Fundamentals of Electronics- Basic Electronics notes
1. 1. Fundamentals of Electronics
FALL 2018
WEEK 1
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. BUSHRA AIJAZ
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Outline
1. Introduction to Electronics
2. Applications
3. History
4. Basic Terminologies
5. Conclusion
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1.1 Introduction to Electronics
Electronics, branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission,
behavior, and effects of electrons and with electrical devices.
Electronic device is a device that accomplishes its purpose electronically.
Mainly electronic devices are those small elements on the electrical systems which uses to
make easy current flow through the whole system.
As a whole electronic devices are diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, vacuum tubes
etc.
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1.2 Applications of Electronics
In Medical sciences
In Computer sciences & IT world
In Media industry
In Gaming
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In Computer Science and IT world
The importance of electronic devices is huge in computer education and we
will discuss some of these in here:
Semiconductor devices are made with silicon are the heart of every
personal computer
Simple wrist watches to cell phones and others digital devices are made by
semiconductors
Simple calculators to scientific calculators are made with semiconductor
chip
In computer signaling we use LED systems which is also made by diodes
Each and every digital circuit systems like CPU motherboard, Graphic
Cards, circuit boards etc. are using semiconductor chipset and microchips
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Even in memory card to flash drive are using semiconductor
technologies for saving data
Cloud computing is totally based on data center and Big data center
is using semiconductors systems
Techgiants like google, facebook, twitter are making millions of data.
To save those information they are using haddrives, on the big
computer systems which are totally based on semiconductor
technologies.
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There has been created lots of semiconductors companies throughout globe.
Some of those prominent companies are:
Intel –the largest maker of computer CPU in the world
Texas Instruments –maker of the most popular electronic calculators and
thousand of other semiconductors
Samsung –prominent Korean manufacturer of memory circuits and other
electronics
Toshiba –large Japanese manufacture
Lots of techgiant like Intel, hp, Yahoo, ebay, Google, Apple started their
business from Silicon Valley
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People working outside office through use of telecommunication devices interacting with
IT world
Information kiosk provides information on nearby facilities in public places
Electronic money can be used for petty cash payments as ATM and Octopus
Internet of Things
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In Media Industry
Media Industry uses electronics or electromechanical audience to
access the content.
The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public are
video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide
presentations, CD-ROM and online content.
Most new media are in the form of digital media. However, electronic
media may be in either analog electronics data or digital electronic
data format.
Any equipment used in the electronic communication process (e.g.
television, radio, telephone, desktop computer, game console,
handheld devices) are all results of electronic advancements.
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1.3 History- Pioneers in Electronics
French natural philosopher Charles Augustin Coulomb
(1736-1806) developed a method for measuring the
force of attraction and repulsion between two
electrically charged spheres.
Coulomb established the law of inverse squares and
defined the basic unit of charge quantity, the Coulomb
Charles Coulomb
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In 1796 Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)
developed the first chemical battery, which provided the
first practical source of electricity
The unit of measure for current, the ampere (A) was named
for French physicist Andre Marie Ampere (1775 -1836).
Ampere discovered that two parallel wires attract each
other when currents flow through them in the same
direction and repel each other when currents are made to
flow in opposite directions.
Alessandro Volta
Andre Ampere
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1.4 Basic Terminologies
A. Electric Charge
B. Electric Current
C. Potential & Potential Difference
D. Energy & Power
E. Types of materials
F. System International (SI) Units
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A. Electric Charge
The total deficiency or excess of electrons in a body is known as its
charge.
If there is excess of electrons, the body is said to be negatively-
charged. Conversely, if there is deficiency of electron , the body is said
to be positively-charged.
The two important properties are:
Conservative
Quantized
Unit of electric chage is couomb (C). 1C= 6.24exp18 electrons
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B. Electric Current
It is the rate of flow of electric charge.
If a charge of q coulombs flows across any point in a conductor in time
t seconds, then
Current= charge/ time (or i=q/t)
Its unit is ampere (A).
Conventional current is the net rate of flow of positive charge whereas
electronic current is the net rate of flow of negative charge.
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C. Potential and Potential Difference
The ability of a charge to do work represent its potential.
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V)
Voltage=workdone/charge (or V= W/q)
A constant voltage is called a DC voltage whereas a sinusoidally time-
varying voltage is called an AC voltage.
Voltage is commonly produced by a battery; ac voltage is produced
by an electric generator.
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D. Energy and Power
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J)
It is given as w=P*t
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy or simply,
Power is defined as a product of Electric current and Electric potential
P=I*V (or P=w/t)
Its unit is watt
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1.5 Conclusion
Whole data base systems are now rely on semiconductors directly or
indirectly
This modern age would be impossible without semiconductors that
means without electronic device knowledge in the computer science
education the modern era would be impossible
Semiconductors are neither purely insulator nor conductors.
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