Case Study 3: The Tacos are Trouble
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- 67 people from several US states became ill in late 2006 with bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps after consuming raw food from Taco Bell. 51 people were hospitalized and 8 developed kidney failure. - Tests identified the culprit as likely being Escherichia coli (E. coli), a gram-negative bacterium normally found in the intestines of mammals. E. coli was found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol and tetracycline antibiotics. - E. coli is spread through fecal-oral transmission and can contaminate food and water sources when fecal matter gets into the environment through farming practices like manure fertilization or irrigation with contaminated water. Chloramphenicol is effective at curing E
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- 67 people from several US states became ill in late 2006 with bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps after consuming raw food from Taco Bell. 51 people were hospitalized and 8 developed kidney failure.
- The illness is believed to be gastroenteritis caused by bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, or Shigella. Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella were identified.
- Testing indicated the outbreak was caused by E. coli O157:H7. E. coli causes illness through fecal-oral transmission and contaminated food/water. Chloramphenicol is effective at treating the infection.
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This document summarizes key information about Group B and Group D streptococci. It discusses their classification, pathogenicity, laboratory identification tests like hemolytic patterns on blood agar, CAMP test, bacitracin sensitivity test, and characteristics that differentiate streptococcal species. Information provided includes diseases caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep), Enterococcus faecalis, and the differences between enterococci and non-enterococcal Group D streptococci.
Gi infections
The document discusses various types of gastro-intestinal infections and diarrheas. It describes the classification, symptoms, pathogens, transmission, and treatments for infectious diarrheas including bacterial, protozoal and viral causes. Key causes discussed are Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli, Campylobacter, Giardia, Clostridium difficile and rotavirus. The pathophysiology and diagnostic approach are also summarized.
Salmonella sp.,
This document summarizes characteristics of the Salmonella genus, including pathogenic species such as Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphia. It describes Salmonella's morphology, optimal growth conditions, virulence factors, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and diseases caused such as gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. The document also outlines methods for laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella including culture-based identification and biochemical testing, as well as treatments including antibiotics and preventive vaccination measures.
Case Study 1: Peanut Butter is Tainted
425 people from 44 states were sickened after consuming contaminated peanut butter. Symptoms included diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Laboratory tests on a patient sample identified the causative agent as Salmonella enterica. Gram staining showed the sample was gram-negative. Culture on MacConkey agar yielded whitish clear colonies, characteristic of gram-negative lactose-negative bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found the sample was resistant to penicillin and vancomycin but sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, matching the profile of Salmonella enterica.
Enteric fever pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis .pptx
microbiological aspect of enteric fever
Other Gram Negative Bacilli
The document discusses several gram-negative bacteria including Vibrios, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Haemophilus, Bordetella, and Brucella. It describes their characteristics, habitats, mechanisms of infection, diseases caused, methods of diagnosis and treatment. Key points covered include that Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes opportunistic infections, Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of food poisoning, and Haemophilus influenzae was a major cause of childhood meningitis prior to vaccination.
Other Gram Negative Bacilli
The document discusses several gram-negative bacteria including Vibrios, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Haemophilus, Bordetella, and Brucella. It describes their characteristics, habitats, mechanisms of infection, diseases caused, methods of diagnosis and treatment. Key points covered include that Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes opportunistic infections, Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of food poisoning, and Haemophilus influenzae was a major cause of childhood meningitis prior to vaccination.
Salmonella
Salmonella is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is classified into two species, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, with over 2,500 serotypes identified. Salmonella can cause enteric (typhoid) fever through fecal-oral transmission, or gastroenteritis through contaminated food or water. Clinical manifestations depend on the infecting serotype and host factors. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture of blood, bone marrow, or stool to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on hydration and antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones.
Vibionaceae
Gastrointestinal pathogens of the family Vibrionaceae: Include the following medically important genera: Vibio cholerae, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori.
12 campylobacter helicobacter
This document provides information on Campylobacter and Helicobacter, which are Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria. Campylobacter causes foodborne illness in humans and is transmitted through contaminated poultry or water. Its main virulence factors include flagella for motility and adhesins for attachment. Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach and is associated with gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. It produces urease and adheres tightly to gastric epithelial cells using flagella and adhesins. Both bacteria are transmitted orally between humans or from animal reservoirs and cause disease by invading and damaging intestinal or gastric mucosa.
Salmonella shigella & yersinia dr.ihsan alsaimary
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacteriosis is an infection caused by Campylobacter bacteria, most commonly C. jejuni found in cattle and birds. It is a common foodborne illness that causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever within 1-5 days. Symptoms usually last 2-10 days. While usually self-limiting, it can occasionally cause complications in young children or immunocompromised individuals. The disease is typically transmitted by eating undercooked meat or drinking contaminated water. Diagnosis involves testing a stool sample. Treatment focuses on rehydration, and antibiotics may be used in severe cases. Prevention involves proper food handling and cooking, hand washing, and avoiding cross-contamination.
Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #18
The document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, which includes important genera such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, and Klebsiella. It describes the characteristics, diseases caused, and pathogenic mechanisms of these enterobacteria. Key points include that Enterobacteriaceae are gram-negative facultative anaerobes found in the intestinal tract that can cause diseases like typhoid fever, diarrhea, and urinary tract infections.
GIARDIA LAMBLIA
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
acinobacter & ecoli
The name, Acinetobacter, comes from the Latin word for "motionless" because they lack cilia or flagella with which to move.
Tainted ham
- An outbreak of illness affected 90 people who attended a local festival in Palm Beach County, with symptoms of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It is believed the source was contaminated ham sold at the festival.
- 17 victims sought medical treatment and most recovered within 24 hours. Samples were taken from one patient to identify the cause.
- Tests identified the bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus through gram staining and culture techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed the bacteria was sensitive to penicillin, which could be used to treat the infection.
Similar to Case Study 3: The Tacos are Trouble (20)
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Aeromonas, Helicobacter and Campylobacter spp.)
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Aeromonas, Helicobacter and Campylobacter spp.)
Enteric fever pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis .pptx
Enteric fever pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis .pptx
Salmonella shigella & yersinia dr.ihsan alsaimary
Salmonella shigella & yersinia dr.ihsan alsaimary
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Robert Downey Jr. Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysis
Introduction
Robert Downey Jr., synonymous with Hollywood success. has had a career marked by dramatic ups and downs. Downey's journey is remarkable, from his early days as a promising young actor to his well-documented struggles with addiction and his triumphant comeback in Iron Man. Central to this narrative is his financial success. This article delves into Robert Downey Jr. net worth, exploring how he amassed his fortune. the various income streams contributing to his wealth, and his financial management strategies.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
Childhood and Family Background
Robert Downey Jr. was born on April 4, 1965, in Manhattan, New York City. His father, Robert Downey Sr., was an influential filmmaker and actor. while his mother, Elsie Ann, was an actress. Growing up in a creative environment, Downey was exposed to the entertainment industry at a very young age, appearing in his father's films as early as age five.
Breakthrough in the 1980s
Downey's career began in earnest in the 1980s when he joined the cast of Saturday Night Live. His early film roles in movies like Weird Science (1985) and Less Than Zero (1987) showcased his talent and potential. Despite his initial success, these early years were also marked by personal challenges. Particularly his struggles with substance abuse.
The Downfall and Recovery
Struggles with Addiction
The 1990s were a tumultuous period for Downey. Despite critical acclaim for roles in films such as "Chaplin" (1992), for which he received an Academy Award nomination, his career was derailed by legal troubles related to his drug addiction. Frequent arrests and stints in rehab created an image of an actor whose potential was being overshadowed by his demons.
Comeback and Redemption
The early 2000s marked the beginning of Downey's remarkable comeback. With the support of friends and family and a strong will to overcome his addictions. he gradually rebuilt his career. Key to this resurgence was his role in the TV series Ally McBeal, which not only earned him a Golden Globe but also proved that he still had the talent and appeal needed for Hollywood stardom.
The Marvel Era and Explosive Financial Growth
Casting as Iron Man
2008 was a pivotal year for Downey, as he was cast as Tony Stark/Iron Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). This role would redefine his career and boost Robert Downey Jr. net worth. Marvel Studios took a risk by casting him, but it paid off as "Iron Man" (2008) became a critical and commercial success.
Earnings from the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Downey's portrayal of Iron Man became iconic. Leading to roles in many MCU films, including the "Avengers" series. His compensation for these films varied significantly, starting with a modest (by Hollywood standards) $500,000 for the first "Iron Man" movie. But, his earnings skyrocketed as the MCU grew and his role expanded. For example, Downey reportedly earned $50 million for "The Avengers" (2012) a
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- 8. Possible Cures Antibiotic Diameter MM Resistance Chloramphenol 23 Effective (Sensitive) Penicillian 0 Not effective (Resistant) Vancomycin 0 Not effective (Resistant) Tetracycline 19 Effective (Sensitive) Gentamycin 18 Effective (Sensitive) Strepomyocin 10 Not effective (Resistant)
- 9. Our Culprit?
- 10. Escherichia coli (E. coli)