obstacles
• Write down each
obstacle and
explain the way of
understanding that
gets around each
obstacle.
Get around
the obstacles

5. A TOPIC
SENTENCE – state
the argument
ELABORATION - a
specific example that
supports the argument

6. Pose a thought-
provoking question
Make an interesting or
controversial statement
Recount a joke
Recite a relevant
quotation
Show the scope of the
issue (Why should I
care?)
Parallel sentences

7. Humor
Relevance
Intensity

8. Repetition
Novelty
Compare/Contrast

9. Visuals
Narratives
Examples

10. Summarize the main
points of your speech
Provide some further
food for thought for your
listeners
Leave your audience with
positive memories of
your speech
End with a final
thought/emotion (what do
you want the audience to
remember?)

11. Firstly-secondly-
finally
to begin/to start with -
next - lastly
first of all -
and also
let me begin
by pointing out
- and besides
in addition to this -
furthermore /
moreover

12. Essentially, the
problem is ...
to top it all
basically besides
above all -
what is more

13. That is a very important
point. I couldn't agree more.
That seems reasonable.
admittedly / admitting this
This can only / not be
accepted if / on condition
that / in case / unless …

14. In my opinion /
view
To my mind/As I
see it …
It seems to me
that … (>
tentative)
I feel / think /
believe that …
(> neutral)
I have the
feeling / the
impression that
…
I rather think
that …
I am sure that …
I am convinced
that …(> strong)
certainly /
surely/ possibly

15. In my opinion /
view
To my mind/As I
see it …
It seems to me
that …
(> tentative)
I feel / think /
believe that …
(> neutral)
I have the
feeling / the
impression that
…
I rather think
that …
I am sure that …
I am convinced
that …(> strong)
certainly /
surely/ possibly

16. I agree (completely/entirely)
I think you are quite right.
I think so, too.
I don’t think so, either.
That’s exactly what I think.
That’s just what I was thinking.

17. Yes, definitely.
That’s right.
I see your point.
That seems reasonable.
To a certain degree.
Yes, up to a point…

18. Nevertheless/still
Even so.
Yet/ however
I don’t think so.
I don’t agree with you.
I can’t agree, I am afraid.

19. That’s how I see it.
I disagree (completely).
I don’t agree at all.
I don’t quite agree here.
I cannot accept your view that...
I cannot share this view.

20. That seems obvious that…
Do you really think so?
I wouldn’t say so.
I don’t know.
I am not quite so sure.
Although

21. There can be
no doubt that
…
It is a fact that
...
Everyone
knows that...
Indeed/actually

22. I am afraid I can’t
give you a definite
answer at present.
Sorry to sound
evasive, but there is
no straightforward
answer to that.
I would need more
information to
answer your
question.

23. To conclude In conclusion
It follows
from this
that …
To sum up
So/therefore

24. On the one hand/on the other hand.
There are two sides to this question.
An argument for this would be…
Others against it are…
Some people think..., others say …
However/ yet/ but

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