DR.pptx for bachelor of nursing first year
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Pathology for BSC.nursing first year
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Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains one of the
best prognostic determinants of survival in patients
with coronary artery disease (CAD)
⚫ It was originally thought that dysfunctional
myocardium after an infarction was irreversibly
damaged
⚫ However, it was later recognized that some of the
involved tissue remained viable and contractility may
be restored with revascularization
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- The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries which transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body.
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with coronary artery disease (CAD)
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2) The phases of the action potential in ventricular and SA nodal fibers and what a pre-potential is.
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Exemplar 6.A the concept of F/E:
1. Define the following terms: Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Intravascular fluid Interstitial
fluid Cation Anion Osmosis Solutes Solvent Osmolality Osmolarity Tonicity Osmotic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) Diffusion Filtration Hydrostatic pressure Active
transport
2. What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? What are the sources of intake?
3. Explain the factors that stimulate water intake through the thirst mechanism.
4. What are the four routes of fluid output? What is the average daily fluid output for an adult?
5. Describe how volume and composition of body fluids is regulated. Discuss body systems
involved and hormonal influences.
6. Electrolyte (Include normal value), What does it do/what system does it effect? How is it
regulated? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Magnesium d. Calcium
7. What are three ways a nurse can evaluate fluid and electrolyte status without a providers
order?
8. What are the key components of a focused assessment to determine fluid and electrolyte
balance?
9. Explain labs and diagnostics that specifically measure fluid and electrolyte balance.
10. Describe lifespan considerations r/t f/e balance: a. Very young b. Very old c. pregnant
Exemplar 6.B F/E Imbalances:
11. What is the difference between fluid volume deficit (FVD) and dehydration?
12. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of FVD and how is it classified.
13. Describe the specific types of dehydration: a. Isotonic dehydration b. Hypotonic dehydration
c. Hypertonic dehydration
14. What is third spacing?
15. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume deficit?
16. Discuss lifespan considerations for children and older adults with fluid volume deficit.
17. List priority nursing diagnoses, expected patient outcomes, and related nursing interventions
for an individual with a fluid volume deficit.
18. List 3 teaching points when caring for an individual with fluid volume deficit.
19. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of fluid volume excess (FVE).
20. Can fluid volume excess, hypervolemia, and edema be used interchangeably? Why or why
not?
21. What is edema?
22. Describe how the following clinical conditions cause edema: a. Increased blood hydrostatic
pressure b. Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure c. Increased interstitial fluid osmotic
pressure d. Blocked lymphatic drainage
23. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume excess?
24. Compare the assessment findings with fluid imbalance: a. Blood pressure (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) b. Heart rate (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) c. Pulse amplitude (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) d. Respirations (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) e. Jugular vein (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) f. Edema (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) g. Skin turgor (Fluid deficit and Fluid
excess) h. Output (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) i. Urine specific gravity (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) j. Weight (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess)
25. D.
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Exemplar 6.A the concept of F/E:
1. Define the following terms: Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Intravascular fluid Interstitial
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Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) Diffusion Filtration Hydrostatic pressure Active
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2. What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? What are the sources of intake?
3. Explain the factors that stimulate water intake through the thirst mechanism.
4. What are the four routes of fluid output? What is the average daily fluid output for an adult?
5. Describe how volume and composition of body fluids is regulated. Discuss body systems
involved and hormonal influences.
6. Electrolyte (Include normal value), What does it do/what system does it effect? How is it
regulated? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Magnesium d. Calcium
7. What are three ways a nurse can evaluate fluid and electrolyte status without a providers
order?
8. What are the key components of a focused assessment to determine fluid and electrolyte
balance?
9. Explain labs and diagnostics that specifically measure fluid and electrolyte balance.
10. Describe lifespan considerations r/t f/e balance: a. Very young b. Very old c. pregnant
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11. What is the difference between fluid volume deficit (FVD) and dehydration?
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c. Hypertonic dehydration
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17. List priority nursing diagnoses, expected patient outcomes, and related nursing interventions
for an individual with a fluid volume deficit.
18. List 3 teaching points when caring for an individual with fluid volume deficit.
19. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of fluid volume excess (FVE).
20. Can fluid volume excess, hypervolemia, and edema be used interchangeably? Why or why
not?
21. What is edema?
22. Describe how the following clinical conditions cause edema: a. Increased blood hydrostatic
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pressure d. Blocked lymphatic drainage
23. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume excess?
24. Compare the assessment findings with fluid imbalance: a. Blood pressure (Fluid deficit and
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Fluid excess) d. Respirations (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) e. Jugular vein (Fluid deficit and
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1. It provides an overview and outline of topics to be covered related to heart and vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, aneurysms, and others.
2. It discusses the six principal mechanisms of heart disease including failure of the pump, obstruction to flow, regurgitant flow, shunted flow, disorders of conduction, and rupture of the heart or vessels.
3. It provides learning objectives for the presentation that cover topics like atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms, congestive heart failure, and more.
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Shock is a life-threatening condition where the circulatory system fails to deliver oxygen to tissues. It can progress rapidly to organ failure and death if not corrected. Shock is generally classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or distributive. Treatment involves identifying the cause, restoring blood volume through fluids, providing oxygen support, treating infection if present, and using vasoactive drugs or inotropes. The goals are to restore tissue perfusion and prevent complications like multiple organ failure. Early diagnosis and management of shock is crucial to prevent permanent damage or death.
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Dr. Bishnu Prasad Gautam
Dr. Sushil Shrestha
Dr. Bishnu Prasad Gautam
Dr. Sushil Shrestha
Major Risk Factors
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Obesity
Family History
Stress
Sedentary Lifestyle
Pathogenesis
Atherosclerosis
Plaque Rupture
Thrombosis
Ischemia
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- Treatment depends on presentation but may include medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery. Proper lifestyle also important to control risk factors.Sudden cardiac death
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This document contains practice questions about white blood cells (WBC) and their malignancies. It includes short answer questions about the types of acute leukemia, the differences between acute and chronic leukemia in terms of onset, cell type, and course. It also asks about the Philadelphia chromosome and causes of massive spleen. Multiple choice questions test knowledge about features of acute leukemia, the diagnosis of a male presenting with irregular fever and massive splenomegaly and the Philadelphia chromosome, aggressive cancers presenting with immature blast cells, the next step in diagnosing a girl with immature blast cells, and conditions that can cause massive splenomegaly.
White blood cell disorders
This document contains practice questions about white blood cells (WBC) and their malignancies. It includes short answer questions about the types of acute leukemia, the differences between acute and chronic leukemia in terms of onset, cell type, and course. It also asks about the Philadelphia chromosome and causes of massive spleen. Multiple choice questions test knowledge about features of acute leukemia, the diagnosis of a male presenting with irregular fever and massive splenomegaly and the Philadelphia chromosome, diseases presenting with immature blast cells and an aggressive course, the next step to diagnose a girl with immature blast cells, and conditions that can cause massive splenomegaly.
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This document discusses nursing care for clients with acute coronary syndrome. It begins by defining coronary artery disease and its causes, including atherosclerosis. Major risk factors for coronary artery disease are then outlined, including nonmodifiable factors like age, gender and heredity, as well as modifiable factors such as smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and stress. The document emphasizes lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and management of risk factors to prevent acute coronary events.
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DR.pptx for bachelor of nursing first year
- 1. • Q.1.What is edema? Explain pathogenegis of edema. • Q.2.Difference between transudate vs exudate fluids. Mcq. Which of the following is the diuretics of choice in cerebral edema? A.Spironolactone B. Thiazide C.Furosemide D.Mannitol Q.1.What is hemodynamic disorders Q.2.Define thrombosis and embolism.
- 2. • MCQ Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs in the A.chest B.Abdomen C. Leg D. feet Q.1.Explain lymphadenopathy and its causes Q.2.Explain splenomegaly and its causes MCQ .Which is known as graveyard of RBCS ? A.kidney B.SPLEEN C.liver D. Lungs
- 3. Q.1.Briefly explain bleeding disorders . Q.2.Briefly explain clotting disorders . MCQ.Factor deficient in hemophilia A is A.factor 8 B. factor 9 C.factor 11 d. factor 3 Q.1.Define anatomical dimensions of appendix. Q.2. Write functions of appendix. MCQ.Which organ is known as vestigial organ ? A.appendix B.Cecam C. small intestine D. rectum
- 4. • Q.1. What do you mean by fracture ? • Q.2.Explain healing process of fracture. MCQ.Which is the bone forming cell? A. OSTEOBLAST B.OSTEOCLAST C.FIBROBLAST D.MYOBLAST