Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring countries enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and policies. De Lombaerde and Van Langenhove describe it as a worldwide phenomenon of territorial systems that increases the interactions between their components and creates new forms of organization, co-existing with traditional forms of state-led organization at the national level. The European Union is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. Dinar is a monetary unit used in several Middle Eastern countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, and Tunisia.

2. 1.Regional integration is
the process by which
two or more nation-
states agree to
cooperate and work
closely together to
achieve peace, stability,
and wealth

4. Regional
Integration is a
process in which
neighboring
countries enter
into an agreement
in order to upgrade
cooperation
through common
institutions and
policies

6. De Lombaerde and Van
Langenhove describe it as a
worldwide phenomenon of
territorial systems that
increases the interactions
between their components
and creates new forms of
organization, co-existing with
traditional forms of state-led
organization at the national
level

9. The European Union is
a supranational political
and economic union of
27 member states that
are located primarily in
Europe

11. 24 Arab countries

12. Israel is not a part of the Arab world.

13. Dinar is a monetary unit used in
several Middle Eastern countries,
including Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, and Tunisia.
The Kuwaiti Dinar holds the
reputation of being the
strongest currency in the
world.

14. The Saudi riyal is the currency of Saudi Arabia.

16.  OPEC stands for the "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries." It is an
international organization consisting of 13 member countries that are major
producers and exporters of crude oil, including Algeria, Angola, Congo, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon.
 OPEC was founded in 1960 with the objective of coordinating and unifying the
petroleum policies of its member countries to secure fair and stable prices for
petroleum producers and to ensure a steady supply of oil to consumers. The
organization works to regulate oil production and supply, negotiate with oil
companies, and develop policies that support the interests of its member countries.
 OPEC plays a significant role in global oil markets and has been involved in a number
of significant events, including the 1973 oil embargo and the 2014 oil price crash.
The organization regularly meets to discuss production quotas and other policies,
and its decisions can have a significant impact on the global economy and energy
markets.

18. 2. Trade liberalization is the removal
or reduction of restrictions or
barriers on the free exchange of
goods between nations.
These barriers include
 Tariffs, such as duties and
surcharges
 nontariff barriers, such as
licensing rules and quotas.

19. 3. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a
category of cross-border investment in
which an investor resident in one
economy establishes a lasting interest
in and a significant degree of influence
over an enterprise resident in another
economy.

20. Importance of FDI
 Foreign direct investment is critical for
developing and emerging market
countries. Their companies need
multinational funding and expertise to
expand their international sales. Their
countries need private investment in
infrastructure, energy, and water to
increase jobs and wages.
 The UN has also promoted the use of
FDI to combat the impacts of climate
change.

21. The “Build, Build, Build”
program also includes a
traffic-decongestion strategy
that aims to construct high-
quality highways/expressways,
by-passes/diversion roads,
flyovers, interchanges, and
underpasses, as well as widen
national roads and bridges
Funded by China

23. 4. Privatization- transfer of
ownership, property, or business
from the government to the private
sector is termed privatization.
 The government ceases to be
the owner of the entity or
business. The process in which a
publicly traded company is
taken over by a few people is
also called privatization.

34. 4. Deregulation is the reduction or
elimination of government power in
a particular industry, usually enacted
to create more competition within
the industry.
 Deregulation is the removal or
reduction of government
regulations in a specific industry.
 The goals are to allow industries
to operate businesses more
freely, make decisions efficiently,
and remove corporate
restrictions.

38. Bartering is the exchange of goods and services
between two or more parties without the use of
money. It is the oldest form of commerce.

39. Mercantilism refers to an economic
policy or trade system wherein a country
focuses on maintaining a favorable trade
balance by maximizing exports and
minimizing imports with other countries.
 Its purpose is to empower a nation
via wealth and resource acquisition
while improving its military and
political power.
 Mercantilism is economic nationalism
for the purpose of building a wealthy
and powerful state.

43. Oprah Winfrey
Halle Berry

46. Dollar standard
Gold standard

47. The Industrial Revolution shifted
societies from an agrarian economy
to a manufacturing economy where
products were no longer made solely
by hand but by machines.
 This led to increased production
and efficiency, lower prices, more
goods, improved wages, and
migration from rural areas to
urban areas.

50. Thank you