6. Voluntary attention
• Attention demand a conscious effort on your
part. for example, solving an assignment
problem in mathematics or answering a question
in an examination needs voluntary attention. it
is further subdivided into two categories
7. • Implicit voluntary attention- a single act of
will is responsible for arousing attention. for
example, a teacher assign Practice work to a
child and warn of punishment, if not completed.
this can make him exercise his will power, attend
to the assigned task and finished it properly.
8. • Explicit voluntary attention- attention is
obtained by repeated act of will. one has to
struggle hard for keeping oneself attentive, it
requires a strong will power, keen attention and
strong motive for accomplishment of the task.
for example, the attention paid during
examination days for securing good grades.
9. Involuntary Attention
• This type of attention is around without the play
of will or without making a conscious effort on
our part. for example, we give involuntary
attention to loud sound, bright light and strong
orders.
10. • Enforced attention- aroused by the Instinct is
called and enforced non voluntary attention. for
example, giving attention out of curiosity.
11. • Spontaneous attention- aroused by
sentiments is called spontaneous non voluntary
attention. for example, we give an automatic or
spontaneous attention to an objective, idea or a
person around which our sentiments are formed
12. Determinants Of Attention
External factors-
• Nature of stimulus
• Intensity of stimulus
• Size of stimulus
• Contrast, change and novelty
• Location of stimulus
• Repetition of stimulus
• Movement of stimulus
• Definite form of the object
• Isolation of stimulus
13. Internal factors-
• Interest and attention
• Motives
• Mental set up
• Past experience
• Emotion
• Habit
• Aim
• Meaning
• Disposition and temperament
14. Duration and degree of attention
Span of attention- The maximum amount of
material that can be attended in one period of
attention is called span of attention.
This can be visual attention or auditory
attention.
15. Alteration In Attention (Distraction)
• Distraction means any stimulus whose presence
interfere with the process of attention or draws
away attention from the object which we wish to
attend.
• These alteration in attention reduce the
efficiency of work.
16. Source Of Distraction
• The source of destruction vary very much. They
affect the individual according to his own mental
setup and personality characteristics. The
condition which causes distraction to an
individual may prove helpful in sustaining
attention to others.
• External factor/environmental factors
• Internal factors
17. External factors-
• Noise
• Music
• Improper lighting
• Uncomfortable seats
• Unfavorable temperature
• In adequate ventilation
• Defective method of teaching
• Defective voice of the teacher
• Etc.
19. Types of distraction
Continuous distraction-
• The distraction is continuous in nature. For
example, the sound of radio played
continuously, the noise at the marketplace, etc.
