Archaeology - Major based elective 1
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This document outlines the course objectives, units, and references for a course on archaeology. The course aims to help students understand the meaning and scope of archaeology as well as how it can be used as a source for history. It is divided into 4 units that will cover topics like exploration methods, prehistoric cultures in India, megalithic cultures, excavations of important Indus sites, and ware cultures. The course will also examine epigraphy, numismatics, and important archaeologists. The references section lists several books and papers that provide further information on topics like Indian and South Indian archaeology, epigraphy, and excavation methods.
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India is located in South Asia between Pakistan, China, and Nepal. It has a long history and diverse culture, with over 1 billion people speaking hundreds of languages and practicing many religions. India has the world's largest democracy and the fourth largest economy, with a rich cultural heritage including many classical dance forms, music, literature, mathematics, and science contributions over 5000 years. Some of its most famous landmarks include the Taj Mahal, Golden Temple, and Gateway of India.
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India has made many contributions to the world in various fields such as science, technology, mathematics, medicine, art, and games. Some key contributions include developing the number system including zero, inventing chess and snakes and ladders games, pioneering surgical techniques and ayurvedic medicine, establishing the first university, and low-cost space exploration through ISRO. Indian culture also influenced neighboring countries in areas like dance, music, and textiles. Overall, India has a long history of advancing knowledge across many disciplines over millennia and sharing innovations with the global community.
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The document provides information about various aspects of Indian culture, history, and achievements. It summarizes that the colors of the Indian flag represent courage, purity, and faith. It then lists facts about India's population, government, and economy. Key highlights from India's long history and cultural contributions are noted, including the Indus Valley Civilization, ancient universities, yoga, martial arts, independence from Britain, and important scientific and cultural figures.
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Indian culture has a rich legacy of scientific ideas dating back to ancient times. In ancient India, various fields of science like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy made progress. Key developments included Aryabhata's work in astronomy which established it on scientific principles instead of religious beliefs, the development of the decimal number system and discovery of zero in mathematics, and the works of Charaka and Sushruta in medicine which discussed plants, surgery and over 700 medical plants. During the medieval period, science continued along traditions from earlier times while also adopting new influences from Islamic and European contacts through institutions like madrasas.
Ancient Education System of India CLASS VIII by Vungngaihlian (TGT English).pptx
The ancient Indian education system focused on the holistic development of students through imparting both inner and outer knowledge. Education was provided freely through various institutions like gurukuls, temples, and universities. It emphasized developing moral, physical, spiritual, and intellectual abilities of students. Famous universities like Taxshashila and Nalanda attracted students from India and abroad and taught a wide range of subjects through discussions and debates. The community also played a key role in financially supporting and maintaining education centers. The ancient Indian system provides lessons for making modern education more well-rounded and connected to students' overall growth.
Indias gift to_world
India has contributed greatly to many areas of knowledge over millennia. Some key contributions include:
1. Developing the number system including zero, place-value system, and decimal system as early as 100 BC.
2. Advances in mathematics like quadratic equations, largest numbers, and calculus.
3. Establishing one of the earliest universities and centers of education at Takshila in 700 BC.
4. Pioneering advances in astronomy, medicine, surgery, metallurgy, textiles, shipbuilding, and more.
5. Developing philosophies and spiritual traditions like yoga, Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism that shaped global thought.
India laid
Core course ii
This document outlines a course on the history of Tamil Nadu up until 1565 AD. It is divided into 5 units that will cover: the geography and Sangam age of Tamil culture; the Pallava dynasty between 600-900 AD and their contributions to art and architecture; the imperial Chola dynasty between 900-1200 AD and their administration, literature, art, and religion; the Pandya dynasty and their relationships with the Cholas and Sri Lanka; and the advent of Islam in Tamil Nadu and rule under the Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagar Empire until 1565 AD. The course objectives are to understand Tamil culture and civilization, the Tamil rulers' trade contacts, Chola administration and irrigation methods, and contributions to
India's gift to the world
India has greatly contributed to fields such as mathematics, science, philosophy, and medicine. Key contributions include developing the number system including zero, inventing chess and developing surgery techniques like plastic surgery. India was also home to some of the earliest universities and centers of education. Many modern concepts were developed in India first, including atomic theory and calculus, before being "discovered" in Europe. India's ancient texts also show a sophisticated understanding of astronomy, including accurately calculating the time it takes earth to orbit the sun and explaining eclipses. Overall, the document argues that India was a early leader in many areas of knowledge and innovation.
India's Gift to the World
India has greatly contributed to many areas of knowledge throughout history according to the document. It describes India as the cradle of the human race and the birthplace of many ideas. Several quotes highlight how India was the original source of many concepts that later developed in other parts of the world, such as democracy, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and more. India is praised for its non-violent traditions and spiritual philosophies by many historians and thinkers quoted in the document.
Mural Art of India: An Introduction
The document provides an overview of mural art traditions in India, beginning with early traditions at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh, and later traditions under dynasties like the Chola. It discusses the history, themes, techniques, and materials of important mural art centers in India. Key points include the use of natural pigments like ochres and lapis lazuli, application over plaster on cave walls or plain temple walls, and depictions of religious, political, and secular themes through narratives and figures. Mural traditions evolved over time, with regional styles developing under the Pallava and Chola that built upon earlier Gupta and Vakataka styles seen at Ajanta.
Indias Gift To The World
The document discusses India's significant contributions to various fields throughout history as noted by several prominent figures. It highlights how India was the original cradle of human civilization and developed many fundamental concepts including the decimal system, place value, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and more. India also made major advances in astronomy, physics, chemistry, medicine, surgery, arts, philosophy and non-violence. Even today, Indians make up a large percentage of scientists and technical professionals in major companies around the world. The document emphasizes India's role as a mother civilization that shaped much of history and continues to make immense contributions globally.
Indias Gift To The World
The document discusses India's significant contributions to various fields throughout history as noted by several prominent figures. It highlights how India was the original cradle of human civilization and developed many fundamental concepts including the decimal system, place value, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, and more. India also made major contributions to fields like astronomy, medicine, surgery, physics, chemistry, arts, philosophy and non-violence. The document asserts that India has gifted much to the world throughout history.
Indias gift to_the_world
The document discusses India's significant contributions to various fields throughout history as noted by several prominent figures. It summarizes that India was the original cradle of human civilization and contributed greatly to fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy and other areas. India is also highlighted as the original source of important concepts like zero, place value systems, and inventions like chess. The document aims to showcase India's influential role in the advancement of human knowledge and civilization globally.
Similar to Archaeology - Major based elective 1 (20)
education,science and technology by riyaz khan.pdf
education,science and technology by riyaz khan.pdf
Ancient Education System of India CLASS VIII by Vungngaihlian (TGT English).pptx
Ancient Education System of India CLASS VIII by Vungngaihlian (TGT English).pptx
More from aghalyaG1
Ryotwari in tamil country
This document discusses the Ryotwari land tenure system introduced in parts of India during British rule. Key points:
1. The Ryotwari system involved individual cultivators (ryots) paying land taxes directly to the government, rather than through intermediaries.
2. John Stuart Mill described ryots as having proprietor rights and protections like remission of taxes in bad seasons, but paying fixed taxes in perpetuity.
3. The system aimed to fix assessments not on actual crop yields but estimated land potential, sometimes demanding over 50% of gross revenue.
Ryotwari in tamil country
This document discusses the Ryotwari land tenure system introduced in parts of India during British rule. Key points:
1. The Ryotwari system involved individual cultivators (ryots) paying land taxes directly to the government, rather than through intermediaries.
2. John Stuart Mill described ryots as having proprietor rights and protections like remission of taxes in bad seasons, but paying fixed taxes in perpetuity.
3. The system aimed to fix assessments not on actual crop yields but estimated land potential, sometimes demanding over 50% of gross revenue.
The pallavas administration and art
The Pallavas were a prominent dynasty in South India between 550-750 AD. They expanded their rule over a large region and completed the Aryanization of South Indian society. The Pallavas had a well-established administrative system with local assemblies and councils overseeing village, district, and regional administration. They were great builders and patrons of the arts, leaving behind rock-cut cave temples and structural temples that evolved over successive kings and showed increasing ornamentation. Their naval projects also aided maritime trade.
Pallava dynasty
The Pallava Dynasty ruled southern India with their capital at Kanchipuram from the 3rd to the 9th centuries AD. They emerged as the Satavahana and Chola empires declined, establishing a strong kingdom under kings like Simhavishnu. The Pallavas built many famous temples and had changing fortunes in wars against the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, with their power declining after the 8th century. Internal succession struggles after Nandivarman III led to the end of Pallava rule.
Kalabras
The Kalabhra dynasty ruled southern India from the middle of the 3rd century AD to the end of the 6th century AD, interrupting the Sangam period of Tamil literature and culture. They occupied the Tamil country and imprisoned the Chera, Chola, and Pandya rulers. During their rule, Buddhism flourished in the Tamil region and scholars like Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha, and Bodhidharma lived there. By the end of the 6th century, the Pandyan ruler Kadungon and Pallava king Simhavishnu defeated the Kalabhras, bringing their rule to an end.
Sangam
The document provides an overview of Sangam literature and the Sangam period of ancient Tamil Nadu. Some key points:
- Sangam literature is one of the main sources for documenting the early history of Tamil Nadu and mentions kings and princes of the Chola, Pandya and Chera kingdoms.
- Sources include literary works as well as archaeological evidence. Literary sources include Sangam poems/texts and works by foreign travelers.
- The society was divided into peasants, laborers, artisans and other occupational groups rather than a strict caste system. Trade within India and abroad was an important part of the economy.
Geographical features of tamilnadu
Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 square kilometers in southern India. It is bordered by Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and the union territory of Puducherry, with coastline along the Bay of Bengal. Tamil Nadu has a diverse geography that includes hills and mountains, plateaus, plains and coastlines. The Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats mountains dominate the western and northeastern parts of the state. Major rivers include the Kaveri, Vaigai, and Thamirabarani, and the state also features the second longest beach in the world at Marina Beach in Chennai.
5. counter reformation movement
The Counter-Reformation was a reaction by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation. It began in the 16th century and aimed both to reform the Catholic Church and counter the spread of Protestantism. The Jesuits played a key role in the Counter-Reformation through education. Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545, which enacted reforms to address issues like corruption and clarify Catholic doctrine. The Inquisition was established in 1542 to combat heresy and control religious doctrine and practice. The Counter-Reformation achieved victories like restoring Catholic domination in Poland and Bohemia.
4. religious reformation
The questioning of the authority of the catholic church and the Pope with the rise of modernity is called as ‘Religious Reformation’.
Renaissance
This document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. It notes that the Renaissance began in Italy and was characterized by revivals of classical art, literature, science, and philosophy. Key developments included the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, advances in painting, sculpture and architecture by artists like da Vinci and Michelangelo, the development of printing presses, and scientific theories like Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. The Renaissance marked a transition from the medieval period to modernity with its emphasis on humanism, individualism, and secular themes.
2. geographical explorations
The document discusses the major geographical explorations that occurred after the 15th century. It notes that prior to this period, Europeans had limited geographical knowledge. However, developments like the fall of Constantinople in 1453 closed trade routes with Asia, increasing European interest in finding new sea routes to lucrative trade partners like India. Explorers like Columbus, da Gama, and Magellan embarked on major voyages of discovery in the 15th-16th centuries, establishing European contact with and colonization of territories in Africa, Asia, North and South America. These explorations had significant economic, political, and intellectual impacts on both Europe and the lands explored.
1. the fall of constantinoble
The city of Constantinople was founded in 324 CE by Roman emperor Constantine I and served as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over 1,000 years. Although it suffered many attacks over the centuries, such as sieges by the Arabs in the 7th-8th centuries and Bulgar Khans in the 9th-10th centuries, its strong defenses, including the Theodosian Walls, protected it. However, in 1453 CE the mighty cannons of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, ending its long rule.
History of europe from 1453 to 1789 ad
This document outlines a course on the history of Europe from 1453 to 1789 AD. It includes 5 units that will cover topics like the fall of Constantinople, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Industrial Revolution, the rise of countries like Spain, France, Prussia and Russia, as well as enlightened despotism and the French Revolution. The objectives are to understand the importance of Constantinople's fall and the origins of the Industrial Revolution. References for further reading on these topics and periods are also provided.
Archaeology its correlation with other subjects
Archaeology relies on correlations with other fields like the natural sciences. Artifacts must be analyzed with knowledge of geology, zoology, botany, and palynology to understand the environment and human interactions. Geological studies provide climate context. Zooarchaeology and archaeobotany reveal past diets, economies, and seasons from animal and plant remains. Physical anthropology aids the study of early human evolution and anatomy. Archaeology also correlates with social sciences for holistic cultural reconstructions.
Functions of archaeologist
This document provides information about the role of archaeologists, including what they study, their job duties, and the skills and personality traits suited for the profession. It notes that archaeologists study human cultures and societies of the past through examining physical remains and artifacts. Their work involves conducting surveys, excavations, analyzing and interpreting findings. The document also outlines the different specializations within archaeology and the typical work environments, which can include fieldwork, laboratories, and offices. It takes between 4-12 years to become an archaeologist, depending on the degree pursued.
Kinds of archaeology
The document discusses different types of archaeology categorized based on the work done and the historic time period studied. Key types discussed include prehistoric archaeology which studies periods before writing; historical archaeology which analyzes periods with written records; and specialized fields like underwater archaeology, landscape archaeology, and forensic archaeology. Classical archaeology specifically focuses on the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
Purpose of archaeology
Archaeology is used to study prehistoric societies without written records by examining stone tools and other artifacts dating back 2.5 million years. It sheds light on key developments in human evolution and technological advances. While some literate societies left written records, these are often incomplete or reflect the biases of elite classes. Archaeology provides a more comprehensive understanding of past cultures by studying artifacts that represent a society more broadly, not just the perspectives of the literate minority. The purpose of archaeology is to learn about humanity's development through examining both prehistoric and historic material cultures.
An introduction to archaeology
This document provides an overview of archaeology as a field of study. It begins with definitions and objectives, explaining that archaeology is the study of human activity and cultures through recovered artifacts. It discusses the origins and relationship between archaeology and history, noting that archaeology can provide evidence for historical periods where written records are limited. The document also describes approaches within prehistoric archaeology and defines the subfield of historical archaeology.
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Archaeology - Major based elective 1
- 1. Dr.AGHALYA.,M.A.,M.Ed.,M.PHIL.,Ph.D., Head & Asst.Professor Department of History Bon Secours College for Women Thanjavur
- 2. To understand the meaning and the scope of the study of Archaeology. To understand Archaeology as a source for history. To involve the student in understanding the Methods of Exploration and Excavation. To trace the Meaning the Importance of Epigraphy and Numismatics. Objectives:
- 3. Archaeology : Its meaning and importance Archaeology as a source of history Kinds of Archaeology Purpose of Archaeology Archaeology its correlation with other Subjects Functions of Archaeologist. UNIT - I
- 4. Exploration Methods of site survey Excavation – Kinds of Excavation Pre- history: Palaeolithic culture in India – Mesolithic Age – Neolithic Culture. UNIT - II
- 5. Proto – history: Megalithic culture and Chalcolithic culture in India Excavations of Indus sites – Harappa, Mohanjadaro Iron age culture in India. UNIT - III
- 6. Ware cultures of India Indian Pottery Foreign Pottery Found in India Archaeological Survey of India (A.S.I) British Archaeologists – Alexander Cunningham – Robert Bruce Foote – James Burgess – Sir John Marshall – Mortimer – Wheeler. UNIT - IV
- 7. Epigraphy: its meaning and importance kinds of Inscriptions – Source for history Numismatics – Meaning and importance – Numismatics as a source of history Coins of the Mauryas, Kushanas, Guptas, Pallavas, Pandyas, Cholas and Vijayanagar rulers - Foreign Coins found in India.
- 8. Ramaswamy Iyer Venkataraman, N.Subramanian: Tamil Epigraphy: A Survey, Volume 1 of the Tamils series, Ennes Pblication, 1980. T.V.Mahalingam: Early South Indian Paleography, Issue 1 of Madras University archaeological series, University of Madras, Madras, 1967. C.Brown, The coins of India, Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1922. A.Cunningham : Coins of Ancient India from earliest times to the 7th Century A.D. A.L. Basham, The Wonder that Was India, Fontana Books in association with Rupa & Co., Delhi, London, 1967. Colin Renfrew and Paul G. Bahn, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004. Dilip. K. Chakrabarti, India: An Archaeological History Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999. References
- 9. K. Paddaya, ―Theoretical perspectives in Indian archaeology – An historical view‖. In Theory in Archaeology – A world perspective, (ed.) PeterJ. Ucko, Roultedge, London, 1995. Surindranath Roy, The Story of Indian Archaeology: 1784-1947, New Delhi, 1961. Kathelen Kenyon, Beginning Archaeology, London, 1952 K.S. Ramachanidran, A Bibliography of South Indian Megalithic, The State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu, 1971. A. Aiyappan and S.T. Satyamurti, Handbook A Museum Technique, Madras, 1971. C. Sivaramamoorthy, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts, Madras, 1957. B.B. Lal, Archaeology, Motilal Babarsidas, Delhi, 1964. K.Rajan, Archaeology: Principles and Methods, Manoo Pathippakam, Thnajavur, 2002. References