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- 1. B. A. T. Basic Appliance Training Basic Electricity & Reading Schematics
- 2. & Presented by Jim Campbell
- 3. General Housekeeping • Please turn your Electronic communication devices to vibrate. • If you must take a call, be respectful of others and please leave the room or area. • If your phone rings audibly, you will be required to sing a full verse of a Justin Bieber song, including chorus. Thank you
- 4. • Safety • Fundamentals • Voltage, Current Flow, Resistance, Wattage • Terminology & Symbols • Terms used in the Electrical and Major Appliance Industry • Recognizing symbols • Things that are Consistent Program Outline
- 5. • Circuit Fundamentals • Complete Circuit • Series • Parallel • Combination Circuits (Series/Parallel) • Electrical Components • Switches/Controls, Timers, Motors, Transformers, Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), Thermistors & Sensors Program Outline
- 6. • Use of Instruments • Volt meters, Ohm meters, Watt meters, Ammeters, Capacitance • Tips & Tricks • Jumpers, Cheater Cords, Simulators • Hop-scotching • Testing complete circuits • Reading Schematics Program Outline
- 7. Electricity & Troubleshooting • The most common problems occur with the greatest frequency • 85 % of the calls you encounter are going to be common problems • Pumps, Inlet Valves, Belts & other common problems that you will see a lot of and often – these don’t really take too much thought to find
- 8. Electricity & Troubleshooting • 15 % of the calls you encounter are going to cost you the greatest amount of time to troubleshoot and diagnose • Trip after Trip • Part after Part • These problems are going to be head scratchers, hard to figure out, have to use a VOM, have to read and interpret the schematic and do some heavy troubleshooting
- 9. Safety
- 10. You should practice working on every piece of equipment like it is “Live” or has power going to it. Safety
- 11. • Disconnect power before servicing or moving appliances • Test to ensure power is OFF • Follow Safe Servicing procedures as outlined by the manufacturer • Reconnect all Safety grounds • Make sure all panels and covers are re-installed correctly Safety
- 12. Safety • Use properly sized extension cords – shorter the better • Use a GFCI to protect yourself
- 13. Fundamentals
- 14. Fundamentals • Remember: • Current always takes the path of least resistance • When using an Ohm meter, it’s input follows this rule • Study schematics on working equipment • Practice makes perfect
- 15. • Voltage is pressure that creates a flow of electrons • Measured in Volts • With a Volt meter • Voltage is the potential difference across two points – L1 to N, L1 to L2 Fundamentals
- 16. • Current is the actual flow of electrons through a load or conductor and is measured in Amps with an Ammeter, clamp-on or in-line • Resistance is the opposition to current flow and is measured in Ohms with an Ohm meter. Normally drops voltage. • Caution: using an Ohm meter – disconnect power • An Ohm meter can lie to you! • Will the proper current flow in the circuit? Fundamentals
- 17. Electron Flow
- 18. • Voltage and Current relationship • Increase voltage, more current flow • Decrease voltage, less current flow • Current and Resistance relationship • High resistance - Low current flow • Low resistance - High current flow • Watts and Current relationship • Current (Amps) x Voltage (Volts) = Watts • Watts / (divided by) Volts = Amps Fundamentals
- 19. Ohm’s Law – Watt’s Law Fundamentals
- 20. • Ohm’s Law and Watt’s Law expresses the relationship between Volts, Amps, Ohms and Watts relative to a complete circuit when voltage is applied, current is flowing and when actual work is being performed by the circuit. Fundamentals
- 21. • No matter how you look at it, Ohm’s Law & Watts Law is important but not used on a day- to-day basis. • Tough to remember Fundamentals
- 22. Fundamentals • We don’t have to use Ohm’s or Watt’s Laws for most troubleshooting tasks but when you need them, nothing else will help. • You have to remember the basic concepts of the Laws. • btw – there is an app for that !
- 23. Fundamentals Application of Ohm’s / Watt’s Law • 5000 watt @ 240 Volts heating element, what should the resistance be? • V2 / W = Ω thus 11.5 Ω • 120 Volts put across 10 Ohms of resistance, what should the amps be? • 120 V / 10 Ω = 12 Amps
- 24. Questions ?
- 26. Puzzle Terms find these terms in the puzzle • Ampere • Breaker • Buss • Choke • Circuit • Conductor • Cycle • Diode • Hertz • Line-One • Neutral • Load • Ohm • Pole • Relay • Volts • Watts • Power • Zero Ohms • Infinite • Resistance • Voltage drop
- 32. Electrical Symbols There is only one thing about electrical symbols that will be constant from schematic to schematic, manuf. to manuf., and product model to product model; that is: In-consistency
- 33. Symbols Identify Components Place the numbers on the lines beside the symbols on the next page to make the proper match. 1. Compressor Motor – C,S,R terminals 13. Single-Pole, Double-Throw (SPST) Switch 2. Crossover 14. Centrifugal Switch 3. Ballast 15. Plug Connector 4. Permanent Connection 16. Resistor / Heater 5. Adjustable Buzzer 17. Fuse 6. Incandescent Lamp 18. Multi-Position Switch 7. Fluorescent Lamp 19. Coil 8. Heat Rise Thermostat 20. Circuit Breaker 9. Adjustable Thermostat 21. Heater 10. Chassis Ground 22. Capacitor 11. Transformer 23. Pushbutton (DPST) 12. Grounded Service Cord 24. Single-Speed Motor
- 35. Symbols Identify Components 1. Compressor 2. Crossover 3. Ballast 4. Permanent Connection 5. Adjustable Buzzer 6. Incandescent Lamp 7. Fluorescent Lamp 8. Heat Rise Thermostat 9. Adjustable Thermostat 10. Chassis Grnd. 11. Transformer 12. Grounded Service Cord 13. SPST Switch 14. Centrifugal Switch 15. Plug Connector 16. Resistor or Heater 17. Fuse 18. Multi-Position Switch 19. Coil 20. Circuit Breaker 21. Heater 22. Capacitor 23. Pushbutton (SPDT) 24. Single-Speed Motor
- 36. Circuit Fundamentals • Complete circuit • Most circuits are made up of four basic components: • Source – Supply – Potential - Voltage • Conductors – Wires • Load – Consumes voltage – power • Switch - Control • When tracing a circuit, start at the source and trace it back to the source • 240v or 120v or 24v or 12v
- 37. Circuit Fundamentals • Complete circuit
- 38. Circuit Fundamentals • Complete circuit – switches closed, bulb lit
- 39. Circuit Fundamentals • Complete circuit
- 40. Circuit Fundamentals • Complete circuit
- 41. Circuit Fundamentals • Series circuit – current has one path to flow – any break – circuit stops working
- 42. Circuit Fundamentals • Parallel circuit – current has more than one path – break in a branch – other branches still work
- 43. Circuit Fundamentals • Combination circuits – contains both series and parallel
- 44. Circuit Fundamentals • Common mistake made in troubleshooting is taking readings to ground. • You must be 100 % comfortable with circuits, voltages, before using this method • Many people are taught this method and they get burned by it
- 45. Questions ?
- 47. • Switches / Controls • Not always in the HOT side of the circuit • Normally Closed / Normally Open • Drawn in their normal existence or as they “come out of the package”? Electrical Components
- 49. • Timers • Box of switches • Troubleshoot one switch at a time • Sequence Charts, Esterline Charts Electrical Components
- 53. • Transformers • Step-Up • Step-Down • Double-Duty Electrical Components
- 54. • Motors • Shaded Pole • Split Phase • PSC • CSIR, CSCR Electrical Components
- 55. • AC / DC Motors / BLDC • Permanent Magnet Motors • Does not spin free • More efficient Electrical Components
- 56. • PWM motors • Newer Variable Speed motors & Newer 36 pole motors • Maintains torque throughout ramp-up and ramp-down – also saves energy across the grid Electrical Components
- 57. Questions ?
- 59. • Use of Measuring Devices for Electrical Circuits: • Ammeter • measures current flow in circuit; clamp-on or series type • Volt Meter • measures voltage applied to circuit or loads • Ohm Meter • measures resistance in circuit or loads • Watt Meter • measures power consumed by loads in circuit Use of Instruments
- 60. Use of Instruments • Voltage across a switch – switch is open • No voltage across switch – switch closed
- 61. Use of Instruments • Using an Am-meter in-line
- 62. Use of Instruments • Using an Ohm-meter – continuity - short continuity short
- 63. Use of Instruments • Testing Low Voltage power supplies • use a known load to verify the power supply on the board is working correctly. • Banana Plug adaptor + resistor • Most of the newer Digital meters have protection built in-to them. • Replacement meters • look for Hz capability • look for Capacitance capability
- 64. Use of Instruments • Use Back Probes for small connectors • Fluke TP88 – fits test leads # TL71 • Pomona 6262 – fits standard test leads
- 65. Use of Instruments • Hop-Scotch method • Interpreting Volt Meter Readings • No voltage at the load – circuit is open • Full voltage at the load – load is bad • Diagnosing loads • If full voltage is applied to a load, it should be working • Verify the Operation of a Load by • Visual observation • Proper amp draw • Measuring proper amps – confirms operation
- 66. Questions ?
- 67. Tips & Tricks
- 68. Tips & Tricks • Jumpers • Simulators • “Shootin’ from the Cord” • Testing full circuits • Testing hidden components • Cheater Cords – SMOKE TEST
- 69. Tips & Tricks • Jumpers • 2 rules • Come out with the same amount you went in with • Never, Never, Never jumper a LOAD • Use jumpers to verify a switch or control is closed • Force the current flow to verify the circuit
- 70. Tips & Tricks • Simulators • When working on Electronic controlled units, simulate the inputs that the main CPU (Central Processing Unit) or MCB (Main Control Board) is looking for. • Jumper input switches to force the input • Connect known resistances in place of thermistors – make the board see what it’s looking for
- 71. Tips & Tricks • “Shootin’ from the Cord” • Testing full circuits, verify as many components as possible • Testing hidden components, eliminates tearing apart the product to test components
- 72. Tips & Tricks • Cheater Cords • Power up suspected components • Verify diagnosis • “Smoke Test”
- 74. Reading Schematics is NOT Rocket Surgery It takes Patience and Perseverance! Rocket Science or Brain Surgery
- 75. Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting • Reading schematics is an art. It takes constant practice, practice, practice. • The main issue we have with getting good at reading schematics is; 85% of service calls are calls that happen with the greatest frequency With these calls, we don’t need to read a schematic or wiring diagram to diagnose the problem.
- 76. Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting • When you have trouble figuring out what is wrong with a piece of equipment is the wrong time to try to learn to read a schematic. • You need to practice reading schematics even on equipment that is operating OK. • Remember - Practice, Practice, Practice
- 77. Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting • Using Strip Circuits • Strip circuits are easy-to-use diagnostic tools. • Strip circuits isolate any given circuit that operates a load. If we were troubleshooting a motor, we would look to the strip circuit for the motor. The strip circuit for the motor would tell us every component and the circuit that would be active to run the motor.
- 78. Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting In this diagram of a refrigerator / freezer electrical system, what would be the strip circuit for the compressor?
- 79. Reading Schematics & Troubleshooting • Sequence Charts (Esterline) • Sequence charts (Esterline) are designed for one purpose, they breakdown the action that occurs inside a Timer as the timer advances through a cycle. • The chart shows, by increments, which switches are open or closed inside the timer at any given point in its rotation.
- 85. Questions ?
- 86. Symbols Quiz • What is it?
- 87. Symbols Quiz Centrifugal Switch - Correct
- 88. Symbols Quiz • What is it?
- 90. Symbols Quiz • What is it?
- 91. Symbols Quiz Ω Mobile – Ohm (mobile-home)
- 92. Schematics • Basic Electric Water Heater • Whirlpool Electric Dryer • GE Harmony Washer • Whirlpool Electric Range • Kenmore Gas Dryer • Maytag Electric Dryer • Maytag Neptune Washer • GE Refrigerator • Jenn Air Range • Whirlpool Dishwasher • Frigidaire Front Load Washer
- 93. Schematics
- 94. Schematics
- 95. Schematics
- 97. Schematics
- 99. Maytag Gas Dryer
- 100. Maytag Gas Dryer Wiring diagram
- 101. Maytag Front Load Washer
- 103. GE Refrigerator
- 104. Jenn Air Range
- 105. Whirlpool Dishwasher
- 107. Frigidaire Front Load Washer