This was my assignment for social informatics course.

2. Introduction
2
Figure 1.1 Approaches used for career guidance in university/ school
• Starting a career journey is a challenging step for students studying in
university and considered as one of the most important part of the lives of
every students.
• Career counselling is even more necessary today, in the context of a fragile
and unbalanced economy, which is undergoing deep crisis and where many
of those looking for a job have no time left for self-knowledge and selection,
since they desperately need a job (Henderson & Dalton, 2010).
• Zainudin et al. (2010) remarked that career counselling services via online
technology is now a growing field that is slowly receiving attention from
researchers, career practitioners, counsellors and other professionals.
• Thus, integrating online counselling features using the mobile application
can not only save time and cost for the students, but also have significant
impacts for the students.

3. Benchmarking the existing Technology-assisted Career Counselling
3
Authors/
Developers
Project /
Application/
System
Name
Technology
Delivery
Features
Mobile
based
Compute
r
based
Human
Counsello
rs
Interactiv
ity
Tests
Schedulin
g
Palade &
Constantin,
(2012)
VIA
Papakota
(2016)
CD-ROM
guide
Susankya
Tech Pvt.
Ltd
Right Path
Career
Counselling
National
Informatics
Center
(India)
Career
Counseling
Benchmarking the existing technologies and solutions is a
common practice. This practice can help to investigate the
possible issues and convey the idea to improve the systems
by modifying the idea gradually.
Six indicators under two different categories are chosen to
conduct the benchmarking analysis –
Technology Delivery: Under the category “technology
delivery” – mobile or computer-based system is analyzed.
Features: four factors involved for this category 1) human
counsellors – humans behave as counsellors, 2) interactivity
– the system comprises interactive components, 3) tests –
skills, personality assessments and aptitude tests, 4)
scheduling – a feature which allows user to schedule the
meetings.
Table 2.1 Analysis of systems and their features

4. Overview of Prototyping
4
• Budde et al. (1992) defined that 'a prototype is an operational model of
the application system' while implementing the certain aspects of the
future system.
• Prototype is a tool for users, developers and managers because they are
able to provide an accurate representation of the problem regarding the
product being solved, which helps to evaluate the efficacy of the
application model.
• Beaudouin-Lafon and Mackay (2002) reported four dimensions
regarding the aspects of prototypes and its techniques: representation,
precision, interactivity and evolution.
Nielsen (1993) discussed and described the three types of
prototypes
• Horizontal prototypes consist of shallow functionality
with wide features of service.
• According to Jones, Floyd & Twindale (horizontal
prototypes can support users and developers to
understand the system.
• Vertical prototypes consist of narrow features with
deep functions.
• the scenario prototypes overlapped the two.
Figure 2.3 Horizontal and vertical prototypes (Nielsen, 1993)
According to Neumann (2004), the advantages of using prototypes include -
1. validate the applications with users at the early stages
2. users can share the needs and requirements for the final product
3. produce visible visual presentation of the product
4. collaboration among the developers and users
5. evaluate the design of the product or application
6. can reduce the risks of project failure

5. High-fidelity vs. Low-fidelity Prototypes
5
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Low-Fidelity
 Lower development cost.
 Evaluate multiple design
concepts.
 Useful communication
device
 Address screen layout
issues
 Useful for identifying
market requirements.
 Proof-of-concept.
 Limited error checking.
 Prototype Poor detailed
specification to code to.
 Facilitator-driven.
 Limited utility after
requirements established.
 Limited usefulness for
usability tests.
 Navigational and flow
limitations.
High-Fidelity
 Complete functionality.
 Fully interactive.
 User-driven.
 Clearly defines
navigational scheme.
 Use for exploration and
test.
 Look and feel of final
product.
 Serves as a living
specification.
 Marketing and sales tool.
 More expensive to develop.
 Time-consuming to create.
 Inefficient for proof-of-
concept designs.
 Not effective for
requirements gathering.
• According to Walker et al. (2002) ‘Prototypes more similar to the final
product are “high-fidelity” while those less similar are “low-fidelity’.
• Rudd et al. (1996) claim that low-fidelity prototypes can have great
value in the early design process stage of gathering requirements and
analysis. Low-fidelity prototypes are mostly used to test the initial
ideas and stages regarding the design aspects of the application.
• High fidelity prototypes are very interactive and users can feel like final
product.
• Using high-fidelity prototyping to describe the variety of designs
turned out to be a feasible and affordable form of application
development irrespective of the time it consumed during the process
(Mugisha et al., 2018).

6. Tools for User Interface Prototyping
6
• Figma – Figma is the most popular platform for
developing interface designs and interactive prototypes.
Figma has many useful plugins and features which allows
user to create a functional prototype.
• Adobe XD – Adobe XD is a vector design and prototyping
tool which can run on different platforms such as web
and mobile devices. It supports the users with many
features creating wireframes, designs and prototypes.
• Fluid UI – Fluid UI is a browser-based wireframing and prototyping
tool for creating design interfaces. It allows several features
including the collaborative features, for instance, live video calling
with other collaborators within the project.
• Proto.io – Proto.io is also a prototyping tool and has a variety of
drag-and-drop features. Those involves UI web components,
templates, icon libraries, digital assets, and audio/video
integrations.

7. Methodology
7
Phase 1 – Preliminary Study
Phase 2 – Software Development Life Cycle
Phase 3 - Reporting

8. Use Case Diagram
8
User Role
Student Student is a primary user who seeks for advice
regarding the career
Counsellor Counsellor is the one who give advices to the
student
Administrator Administrator is who control/ own the system
Table 3.1 Description of users and their roles
Figure 3.2 Use Case Diagram

9. Software Development Life Cycle
9
Figure 3.3 Waterfall Model of SDLC
A. Analysis
B. Design
C. Development
D. Testing
E. Implementation

10. Design of Prototype
10
Link to prototype on Figma

11. Impacts
11
• The system can provide constant assess and it can deliver the significant positive impacts for the involving parties.
• The online virtual meetings can deliver the best approaches for the interactive meetings as a mean to communicate and receive the
feedbacks instantly.
• The digital technology can help the counsellors and students to perform the actions while providing flexibility and can be used in any
situation and content (Anthony, 2015). For instance, feedbacks after each counselling sessions are stored in the system and the student
can assess the documents anytime anywhere.
• Likewise, for the counsellors, online appointment and scheduling makes easy as they can perform the tasks from anywhere, which
enables the ones who are visiting abroad can engage as well.
• As another positive impact, the application can maximize the career related services delivered by the university, while promoting the
inclusiveness of the service.
• The underlying part of career counselling services involves the confidentiality and ethics of a counsellor. All practitioners who are
involve in the counselling will be not professional consellors, Counsellor should be confident to handle the issues and problems related
to confidential, ethical, legal and privacy before they conduct the virtual career counseling (Glasheen, Campbell, & Shochet, 2013).

12. Conclusion
12
• This study proposed the innovative solution of bridging the gap of the students to the job market.
• Too (2017) stated that students may try to find a job in their chosen field, settling for low-paid jobs and out of their field of interest.
• Bright (2015) remarked that “career development and ICT are now intimately intertwined, and it is time to work out how we can best
get along and make the most of it, and to stop ignoring or resisting the potential of ICT to transform our practice”.
• Still, there are limited studies which investigates the technology assisted career counselling applications and software.
• Career counselling applications can serve as a stepping stone for the future of the students.
• Mostly, career counselling applications were described as interactive medium which can provide diverse features with specific
objectives. These applications can foster not only the various levels of interaction, but also can provide the immediate feedbacks.
• In a nutshell, this study investigated the background of career counselling and the technology assisted career counselling which are
beneficial to the students who are studying at the university.
• This study presents the prototype of the application.
• As a result, it is anticipated that the design of the application can be evaluated and improved into a proper application.

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