A continuous monitoring of the physical strength and mobility of elderly people is important for
maintaining their health and treating diseases at an early stage. However, frequent screenings by
physicians are exceeding the logistic capacities. An alternate approach is the automatic and unobtrusive
collection of functional measures by ambient sensors. In the current publication, we show the correlation
among data of ambient motion sensors and the well-established mobility assessments Short-PhysicalPerformance-Battery, Tinetti and Timed Up & Go. We use the average number of motion sensor events as
activity measure for correlation with the assessment scores. The evaluation on a real-world dataset
shows a moderate to strong correlation with the scores of standardised geriatrics physical assessments
ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMAR...ijujournal
A continuous monitoring of the physical strength and mobility of elderly people is important for
maintaining their health and treating diseases at an early stage. However, frequent screenings by
physicians are exceeding the logistic capacities. An alternate approach is the automatic and unobtrusive
collection of functional measures by ambient sensors. In the current publication, we show the correlation
among data of ambient motion sensors and the well-established mobility assessments Short-Physical-
Performance-Battery, Tinetti and Timed Up & Go. We use the average number of motion sensor events as
activity measure for correlation with the assessment scores. The evaluation on a real-world dataset shows
a moderate to strong correlation with the scores of standardised geriatrics physical assessments.
Objective: To assess the effect of a kinesitherapeutic
program of special exercises for treatment of pain intensity and
endurance of the extensor trunk muscles in patients with
chronic lumbalgy.
Methods: The study included 110 patients with chronic
lumbalgy, equally distributed in two treatment groups.
Participants in the experimental group performed the
recommended special exercises 3 times a week at home, while
those in the control group only followed the guidelines of a
physician. At the beginning of the study and 12 months later,
the pain intensity of all the participants was assessed by means
of Visual Analog Scale.
Results: In contrast to the participants in the control
group, those in the experimental group at the end of observation
were reported to experience a significant reduction in pain
intensity.
Conclusions: Treatment with specific exercises proved
more effective in terms of pain complaints in patients with
chronic lumbalgy.
The status of Tension Exercise Behavior among Iranian Office Workers based o...Health Educators Inc
Background: Exercise behavior is associated with decreased risks of mortality resulted from all
causes. While people suffer from inactivity, doing stretching exercise as an important daily
activity increases joints and muscles full range of motion and flexibility. This study aimed to
assess the status of tension exercise behavior among Iranian office workers based on Trans-
Theoretical Model (TTM).
Methods and Materials: In this cross sectional study, 420 office workers were selected randomly. The
A self-reported questionnaire based on TTM and tension exercise behavior were used to collect data
through self-reporting and analyzed by SPSS software version 16.
Results: Totally 420 office workers with mean age 37.12 ± 8.031 years were assessed. The results
found that 11.7 % of the participants (N = 49) were in pre-contemplation stage, 32.9% (N = 138)
in contemplation, 10 % (N = 42) in preparation stage, 24.5% (N = 103) in action stage and % 21 of
participants (N = 88) were in maintenance stage. There were significant relationship between
stages of TTM and tension exercise behavior.
Conclusions: This study indicated that about the majority of office workers were in contemplation and
pre-contemplation stag regarding tension exercise. Therefore, designing proper educational
intervention is strongly recommended
Manipulation under HOW TO PRESENT A THESISDr. Vinita
This study compared the effects of manipulation under anesthesia for frozen shoulder in patients with and without non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 63 patients were randomly assigned to either a diabetic group (n=21) or a non-diabetic group (n=42). Both groups received general anesthesia and manipulation to restore range of motion. Outcomes including pain, activity, and range of motion were measured at various intervals up to one year post-procedure and compared between groups. The study found no significant differences in outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic groups after manipulation for frozen shoulder.
The IMI Un-weighing Trainer enables partial weight-bearing therapy to be conducted with the assurance of patient comfort & safety, and with convenient access to the patient for manual observation and assistance. The electrical un-weighing trainer is designed to apply vertical support to remove the stress of bearing body weight; unit digitally controls weight bearing, and promotes proper posture and balance over a treadmill or the ground. The system allows patient to stand upright and use both arms freely. Harnesses give security to patients with limited trunk strength. The adjustable suspension bar adjusts to accommodate tall Children & Adults.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of a coordination training program on learning tennis skills. It found that:
1) Expert tennis coaches identified kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time as the most important coordination abilities for tennis.
2) The study involved 48 novice tennis players who were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed a 20-minute coordination training program focusing on kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time, while the control group did not.
3) Results showed the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on measures of forehand and backhand skills immediately after training and one week later, indicating the coordination training helped them learn and perform the skills better.
The TUG test (Timed Up and Go) to predict falls riskJames Brinton
Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test is a timed test of standing and walking that is a predictor of falls risk.
It is s gait-speed test used to assess a person's mobility and requires both static and dynamic balance.
It is very simple to perform, involves very little equipment and takes very little time. The results is a predictor of falls risk.
This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections (CSI) and manual physical therapy (MPT) for treating unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome over one year. 104 patients were randomly assigned to receive either a subacromial CSI or 6 sessions of MPT. Both groups experienced approximately 50% improvement in shoulder pain and disability scores that was maintained at one year, with no significant differences between groups. Both groups also improved on global rating of change and pain scales, again with no significant between-group differences. However, the CSI group used more shoulder-related healthcare resources and received additional steroid injections more frequently over the year than the MPT group. The study found that CSI and MPT produced similar
ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMAR...ijujournal
A continuous monitoring of the physical strength and mobility of elderly people is important for
maintaining their health and treating diseases at an early stage. However, frequent screenings by
physicians are exceeding the logistic capacities. An alternate approach is the automatic and unobtrusive
collection of functional measures by ambient sensors. In the current publication, we show the correlation
among data of ambient motion sensors and the well-established mobility assessments Short-Physical-
Performance-Battery, Tinetti and Timed Up & Go. We use the average number of motion sensor events as
activity measure for correlation with the assessment scores. The evaluation on a real-world dataset shows
a moderate to strong correlation with the scores of standardised geriatrics physical assessments.
Objective: To assess the effect of a kinesitherapeutic
program of special exercises for treatment of pain intensity and
endurance of the extensor trunk muscles in patients with
chronic lumbalgy.
Methods: The study included 110 patients with chronic
lumbalgy, equally distributed in two treatment groups.
Participants in the experimental group performed the
recommended special exercises 3 times a week at home, while
those in the control group only followed the guidelines of a
physician. At the beginning of the study and 12 months later,
the pain intensity of all the participants was assessed by means
of Visual Analog Scale.
Results: In contrast to the participants in the control
group, those in the experimental group at the end of observation
were reported to experience a significant reduction in pain
intensity.
Conclusions: Treatment with specific exercises proved
more effective in terms of pain complaints in patients with
chronic lumbalgy.
The status of Tension Exercise Behavior among Iranian Office Workers based o...Health Educators Inc
Background: Exercise behavior is associated with decreased risks of mortality resulted from all
causes. While people suffer from inactivity, doing stretching exercise as an important daily
activity increases joints and muscles full range of motion and flexibility. This study aimed to
assess the status of tension exercise behavior among Iranian office workers based on Trans-
Theoretical Model (TTM).
Methods and Materials: In this cross sectional study, 420 office workers were selected randomly. The
A self-reported questionnaire based on TTM and tension exercise behavior were used to collect data
through self-reporting and analyzed by SPSS software version 16.
Results: Totally 420 office workers with mean age 37.12 ± 8.031 years were assessed. The results
found that 11.7 % of the participants (N = 49) were in pre-contemplation stage, 32.9% (N = 138)
in contemplation, 10 % (N = 42) in preparation stage, 24.5% (N = 103) in action stage and % 21 of
participants (N = 88) were in maintenance stage. There were significant relationship between
stages of TTM and tension exercise behavior.
Conclusions: This study indicated that about the majority of office workers were in contemplation and
pre-contemplation stag regarding tension exercise. Therefore, designing proper educational
intervention is strongly recommended
Manipulation under HOW TO PRESENT A THESISDr. Vinita
This study compared the effects of manipulation under anesthesia for frozen shoulder in patients with and without non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 63 patients were randomly assigned to either a diabetic group (n=21) or a non-diabetic group (n=42). Both groups received general anesthesia and manipulation to restore range of motion. Outcomes including pain, activity, and range of motion were measured at various intervals up to one year post-procedure and compared between groups. The study found no significant differences in outcomes between diabetic and non-diabetic groups after manipulation for frozen shoulder.
The IMI Un-weighing Trainer enables partial weight-bearing therapy to be conducted with the assurance of patient comfort & safety, and with convenient access to the patient for manual observation and assistance. The electrical un-weighing trainer is designed to apply vertical support to remove the stress of bearing body weight; unit digitally controls weight bearing, and promotes proper posture and balance over a treadmill or the ground. The system allows patient to stand upright and use both arms freely. Harnesses give security to patients with limited trunk strength. The adjustable suspension bar adjusts to accommodate tall Children & Adults.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effect of a coordination training program on learning tennis skills. It found that:
1) Expert tennis coaches identified kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time as the most important coordination abilities for tennis.
2) The study involved 48 novice tennis players who were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed a 20-minute coordination training program focusing on kinaesthetic differentiation and reaction time, while the control group did not.
3) Results showed the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on measures of forehand and backhand skills immediately after training and one week later, indicating the coordination training helped them learn and perform the skills better.
The TUG test (Timed Up and Go) to predict falls riskJames Brinton
Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test is a timed test of standing and walking that is a predictor of falls risk.
It is s gait-speed test used to assess a person's mobility and requires both static and dynamic balance.
It is very simple to perform, involves very little equipment and takes very little time. The results is a predictor of falls risk.
This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections (CSI) and manual physical therapy (MPT) for treating unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome over one year. 104 patients were randomly assigned to receive either a subacromial CSI or 6 sessions of MPT. Both groups experienced approximately 50% improvement in shoulder pain and disability scores that was maintained at one year, with no significant differences between groups. Both groups also improved on global rating of change and pain scales, again with no significant between-group differences. However, the CSI group used more shoulder-related healthcare resources and received additional steroid injections more frequently over the year than the MPT group. The study found that CSI and MPT produced similar
Adapted progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation for determining lifting ca...Premier Publishers
Weight of the load and its characteristics is considered to be the important risk factor for low back disorders (LBD) among manual materials handlers. Determining weight of the load and the amount of load a person can lift is important in minimizing the incidence of LBD. Among various methods like isometric, isoinertial and isokinetic, isoinertial approach of lifting evaluation is best as it is safe, inexpensive, simple and dynamically represents real world lifting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adapted progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE) for determining maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL). This experimental study was conducted among 30 adult male participants recruited from a university community. Adaptation was done to the box dimensions and the weights used for PILE. The subjects were instructed to perform the PILE protocol using adapted box and weights using free lifting technique at two vertical distances and lifting capacity was determined. Heart rate was monitored throughout the trial and the participants were asked to rate their discomfort in a six point likert scale. All the participants were comfortable in performing adapted PILE and no untoward incident was noticed during the procedure. It may be feasible to adapt PILE for determining lifting capacity.
The study compared the effects of hollowing and bracing exercises on the cross-sectional areas of abdominal muscles in middle-aged women over six weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after the exercises showed that bracing exercises significantly increased the areas of the left rectus abdominis, both internal and external obliques, while hollowing exercises significantly increased the areas of the left and right transversus abdominis and left rectus abdominis. Between the groups, bracing exercises led to greater increases in the right transversus abdominis, left internal oblique, and both external obliques. The study concluded that bracing exercises are more effective than hollowing exercises at activating the abdominal muscles.
This study aimed to correlate knee height with body height and develop regression equations to estimate body height from knee height measurements in subjects from North India. The study measured the body height and knee height of 1000 healthy subjects aged 18 and older. Knee height was found to be positively correlated with body height. Regression analyses were used to generate equations to estimate body height based on knee height, with separate equations for males and females that also included age as a predictor variable. The equations were intended to provide a more accurate estimation of body height that is less affected by age-related changes.
Effects of the PNF Technique on Increasing Functional Activities in Patients ...Remedypublications1
Introduction: Clinical features of spinal cord injury are described as part of neurological syndromes
of commotion, complete and incomplete lesions. Paraplegia is a consequence of spinal injury in
the thoracic, lumbar and sacral part of the spine characterized by partial (paraparesis) or complete
loss of function below the level of injury. There are many secondary complications, and the most
important ones are proprioceptive deficits and reduced balance that greatly reduce the participation
of patients in their daily activities.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the ability of the PNF technique to increase the
functional activity of a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury (TH11 - TH12) included in the
PNF therapy for six months.
Results: The problem the subject noted when taking the initial status was walking over longer
distances and walking up the stairs. Functional abilities of the subject were evaluated by Spinal Cord
Independence Measure (SCIM) and Berg balance scale. Evaluation was performed prior to, in the
middle of, and after the intervention. The subject was included in the PNF therapy twice a week for
45 minutes in a period of 6 months. There was an increase in the results of the Berg Balance Scale
test as well as SCIM results in the area of the locomotion, specifically in the area of mobility in bed,
mobility inside and outside the house at 10 meters to 100 meters distance and using the stairs.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that the PNF technique might have a positive effect on
increasing the functional abilities of subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury. However, further
research is required with a larger number of subjects to make a final conclusion on the effect of the
PNF technique on the functional abilities of persons with spinal cord injuries.
Effectiveness of Passive Range of Motion Exercises on Hemodynamic parameters ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
A major goal of this study is to address the use and functionality of the impaired arm through specific assessment, health application and wearable. So far Rehabilitation Gaming System Wearable (RGS-wear) has focused on the amount of movement. In this thesis, the aim is to enhance the current state and establish a novel measurement providing qualitative assessment of movement. Once understanding the rationale for motor learning, impairments and motor control I further developed, and validated features for the rehabilitation applied technology RGS-wear. The execution of this project was divided into three main stages. The first step included kinesthetic data acquisition and assessment, through the use of wearable sensors. Secondly, I performed motion evaluation, analyzed and compared non-dominant and dominant hand movement, in natural and constrained settings, studied patterns and extracted measures of motor function. Thirdly, I studied the functionalities of the wearable and evaluated the acceptability of the wearable as an evaluation tool. The goal of this project was to design and implement appropriate system features and strategies that can augment current rehabilitation protocols. The outcome I believe carries the potential to lead to new guidelines and recommendations for the development of wearable technologies for clinical practices especially in context of motor function.
Abstract : Business Process Management (BPM) includes methods, techniques, and tools to support the design,
enactment, management, and analysis of operational business processes. It can be considered as an extension of
classical Workflow Management (WFM) systems and approaches. Although the practical relevance of BPM is
undisputed, a clear definition of BPM and related acronyms such as BAM, BPA, and STP are missing. Moreover, a
clear scientific foundation is missing. In this paper, we try to demystify the acronyms in this domain, describe the stateof-
the-art technology, and argue that BPM could benefit from formal methods/languages (cf. Petri nets, process
algebras, etc.)..
Keywords: Business Process Management, Workflow Management, Formal Methods.
Effect of brisk walking on flexibility of sedentary college studentsAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of a 6-week brisk walking program on flexibility in 30 sedentary college students aged 18-25 years. Flexibility was measured before, during, and after the program using a sit-and-reach test. Results showed a statistically significant increase in flexibility from the beginning to the end of the 6-week program, with flexibility gains maintained after the program. The study concluded that a 6-week brisk walking program can effectively increase flexibility in sedentary college students.
Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to Medial Tibial Stress SyndromeKrista Capelli, LAT, ATC
This study evaluated the conditioning and risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS, or "shin splints") in college athletes. The researchers surveyed 69 athletes about their training and administered an MTSS symptom questionnaire. They found that 9 athletes had signs of MTSS, most of whom were female. Athletes with MTSS had significantly higher average intensity of plyometric training and longer duration of cardiovascular training than those without MTSS. However, overall the study found no significant differences in training between athletes with and without MTSS. The researchers concluded that plyometric training intensity may be a risk factor for MTSS, but larger studies are needed to better understand risk factors and conditioning influences on MTSS in athletes.
This study compared the effectiveness of hydroplasty versus intra-articular steroid injection for the treatment of idiopathic frozen shoulder. The study included 50 patients divided into two groups. The hydroplasty group showed significantly greater improvement in pain, shoulder function and range of motion compared to the steroid injection group at the 1 month and 3 month follow ups. Hydroplasty was found to be a more effective treatment for idiopathic frozen shoulder than intra-articular steroid injection alone.
1) This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mat Pilates versus equipment-based Pilates for patients with chronic low back pain through a randomized controlled trial.
2) Eighty-six patients will be randomly assigned to either a Mat Pilates group performing exercises on the ground or an Equipment-based Pilates group using equipment like the Cadillac, Reformer, and others.
3) Outcomes related to disability, pain, function, and patient perceptions will be measured at baseline and 6 weeks and 6 months post-randomization to evaluate the effectiveness of each approach.
The document summarizes a randomized controlled trial that assessed the effectiveness of arm ergometer training for improving spasticity, range of motion, and motor control in patients with sub-acute and chronic stroke. 40 patients were divided into two groups - one that received conventional therapy alone and one that received conventional therapy plus arm ergometer training. The results showed that the group receiving arm ergometer training in addition to conventional therapy had significantly greater reductions in spasticity, as well as greater improvements in range of motion and gross motor function compared to the conventional therapy alone group. The study concluded that conventional therapy combined with arm ergometer treatment was effective for reducing spasticity and improving motor outcomes in sub-acute and chronic stroke
This study compared the aerobic capacity, as measured by VO2 Max values, of normal females versus hypotensive females. Seventy females participated in the study. VO2 Max values were indirectly assessed by having participants complete the Queen's College step test. The results found that normal individuals had higher VO2 Max values than hypotensive individuals, indicating better cardiorespiratory fitness. This difference could be because hypotensive individuals more easily fatigue and cannot work for long periods, resulting in lower VO2 Max values. Further research with larger populations is needed.
1) Interlimb transfer training involves using the less affected limb to train first in order to promote greater use of the affected limb. It relies on the principle that skills learned by one limb can transfer to the other limb.
2) Research has found that unilateral resistance training can produce moderate strength increases of around 7-8% in the untrained contralateral limb. The magnitude of cross-education is around 35% of the strength gains achieved in the trained limb.
3) Neurophysiological studies show that intermanual transfer is associated with changes in interhemispheric inhibition between motor cortices and activation of bilateral motor areas. Reduced inhibition facilitates faster transfer of learning to the opposite limb.
Principles of Manipulation or manipulative therapySaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. principles of manipulative therapy is the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS. This presentation highlights the need of meticulous assessment before delivering manipulative therapies to patients. Part of the slides were extracted from the teaching materials provided by Professor Joshua Cleland who conducted a workshop in Manipulation of Lumbar Spine in Nepal in 2014 in Nepal Physiotherapy Conference. I would like to thank Dr. Cleland for his contribution.
Difficulty walking and Impaired balance are some of the more common challenges for individuals with Parkinsons Disease PD and Elder people, They contribute to reduced levels of activity and participation in the community. These impairments are also predictive of future falls and fall related injury. Identifying what types of interventions improve mobility performance in this population is important to guide clinical decision making.Jogging is a popular exercise. It is known that the jogger’s knees suffer from significant impact especially at the moment that the foot hits the ground. The knees could be easily injured after constantly taking the impacts for a period of time. Therefore, many exercisers such as elliptical exercisers, stepper, and air walker are developed to guide the feet Move along one trajectory that is similar to that of real jogging, only that the knees are well protected from being impacted and injured.MLLE will have totally different design compared to elliptical exerciser which has flat surface to climb easily for elder people, Ergonomically designed seat for comfortable seating position, curved foot roller for easy exercise. Anil Raj. M | Lavanyan. R | Joseph Bensingh. R | Natarajan. S | Gabriel. A | Suganth. V "Movable Lower Limb Exerciser" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45036.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45036/movable-lower-limb-exerciser/anil-raj-m
20181121 aquatic exercises vs knee osteoarthritisJulie Tzeng
High intensity aquatic resistance training over 4 months led to decreases in body fat and improvements in walking speed in post-menopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. Only the improvements in walking speed were maintained at the 12-month follow-up. Leisure time physical activity had a small relationship with changes in body fat and walking speed. The aquatic training was well-tolerated with some initial joint pain that decreased over the 4 months and no participants dropped out due to dyspnea.
Salon 1 14 kasim 15.30 17.00 duygu demi̇r-ingtyfngnc
This study evaluated the effects of using the AccuVein AV-400 vascular imaging device to support peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in pediatric patients. The study found that using the AccuVein device significantly reduced the time and number of attempts needed for catheter insertion compared to conventional methods. It also significantly reduced the level of pain reported by children and as assessed by observers. The success rate of catheter insertion on the first attempt was significantly higher when using the AccuVein device. The study concluded that the AccuVein device increases the success of IV catheter procedures while decreasing procedure time and pain in pediatric patients.
ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMAR...ijujournal
A continuous monitoring of the physical strength and mobility of elderly people is important for
maintaining their health and treating diseases at an early stage. However, frequent screenings by
physicians are exceeding the logistic capacities. An alternate approach is the automatic and unobtrusive
collection of functional measures by ambient sensors. In the current publication, we show the correlation
among data of ambient motion sensors and the well-established mobility assessments Short-PhysicalPerformance-Battery, Tinetti and Timed Up & Go. We use the average number of motion sensor events as
activity measure for correlation with the assessment scores. The evaluation on a real-world dataset shows
a moderate to strong correlation with the scores of standardised geriatrics physical assessments.
This document proposes an algorithm to calculate angles of the lower limbs using inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the lower back, calves, and thighs while a patient performs an overhead squat exercise. The algorithm was tested on patients and compared theoretical measurements to experimental measurements from the IMUs. Error rates were low, ranging from 0.95-10.11% for different joints, showing the potential of using IMU sensors to help physical therapists evaluate rehabilitation exercises more efficiently.
Adapted progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation for determining lifting ca...Premier Publishers
Weight of the load and its characteristics is considered to be the important risk factor for low back disorders (LBD) among manual materials handlers. Determining weight of the load and the amount of load a person can lift is important in minimizing the incidence of LBD. Among various methods like isometric, isoinertial and isokinetic, isoinertial approach of lifting evaluation is best as it is safe, inexpensive, simple and dynamically represents real world lifting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adapted progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE) for determining maximum acceptable weight of lift (MAWL). This experimental study was conducted among 30 adult male participants recruited from a university community. Adaptation was done to the box dimensions and the weights used for PILE. The subjects were instructed to perform the PILE protocol using adapted box and weights using free lifting technique at two vertical distances and lifting capacity was determined. Heart rate was monitored throughout the trial and the participants were asked to rate their discomfort in a six point likert scale. All the participants were comfortable in performing adapted PILE and no untoward incident was noticed during the procedure. It may be feasible to adapt PILE for determining lifting capacity.
The study compared the effects of hollowing and bracing exercises on the cross-sectional areas of abdominal muscles in middle-aged women over six weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after the exercises showed that bracing exercises significantly increased the areas of the left rectus abdominis, both internal and external obliques, while hollowing exercises significantly increased the areas of the left and right transversus abdominis and left rectus abdominis. Between the groups, bracing exercises led to greater increases in the right transversus abdominis, left internal oblique, and both external obliques. The study concluded that bracing exercises are more effective than hollowing exercises at activating the abdominal muscles.
This study aimed to correlate knee height with body height and develop regression equations to estimate body height from knee height measurements in subjects from North India. The study measured the body height and knee height of 1000 healthy subjects aged 18 and older. Knee height was found to be positively correlated with body height. Regression analyses were used to generate equations to estimate body height based on knee height, with separate equations for males and females that also included age as a predictor variable. The equations were intended to provide a more accurate estimation of body height that is less affected by age-related changes.
Effects of the PNF Technique on Increasing Functional Activities in Patients ...Remedypublications1
Introduction: Clinical features of spinal cord injury are described as part of neurological syndromes
of commotion, complete and incomplete lesions. Paraplegia is a consequence of spinal injury in
the thoracic, lumbar and sacral part of the spine characterized by partial (paraparesis) or complete
loss of function below the level of injury. There are many secondary complications, and the most
important ones are proprioceptive deficits and reduced balance that greatly reduce the participation
of patients in their daily activities.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the ability of the PNF technique to increase the
functional activity of a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury (TH11 - TH12) included in the
PNF therapy for six months.
Results: The problem the subject noted when taking the initial status was walking over longer
distances and walking up the stairs. Functional abilities of the subject were evaluated by Spinal Cord
Independence Measure (SCIM) and Berg balance scale. Evaluation was performed prior to, in the
middle of, and after the intervention. The subject was included in the PNF therapy twice a week for
45 minutes in a period of 6 months. There was an increase in the results of the Berg Balance Scale
test as well as SCIM results in the area of the locomotion, specifically in the area of mobility in bed,
mobility inside and outside the house at 10 meters to 100 meters distance and using the stairs.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that the PNF technique might have a positive effect on
increasing the functional abilities of subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury. However, further
research is required with a larger number of subjects to make a final conclusion on the effect of the
PNF technique on the functional abilities of persons with spinal cord injuries.
Effectiveness of Passive Range of Motion Exercises on Hemodynamic parameters ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
A major goal of this study is to address the use and functionality of the impaired arm through specific assessment, health application and wearable. So far Rehabilitation Gaming System Wearable (RGS-wear) has focused on the amount of movement. In this thesis, the aim is to enhance the current state and establish a novel measurement providing qualitative assessment of movement. Once understanding the rationale for motor learning, impairments and motor control I further developed, and validated features for the rehabilitation applied technology RGS-wear. The execution of this project was divided into three main stages. The first step included kinesthetic data acquisition and assessment, through the use of wearable sensors. Secondly, I performed motion evaluation, analyzed and compared non-dominant and dominant hand movement, in natural and constrained settings, studied patterns and extracted measures of motor function. Thirdly, I studied the functionalities of the wearable and evaluated the acceptability of the wearable as an evaluation tool. The goal of this project was to design and implement appropriate system features and strategies that can augment current rehabilitation protocols. The outcome I believe carries the potential to lead to new guidelines and recommendations for the development of wearable technologies for clinical practices especially in context of motor function.
Abstract : Business Process Management (BPM) includes methods, techniques, and tools to support the design,
enactment, management, and analysis of operational business processes. It can be considered as an extension of
classical Workflow Management (WFM) systems and approaches. Although the practical relevance of BPM is
undisputed, a clear definition of BPM and related acronyms such as BAM, BPA, and STP are missing. Moreover, a
clear scientific foundation is missing. In this paper, we try to demystify the acronyms in this domain, describe the stateof-
the-art technology, and argue that BPM could benefit from formal methods/languages (cf. Petri nets, process
algebras, etc.)..
Keywords: Business Process Management, Workflow Management, Formal Methods.
Effect of brisk walking on flexibility of sedentary college studentsAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of a 6-week brisk walking program on flexibility in 30 sedentary college students aged 18-25 years. Flexibility was measured before, during, and after the program using a sit-and-reach test. Results showed a statistically significant increase in flexibility from the beginning to the end of the 6-week program, with flexibility gains maintained after the program. The study concluded that a 6-week brisk walking program can effectively increase flexibility in sedentary college students.
Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to Medial Tibial Stress SyndromeKrista Capelli, LAT, ATC
This study evaluated the conditioning and risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS, or "shin splints") in college athletes. The researchers surveyed 69 athletes about their training and administered an MTSS symptom questionnaire. They found that 9 athletes had signs of MTSS, most of whom were female. Athletes with MTSS had significantly higher average intensity of plyometric training and longer duration of cardiovascular training than those without MTSS. However, overall the study found no significant differences in training between athletes with and without MTSS. The researchers concluded that plyometric training intensity may be a risk factor for MTSS, but larger studies are needed to better understand risk factors and conditioning influences on MTSS in athletes.
This study compared the effectiveness of hydroplasty versus intra-articular steroid injection for the treatment of idiopathic frozen shoulder. The study included 50 patients divided into two groups. The hydroplasty group showed significantly greater improvement in pain, shoulder function and range of motion compared to the steroid injection group at the 1 month and 3 month follow ups. Hydroplasty was found to be a more effective treatment for idiopathic frozen shoulder than intra-articular steroid injection alone.
1) This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mat Pilates versus equipment-based Pilates for patients with chronic low back pain through a randomized controlled trial.
2) Eighty-six patients will be randomly assigned to either a Mat Pilates group performing exercises on the ground or an Equipment-based Pilates group using equipment like the Cadillac, Reformer, and others.
3) Outcomes related to disability, pain, function, and patient perceptions will be measured at baseline and 6 weeks and 6 months post-randomization to evaluate the effectiveness of each approach.
The document summarizes a randomized controlled trial that assessed the effectiveness of arm ergometer training for improving spasticity, range of motion, and motor control in patients with sub-acute and chronic stroke. 40 patients were divided into two groups - one that received conventional therapy alone and one that received conventional therapy plus arm ergometer training. The results showed that the group receiving arm ergometer training in addition to conventional therapy had significantly greater reductions in spasticity, as well as greater improvements in range of motion and gross motor function compared to the conventional therapy alone group. The study concluded that conventional therapy combined with arm ergometer treatment was effective for reducing spasticity and improving motor outcomes in sub-acute and chronic stroke
This study compared the aerobic capacity, as measured by VO2 Max values, of normal females versus hypotensive females. Seventy females participated in the study. VO2 Max values were indirectly assessed by having participants complete the Queen's College step test. The results found that normal individuals had higher VO2 Max values than hypotensive individuals, indicating better cardiorespiratory fitness. This difference could be because hypotensive individuals more easily fatigue and cannot work for long periods, resulting in lower VO2 Max values. Further research with larger populations is needed.
1) Interlimb transfer training involves using the less affected limb to train first in order to promote greater use of the affected limb. It relies on the principle that skills learned by one limb can transfer to the other limb.
2) Research has found that unilateral resistance training can produce moderate strength increases of around 7-8% in the untrained contralateral limb. The magnitude of cross-education is around 35% of the strength gains achieved in the trained limb.
3) Neurophysiological studies show that intermanual transfer is associated with changes in interhemispheric inhibition between motor cortices and activation of bilateral motor areas. Reduced inhibition facilitates faster transfer of learning to the opposite limb.
Principles of Manipulation or manipulative therapySaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. principles of manipulative therapy is the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS. This presentation highlights the need of meticulous assessment before delivering manipulative therapies to patients. Part of the slides were extracted from the teaching materials provided by Professor Joshua Cleland who conducted a workshop in Manipulation of Lumbar Spine in Nepal in 2014 in Nepal Physiotherapy Conference. I would like to thank Dr. Cleland for his contribution.
Difficulty walking and Impaired balance are some of the more common challenges for individuals with Parkinsons Disease PD and Elder people, They contribute to reduced levels of activity and participation in the community. These impairments are also predictive of future falls and fall related injury. Identifying what types of interventions improve mobility performance in this population is important to guide clinical decision making.Jogging is a popular exercise. It is known that the jogger’s knees suffer from significant impact especially at the moment that the foot hits the ground. The knees could be easily injured after constantly taking the impacts for a period of time. Therefore, many exercisers such as elliptical exercisers, stepper, and air walker are developed to guide the feet Move along one trajectory that is similar to that of real jogging, only that the knees are well protected from being impacted and injured.MLLE will have totally different design compared to elliptical exerciser which has flat surface to climb easily for elder people, Ergonomically designed seat for comfortable seating position, curved foot roller for easy exercise. Anil Raj. M | Lavanyan. R | Joseph Bensingh. R | Natarajan. S | Gabriel. A | Suganth. V "Movable Lower Limb Exerciser" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45036.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45036/movable-lower-limb-exerciser/anil-raj-m
20181121 aquatic exercises vs knee osteoarthritisJulie Tzeng
High intensity aquatic resistance training over 4 months led to decreases in body fat and improvements in walking speed in post-menopausal women with mild knee osteoarthritis. Only the improvements in walking speed were maintained at the 12-month follow-up. Leisure time physical activity had a small relationship with changes in body fat and walking speed. The aquatic training was well-tolerated with some initial joint pain that decreased over the 4 months and no participants dropped out due to dyspnea.
Salon 1 14 kasim 15.30 17.00 duygu demi̇r-ingtyfngnc
This study evaluated the effects of using the AccuVein AV-400 vascular imaging device to support peripheral intravenous catheter insertion in pediatric patients. The study found that using the AccuVein device significantly reduced the time and number of attempts needed for catheter insertion compared to conventional methods. It also significantly reduced the level of pain reported by children and as assessed by observers. The success rate of catheter insertion on the first attempt was significantly higher when using the AccuVein device. The study concluded that the AccuVein device increases the success of IV catheter procedures while decreasing procedure time and pain in pediatric patients.
ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMAR...ijujournal
A continuous monitoring of the physical strength and mobility of elderly people is important for
maintaining their health and treating diseases at an early stage. However, frequent screenings by
physicians are exceeding the logistic capacities. An alternate approach is the automatic and unobtrusive
collection of functional measures by ambient sensors. In the current publication, we show the correlation
among data of ambient motion sensors and the well-established mobility assessments Short-PhysicalPerformance-Battery, Tinetti and Timed Up & Go. We use the average number of motion sensor events as
activity measure for correlation with the assessment scores. The evaluation on a real-world dataset shows
a moderate to strong correlation with the scores of standardised geriatrics physical assessments.
This document proposes an algorithm to calculate angles of the lower limbs using inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the lower back, calves, and thighs while a patient performs an overhead squat exercise. The algorithm was tested on patients and compared theoretical measurements to experimental measurements from the IMUs. Error rates were low, ranging from 0.95-10.11% for different joints, showing the potential of using IMU sensors to help physical therapists evaluate rehabilitation exercises more efficiently.
Appropriate Outcome Measures for Lower Level PatientsDaniel Woodward
1) The document discusses outcome measures for assessing balance and mobility in non-ambulatory patients. It recommends the Sitting Balance Scale and Function in Sitting Test as reliable and valid ways to measure progress in patients who may score poorly on measures that require standing or walking.
2) It provides information on how to administer each test and notes they have been shown to effectively measure balance in frail elderly patients and those with conditions limiting mobility.
3) Limitations discussed are the small sample sizes of validation studies to date and need for more research, but both measures are appropriate to use clinically based on current evidence.
This presentation give an upto date insightful information on balance/postural assessment and key domains of Occupational Therapy during assessment of balance using different scales.
Effect of smart phone using duration and gender on dynamic balancedbpublications
Abstract : Smart phones are constantly used for extended periods while looking at the visual display terminals this
may causes musculoskeletal problems. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate effect of smart phone using
duration and gender on dynamic balance.
Keywords: Smartphone, using duration, gender, dynamic balance
The document provides a review of literature on motor control assessment. It discusses various aspects of motor control assessment including history taking, functional activity assessment, body structure and function assessment, outcome measures, and evaluation of specific areas like stability, mobility, strength, range of motion, and functional activity status. It also summarizes various studies that have evaluated methods and tools for motor control assessment like use of dynamometers, goniometers, and activity monitors.
This study had three objectives: 1) to determine if an activity-tracking device could increase physical activity, 2) to test if the Theory of Planned Behavior could predict physical activity, and 3) to examine the relationship between physical activity and mobile/transport time. The study found that physical activity significantly increased when wearing the tracking device but the TPB did not predict activity levels. Physical activity also showed no relationship with mobile/transport time. The study supports using tracking devices to encourage physical activity but found limitations with applying the TPB in a technology context and sustaining long-term behavior change.
This document discusses a student project assessing coordination. It begins with an introduction on balance and coordination, describing how they depend on multiple body systems interacting. It then discusses various causes of coordination impairments like flaccidity and spasticity. The purpose section notes that coordination examinations can determine muscle activity characteristics during movement and ability to work together. They also assess skill, movement initiation/control/termination, and timing/sequencing/accuracy. Examination data helps establish diagnoses and goals to remediate impairments.
This document discusses a student project assessing coordination. It begins with an introduction on balance and coordination, describing how they depend on multiple body systems interacting. The purpose section states that coordination examinations determine muscle activity characteristics during movement, ability of muscles to work together, movement skill/efficacy, and ability to initiate, control and terminate movement. Coordination is then assessed through various physical tests like walking in a straight line or standing on one foot. The results help identify causes of dizziness/falling and inform treatment by establishing diagnoses and goals. Causes of incoordination discussed include flaccidity from lower motor lesions cutting off nerve impulses to muscles.
The document discusses human gait analysis and its use in biometrics. Gait analysis is the study of human locomotion and walking patterns. It has increased as a biometric for recognition purposes due to its non-invasive and non-concealable nature. Gait recognition research aims to extract identifying information from images to determine if a person's walking pattern is unique enough for identification. While human walking follows basic patterns, variations in timing and movements make gait identifiable on an individual level.
Pre-Operative and Post-Operative Assessments.pptICDDelhi
Dr. Mansoor Alam is a child developmental specialist from ICD, New Delhi. He is a medicine graduate with specialization in Developmental Disability Management. After his graduation, he joined Spastic Society of Northern India, New Delhi to have a Post-Graduation Diploma in Developmental Therapy under RCI. Later, he went to Bobath Centre in London, (United Kingdom) to have specialized training in Bobath Approach to the treatment of Children with Cerebral Palsy, which is popularly known as Neurodevelopment Treatment (NDT). While, he was in Sydney, Australia, he did an advance course on the Use of Botox in Spasticity Management. He is one of the few professionals in India who attended Gait Analysis Course in Australia. To have in-depth knowledge to work with children neurodevelopmental disabilities, he pursued specialized training programs on GMA (General Movements Assessment), Constrained Induced Manual Therapy (CIMT), Early Intervention, Sensory Integration Therapy, Clinical Pathology and Acupuncture.
He has been considered as one of the first combination therapists in India who bridged the gap between medical and rehabilitation science. He has supported more than 200 organizations technically to work scientifically with children with developmental disabilities. He has mentored more than 3000 professionals to work and lead in the field of Childhood Disability. He has conducted more than 50 workshops and conferences in India and abroad. He has presented his works in England, Australia and Pakistan. More than 4000 articles in different Journals / Websites / Books / Research Papers have mentioned his work and his website (www.icddelhi.org)
He can be contacted at:
Institute for Child Development, C-27, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017
Landline No: 011-41012124, Mobile No: +91-7838809241
Mail: helpicd@gmail.com, Website: www.icddelhi.org
Fall risk assessments are an important part of outpatient physical therapy. Many patients referred to physical therapy have conditions that increase their risk of falling, such as joint replacements, strokes, or neurological disorders. Physical therapists use several tests to evaluate patients' balance, stability, and proprioception, including the Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment, Dynamic Gait Index, and Timed Up and Go test. However, some patients may "ceiling out" or not show enough change on these basic tests to continue receiving therapy despite still being at risk for falls. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) was developed to better identify functional balance issues and justify continued care for high-risk patients.
The ppt consists of some basic and most useful outcome measures which are utilised to measure the different variables associated with the performance of an athlete or a player. It helps to evaluate, form diagnosis and to develop a management cum rehabilitation program for an athlete in sports.
This document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) and how it can be used to assess children with disabilities. The ICF-CY is a framework published by the World Health Organization to describe health and disability at both individual and population levels using common terminology. It considers body functions and structures, activities, participation, environmental factors, and personal factors. Several assessment tools are also described that can be used to evaluate children based on the ICF-CY framework and measure things like motor skills, balance, trunk control, quality of life, and cognitive development.
A Brief Note On Gait Deviation And Postural AsymmetryJennifer Campbell
The document discusses gait deviation and postural asymmetry that are commonly observed in people with unilateral lower limb amputation, especially transfemoral amputation. Studies have shown that amputees have a higher risk of developing low back pain and knee osteoarthritis in the intact leg. Due to these increased risks, an in-depth review of the biomechanical disadvantages and rehabilitation approaches for unilateral transfemoral amputees is warranted.
Efficacy of patient education and supervised exercise in Elderly patients wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
This study aimed to develop a visual assessment tool to evaluate movement quality during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and determine if poor movement quality predicts injury risk. Researchers had three physical therapists evaluate video recordings of 100 subjects performing the anterior reach of the SEBT. The therapists assessed trunk, pelvis, and knee movement on a scoring system and classified subjects as "at risk" or "not at risk" based on reach distances. Interrater reliability for movement scoring was poor to moderate except for the knee, which was moderate. While movement scores did not predict reach distances, subjects deemed "at risk" tended to have fewer movement faults. Knee assessment showed moderately strong specificity and poor sensitivity for detecting risk. Thus
Retroalimentacion visual sobre rendiemientoSisercom SAC
1) The study explored the effect of real-time visual feedback on performance of the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in healthy subjects.
2) Participants performed the SEBT under two conditions - without feedback and with real-time visual feedback via video camera.
3) Results showed real-time visual feedback significantly improved maximum reach distance in the posterolateral direction but not the anterior or posteromedial directions. This indicates visual feedback can effectively enhance dynamic postural control as assessed by the SEBT.
Similar to ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMART HOMES (20)
Users Approach on Providing Feedback for Smart Home Devices – Phase IIijujournal
Smart Home technology has accomplished extraordinary success in making individuals' lives more straightforward and relaxing. Technology has recently brought about numerous savvy and refined frame works that advanced clever living innovation. In this paper, we will investigate the behavioral intention of user's approach to providing feedback for smart home devices. We will conduct an online survey for a sample of three to five students selected by simple random sampling to study the user's motto for giving feedback on smart home devices and their expectations. We have observed that most users are ready to actively share their input on smart home devices to improve the product's service and quality to fulfill the user’s needs and make their lives easier.
Users Approach on Providing Feedback for Smart Home Devices – Phase IIijujournal
Smart Home technology has accomplished extraordinary success in making individuals' lives more
straightforward and relaxing. Technology has recently brought about numerous savvy and refined frame
works that advanced clever living innovation. In this paper, we will investigate the behavioral intention of
user's approach to providing feedback for smart home devices. We will conduct an online survey for a
sample of three to five students selected by simple random sampling to study the user's motto for giving
feedback on smart home devices and their expectations. We have observed that most users are ready to
actively share their input on smart home devices to improve the product's service and quality to fulfill the
user’s needs and make their lives easier.
October 2023-Top Cited Articles in IJU.pdfijujournal
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
ACCELERATION DETECTION OF LARGE (PROBABLY) PRIME NUMBERSijujournal
This document discusses methods for efficiently generating large prime numbers for use in RSA cryptography. It presents experimental results measuring the time taken to generate prime numbers when trial dividing the starting number by different numbers of initial primes before applying the Miller-Rabin primality test. The optimal number of trial divisions can be estimated as B=E/D, where E is the time for Miller-Rabin test and D is the maximum usefulness of trial division. Experimental results on different sized numbers support dividing by around 20 initial primes as optimal.
A novel integrated approach for handling anomalies in RFID dataijujournal
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a convenient technology employed in various applications. The
success of these RFID applications depends heavily on the quality of the data stream generated by RFID
readers. Due to various anomalies found predominantly in RFID data it limits the widespread adoption of
this technology. Our work is to eliminate the anomalies present in RFID data in an effective manner so that
it can be applied for high end applications. Our approach is a hybrid approach of middleware and
deferred because it is not always possible to remove all anomalies and redundancies in middleware. The
processing of other anomalies is deferred until the query time and cleaned by business rules. Experimental
results show that the proposed approach performs the cleaning in an effective manner compared to the
existing approaches.
UBIQUITOUS HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTEGRATED TRIAXIAL ACCELEROMET...ijujournal
Ubiquitous healthcare has become one of the prominent areas of research inorder to address the
challenges encountered in healthcare environment. In contribution to this area, this study developed a
system prototype that recommends diagonostic services based on physiological data collected in real time
from a distant patient. The prototype uses WBAN body sensors to be worn by the individual and an android
smart phone as a personal server. Physiological data is collected and uploaded to a Medical Health
Server (MHS) via GPRS/internet to be analysed. Our implemented prototype monitors the activity, location
and physiological data such as SpO2 and Heart Rate (HR) of the elderly and patients in rehabilitation. The
uploaded information can be accessed in real time by medical practitioners through a web application.
ENHANCING INDEPENDENT SENIOR LIVING THROUGH SMART HOME TECHNOLOGIESijujournal
The population of elderly folks is ballooning worldwide as people live longer. But getting older often
means declining health and trouble living solo. Smart home tech could keep an eye on old folks and get
help quickly when needed so they can stay independent. This paper looks at a system combining wireless
sensors, video watches, automation, resident monitoring, emergency detection, and remote access. Sensors
track health signs, activities, appliance use. Video analytics spot odd stuff like falls. Sensor fusion and
machine learning find normal patterns so wonks can see unhealthy changes and send alerts. Multi-channel
alerts reach caregivers and emergency folks. A LabVIEW can integrate devices and enables local and
remote oversight and can control and handle emergency responses. Benefits seem to be early illness clues,
quick help, less burden on caregivers, and optimized home settings. But will old folks use all this tech? Can
we prove it really helps folks live longer and better? More research on maximizing reliability and
evaluating real-world impacts is needed. But designed thoughtfully, smart homes could may profoundly
improve the aging experience.
HMR LOG ANALYZER: ANALYZE WEB APPLICATION LOGS OVER HADOOP MAPREDUCEijujournal
In today’s Internet world, log file analysis is becoming a necessary task for analyzing the customer’s
behavior in order to improve advertising and sales as well as for datasets like environment, medical,
banking system it is important to analyze the log data to get required knowledge from it. Web mining is the
process of discovering the knowledge from the web data. Log files are getting generated very fast at the
rate of 1-10 Mb/s per machine, a single data center can generate tens of terabytes of log data in a day.
These datasets are huge. In order to analyze such large datasets we need parallel processing system and
reliable data storage mechanism. Virtual database system is an effective solution for integrating the data
but it becomes inefficient for large datasets. The Hadoop framework provides reliable data storage by
Hadoop Distributed File System and MapReduce programming model which is a parallel processing
system for large datasets. Hadoop distributed file system breaks up input data and sends fractions of the
original data to several machines in hadoop cluster to hold blocks of data. This mechanism helps to
process log data in parallel using all the machines in the hadoop cluster and computes result efficiently.
The dominant approach provided by hadoop to “Store first query later”, loads the data to the Hadoop
Distributed File System and then executes queries written in Pig Latin. This approach reduces the response
time as well as the load on to the end system. This paper proposes a log analysis system using Hadoop
MapReduce which will provide accurate results in minimum response time.
SERVICE DISCOVERY – A SURVEY AND COMPARISONijujournal
The document summarizes and compares several major service discovery approaches. It provides an overview of service discovery objectives and techniques, then surveys prominent protocols including SLP, Jini, and UPnP. Each approach is analyzed based on features like service description, discovery architecture, announcement/query mechanisms, and how they handle service usage and dynamic network changes. The comparison aims to identify strengths and limitations to guide future research in improving service discovery.
SIX DEGREES OF SEPARATION TO IMPROVE ROUTING IN OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKSijujournal
Opportunistic Networks are able to exploit social behavior to create connectivity opportunities. This
paradigm uses pair-wise contacts for routing messages between nodes. In this context we investigated if the
“six degrees of separation” conjecture of small-world networks can be used as a basis to route messages in
Opportunistic Networks. We propose a simple approach for routing that outperforms some popular
protocols in simulations that are carried out with real world traces using ONE simulator. We conclude that
static graph models are not suitable for underlay routing approaches in highly dynamic networks like
Opportunistic Networks without taking account of temporal factors such as time, duration and frequency of
previous encounters.
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU)ijujournal
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
PERVASIVE COMPUTING APPLIED TO THE CARE OF PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA IN HOMECARE...ijujournal
The aging population and the consequent increase in the incidence of dementias is causing many
challenges to health systems, mainly related to infrastructure, low services quality and high costs. One
solution is to provide the care at house of the patient, through of home care services. However, it is not a
trivial task, since a patient with dementia requires constant care and monitoring from a caregiver, who
suffers physical and emotional overload. In this context, this work presents an modelling for development of
pervasive systems aimed at helping the care of these patients in order to lessen the burden of the caregiver
while the patient continue to receive the necessary care.
A proposed Novel Approach for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Miningijujournal
as the people are being dependent on internet the requirement of user view analysis is increasing
exponentially. Customer posts their experience and opinion about the product policy and services. But,
because of the massive volume of reviews, customers can’t read all reviews. In order to solve this problem,
a lot of research is being carried out in Opinion Mining. In order to solve this problem, a lot of research is
being carried out in Opinion Mining. Through the Opinion Mining, we can know about contents of whole
product reviews, Blogs are websites that allow one or more individuals to write about things they want to
share with other The valuable data contained in posts from a large number of users across geographic,
demographic and cultural boundaries provide a rich data source not only for commercial exploitation but
also for psychological & sociopolitical research. This paper tries to demonstrate the plausibility of the idea
through our clustering and classifying opinion mining experiment on analysis of blog posts on recent
product policy and services reviews. We are proposing a Nobel approach for analyzing the Review for the
customer opinion
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU)ijujournal
International Journal of Ubiquitous Computing (IJU) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of ubiquitous computing. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Ubiquitous Computing presents a rather arduous requirement of robustness, reliability and availability to the end user. Ubiquitous computing has received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
USABILITY ENGINEERING OF GAMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEASURING EXCITEMEN...ijujournal
Usability engineering and usability testing are concepts that continue to evolve. Interesting research studies
and new ideas come up every now and then. This paper tests the hypothesis of using an EDA-based
physiological measurements as a usability testing tool by considering three measures; which are observers‟
opinions, self-reported data and EDA-based physiological sensor data. These data were analyzed
comparatively and statistically. It concludes by discussing the findings that has been obtained from those
subjective and objective measures, which partially supports the hypothesis.
SECURED SMART SYSTEM DESING IN PERVASIVE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT USING VCSijujournal
Ubiquitous Computing uses mobile phones or tiny devices for application development with sensors
embedded in mobile phones. The information generated by these devices is a big task in collection and
storage. For further, the data transmission to the intended destination is delay tolerant. In this paper, we
made an attempt to propose a new security algorithm for providing security to Pervasive Computing
Environment (PCE) system using Public-key Encryption (PKE) algorithm, Biometric Security (BS)
algorithm and Visual Cryptography Scheme (VCS) algorithm. In the proposed PCE monitoring system it
automates various home appliances using VCS and also provides security against intrusion using Zigbee
IEEE 802.15.4 based Sensor Network, GSM and Wi-Fi networks are embedded through a standard Home
gateway.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijujournal
Routing protocols have an important role in any Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Researchers have
elaborated several routing protocols that possess different performance levels. In this paper we give a
performance evaluation of AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks (MANETS) to determine the best in different scenarios. We analyse these MANET routing
protocols by using NS-2 simulator. We specify how the Number of Nodes parameter influences their
performance. In this study, performance is calculated in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to
End Delay, Normalised Routing Load and Average Throughput.
The document compares the performance of various optical character recognition (OCR) tools. It analyzes eight OCR tools - Online OCR, Free Online OCR, OCR Convert, Convert image to text.net, Free OCR, i2OCR, Free OCR to Word Convert, and Google Docs. The document provides sample outputs of each tool processing the same input image. It then evaluates the tools based on character accuracy, character error rate, special symbol accuracy, and special symbol error rate to determine which tools most accurately convert images to editable text.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technique, used to convert scanned image into editable text
format. Many different types of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools are commercially available
today; it is a useful and popular method for different types of applications. OCR can predict the accurate
result depends on text pre-processing and segmentation algorithms. Image quality is one of the most
important factors that improve quality of recognition in performing OCR tools. Images can be processed
independently (.png, .jpg, and .gif files) or in multi-page PDF documents (.pdf). The primary objective of
this work is to provide the overview of various Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools and analyses of
their performance by applying the two factors of OCR tool performance i.e. accuracy and error rate.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
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Update 40 models( Solar Cell ) in SPICE PARK(JUL2024)
ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMART HOMES
1. ANALYSING THE CORRELATION OF GERIATRIC
ASSESSMENT SCORES AND ACTIVITY IN SMART
HOMES
Björn Friedrich, Enno-Edzard Steen, Sebastian Fudickar and Andreas Hein
Department of Health Services Research, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg,
Germany
bjoern.friedrich@uni-oldenburg.de
enno-edzard.steen@uni-oldenburg.de
sebastian.fudickar@uni-oldenburg.de
andreas.hein@uni-oldenburg.de
This paper is an extended version of our paper “Assessing the Mobility of Elderly People in Domestic
Smart Home Environments” published in Computer Science & Information Technology, Vol. 10, No. 19,
2020, ISSN 2231-5403.
ABSTRACT
A continuous monitoring of the physical strength and mobility of elderly people is important for
maintaining their health and treating diseases at an early stage. However, frequent screenings by
physicians are exceeding the logistic capacities. An alternate approach is the automatic and unobtrusive
collection of functional measures by ambient sensors. In the current publication, we show the correlation
among data of ambient motion sensors and the well-established mobility assessments Short-Physical-
Performance-Battery, Tinetti and Timed Up & Go. We use the average number of motion sensor events as
activity measure for correlation with the assessment scores. The evaluation on a real-world dataset
shows a moderate to strong correlation with the scores of standardised geriatrics physical assessments.
KEYWORDS
ubiquitous computing, biomedical informatics, health, correlation, piecewise linear
approximation
1. INTRODUCTION
Being in good health and good physical condition is essential for the quality of life and well-
being of humans. Especially, for elderly people who are more prone to diseases and functional
decline. Frequently consulting physicians is important for this age group, because early
diagnosis is the key for a better treatment and better chances of full recovery. On the one hand,
the logistic capacities of physicians are limited and are not sufficient for sophisticated
continuous long-term monitoring. On the other hand, long-term monitoring enhances
physician's decision-making process. To address this problem unobtrusive smart home sensors
can be facilitated for continuous long-term monitoring of elderly people in their domestic
environments. Smart home sensors are respecting the privacy of the inhabitant and are well-
accepted among the target group. They get acquainted to the sensors in a few days and do not
notice the sensors anymore [1]. The mobility of elderly people is one key indicator for their
physical and mental condition. Moreover, falling is a critical incident for elderly people and
even though they recover physically, they may not recover mentally [2-5]. The mobility,
balance and muscle-strength of elderly people is usually assessed by physicians or
2. physiotherapists by standardised geriatrics assessments like the Short-Physical-Performance-
Battery (SPPB), Timed Up&Go (TUG) and Tinetti test. Those assessments must be performed
under the supervision of a professional. Due to capacity issues those assessments cannot be
performed frequently. Moreover, the assessment measures the form of the day and people tend
to give their best effort in testing situations, in other words there is a difference between
performance and capacity. The studies found that the performance is more clinically relevant
than the capacity [6].
Our approach uses motion sensor events as indicator for the activity and for the physical
conditions of elderly people. We used data from motion sensors installed in domestic
environments of elderly people and correlate it with scores of the standardised geriatrics
assessments SPPB, Tinetti and TUG. We consider the two parts of the Tinetti separately as
Tinetti13 and Tinetti28. Tinetti13 has only balance items and Tinetti28 gait items. This paper is
structured as follows:
In Section 2 similar approaches are mentioned and the standardised geriatrics assessments, as
state of the art in assessing the physical performance and fall risk in geriatrics, are explained.
Section 3 Materials and Methods describes the study for collecting the data, the preparation of
the dataset and the used interpolation and correlation methods. In the following result section,
the results are explained. In the last section the results are discussed, and an outlook is given.
2. STATE OF THE ART
Approved and validated functional tests to assess the physical strength, the mobility and the risk
of falling in elderly people are SPPB [7], TUG [8] and Tinetti [9] test. All assessments must be
supervised by a professional.
The SPPB assessment has been developed for assessing the mobility of people aged 65 and
older. The SPPB assesses the three domains balance, gait speed and strength of the lower limbs.
Each domain is assessed by one item and the total performance is scored from 0 to 12 points,
where a higher score indicates better mobility and vice versa. The item for assessing the balance
is comprised of three sub-items related to balance. The first one is parallel stand, the second is
semi-parallel stand and the third one is totally parallel stand. The strength of the lower limbs is
assessed by the 5-times Chair Rise item. At the beginning the patient is sitting on a chair and
then the patient is asked to stand up and sit down for 5 times in a row without using his or her
arms. The gait is assessed by the 4m walk test and the patient is asked to walk over a distance of
4 metres. The time for all assessment items is measured separately and depending on the time
the item is scored. The patient can achieve 1 to 4 points for each of the three domains and a total
of 12 points. The cut off ranges are 0-6 (low score), 7-9 (middle score), and 10-12 (high score).
The Tinetti test assesses the two domains balance and gait to estimate the risk of falling. The
modified version has eight items for balance and another eight for gait. The maximum score for
gait performance are 13 points and the maximum score for balance are 15 points. The higher the
score, the better the mobility. The items of the Tinetti are on different scales. The balance items
are scored from 0 to 4 points, where three items have a score from 0 to 1, four items a score
from 0 to 3 and one item from 0 to 4. The gait assessment items are scored from 0 to 2 points
and five of the eight items are scored from 0 to 2 and the other three from 0 to 1. The supervisor
will score the items in best practice. The scoring depends on the impression of the supervisor
because there is a verbal description for giving the points instead of a quantified scale. The cut
off scores are 18, 19-23, and 24. A person with a score equal or less than 18 has a high risk of
falling, with a score between 19 and 23 a moderate risk of falling, and a score larger or equal 24
a low risk of falling.
The TUG test assesses the mobility of older adults. The score range is from 1 to 4, where 4 is
the lowest score and 1 the highest. The test starts with the person sitting on a chair. On the
command “Go” the person stands up and walks 3 metres, turns around and walk 3 metres back,
3. and sits down again. The time is measured and based on this measurement the person is scored.
The assessment does not only require gait speed, but also both static and dynamic balance. The
static balance while sitting and the dynamic balance while standing up and walking. Moreover,
the lower limb strength is measured implicitly, because the person must stand up and sit down
during the test. A time less than 10s indicates no mobility impairment, 11-19s minor mobility
impairment, 20-29s mobility impairment, and greater than 30s severe mobility impairment and
intervention is highly recommended.
The approaches to assess the mobility of a person through sensors are, for example, the
determination of gait phases and gait parameters, such as step time or length, stride time or
length, cadence, gait speed, or maximum toe clearance. These approaches use either wearable or
ambient sensors. The wearable sensors are usually inertial sensors, which are positioned at
different body locations and detect the movements of one or more parts of the body during
walking, are often used as wearable sensors [10]. Typically, inertial sensors are accelerometers,
which are used alone or in combination with a triaxial gyroscope, a triaxial magnetometer, or a
barometer. Combinations of these sensors are called IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit). An
inertial sensor or IMU is used either stand-alone [11-16] or integrated into a smart device such
as smartwatch [17] or fitness tracker [18].
Other approaches use pressure or force sensors, either as wearables, e.g. integrated in socks or
insoles [19-21] or as ambient sensors, e.g. integrated into sensor carpets [22] or treadmills [23].
Here, the pressure distributions or ground reaction forces are analysed. Besides there is a similar
approach that uses capacitive proximity sensors, which can be placed invisibly under different
floor coverings and detect the movement of people above [24].
The approaches using video-based systems often determine the positions of joints to detect the
movement of the corresponding body parts. These systems can be divided into markerless and
marker-based systems. Several markerless approaches use the Microsoft Kinect [25, 26].
Marker-based approaches do not only employ markers, which are placed at anatomically
important body positions, e.g. joints, as well as the use of either passive [27] or active markers
[28].
Home automation sensors have the advantages of being inexpensive, taking privacy concerns
into account, and may already are installed in the domestic environment of a person due to other
benefits such as lighting, heating control or security aspects. Typical sensors used to assess the
mobility are light barriers [29, 30] and motion sensors. Motion sensors can, for example, are
mounted at the ceiling of a frequently used passageway and determine the walking speed of a
person [31]. Further approaches analyse the transition times between the coverage areas of
different sensors [32-34]
Other sensor-based approaches detect the movements of lower limbs by means of radar [35, 36],
laser scanner [37, 38] or ultrasonic sensors [39, 40].
Considering the summary of the state of the art, ambient sensors seem to be the best choice for
unobtrusive measurements in domestic environments. Ambient sensors are respecting the
privacy and measure the performance and not the capacity, because the person is not engaged in
a test situation during the measurements.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The used material was a dataset collected during a field study called OTAGO [41]. The main
goal of the study was to investigate whether the OTAGO exercise program [47] has an effect in
rehabilitation. The used methods are linear approximations for the sensor data and the
assessment scores, and a correlation coefficient for the statistical correlation analysis.
4. 3.1. Data Acquisition
The data has been collected during the OTAGO study which ranged from July 2014 to
December 2015. The planned duration of the study was 40 weeks for each participant. Twenty
participants (17 female, 3 male) of an average age of 84.75 years (±5.19 years) participated in
the study. They were in pre-frail or frail condition. Due to drop out the average participation
time was 36.5 weeks. Due to sickness, visitors, public holidays etc. the average days between
two assessments were 31.3 days (±5.3 days). Two participants died during the study and two
participants performed the assessments ten times. For the remaining 16 participants eleven
assessments have been conducted. At the beginning and every four weeks the standardised
geriatrics assessments, Timed Up & Go, SPPB, Barthel Index and Instrumental Activities of
Daily Living among others were performed [42-44]. The TUG took longer than 30s for two
participants (max. +1.62s). For sake of parity the assessments were scored with 3 points. The
characteristics of the study cohort are shown in Table 1 at baseline and Table 2 at the end of the
study and the Tables 3 to 14 show the assessment scores of each participant during the study. In
addition, ambient passive infrared wireless motion sensors have been installed in the living
space of the participants. The motion sensors had a cool down time of 8 seconds when motion
cannot be detected. All sensors sent their data over the air to a base station. The sensor system
was mainly comprised of home automation sensors and power sensors. A concussion sensor has
been placed in the bed, since the used motion sensor was not sensitive enough to measure the
small movements while sleeping. A switch with four keys has been installed next to the front
door of the homes to indicate whether the person is alone in the flat or not. The participants
have been instructed to press a key to make the system aware when another person enters the
flat. When the person leaves the flat again or the participant comes home, another key had to be
pressed to make the system aware that only one person is inside the flat. In Figure 1 a flat of one
of the participants is shown.
Figure 1. Example of a flat of one of the participants. The positions of the sensors are marked
by symbols.
5. Table 1. The baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
n=20, m=3,
f=17
Age (y) Frailty Index
(pts)
iADL (pts) SPPB
(pts)
Tinetti (pts) TUG (s)
Mean 84.8 1.9 7.3 6.0 22.5 17.9
SD 5.2 0.7 1.4 2.3 4.7 5.3
Range
(min - max)
76.0 – 92.0 1.0 – 3.0 3.0 – 8.0 3.0 – 11.0 13.0 – 28.0 11.2 – 31.6
Table 2. The characteristics of the study cohort at the end (T10)
n=18, m=3,
f=15
Age (y) Frailty Index
(pts)
iADL (pts) SPPB
(pts)
Tinetti
(pts)
TUG (s)
Mean 84.5 2.0 6.1 6.6 20.9 16.4
SD 4.9 1.0 2.3 2.9 5.7 6.0
Range
(min –
max)
77.0 –
93.0
0.0 –
4.0
1.0 –
8.0
2.0 –
12.0
7.0 –
27.0
8.5 –
30.1
Table 3. The assessment scores of participant 1. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 4 4
Tinetti13 5 7 11 5 7 9 8 7 6 8 8
Tinetti28 14 18 20 12 15 18 16 14 13 15 14
TUG 31.6
(3)
27.2
(3)
24.2
(3)
28.9
(3)
26.6
(3)
25.0
(3)
22.1
(3)
24.7
(3)
21.9
(3)
21.7
(3)
22.3
(3)
6. Table 4. The assessment scores of participant 2. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 8 7 7 5 8 9 8 10 7 8 7
Tinetti13 11 11 13 12 13 12 11 13 13 13 12
Tinetti28 25 25 28 26 26 25 23 26 27 28 23
TUG 14.5
(2)
15.7
(2)
13.6
(2)
13.1
(2)
13.3
(2)
11.7
(2)
13.0
(2)
11.8
(2)
13.4
(2)
16.2
(2)
13.1
(2)
Table 5. The assessment scores of participant 3. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 8 8 11 11 10 10 10 11 11 12 10
Tinetti13 11 13 13 13 13 12 13 13 12 12 12
Tinetti28 24 27 27 26 26 26 27 25 26 25 26
TUG 14.3
(2)
11.1
(2)
10.0
(1)
10.8
(2)
10.1
(2)
10.5
(2)
7.9
(1)
8.4
(1)
7.7
(1)
7.7
(1)
8.5
(1)
Table 6. The assessment scores of participant 4. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 9 9 11 9 10 9 10 10 7 9 11
Tinetti13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 13 12 13 13
Tinetti28 28 28 28 26 25 25 25 28 26 26 26
TUG 17.6
(2)
11.3
(2)
16.7
(2)
12.8
(2)
12.8
(2)
12.4
(2)
12.9
(2)
11.2
(2)
15.7
(2)
12.3
(2)
11.9
(2)
Table 7. The assessment scores of participant 5. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 5 10 8 7 7 8 8 7 8 7 8
Tinetti13 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12
Tinetti28 23 26 27 28 28 27 28 28 27 27 27
TUG 14.0 10.2 11.9 11.3 10.8 9.2 11.3 10.8 10.9 12.1 11.8
7. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
Table 8. The assessment scores of participant 6. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points). Due to medical condition the assessment scores of month
7 are not available.
ID 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 4 3 4 3 4 3 N/A 4 4 4 4
Tinetti13 8 8 8 8 6 6 N/A 8 7 10 7
Tinetti28 18 21 17 18 15 13 N/A 17 15 17 13
TUG 23.5
(3)
15.8
(2)
20.7
(3)
19.0
(3)
22.9
(3)
20.4
(3)
N/A 19.2
(2)
21.0
(3)
19.9
(3)
21.6
(3)
Table 9. The assessment scores of participant 7. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 4 4 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 5
Tinetti13 6 6 8 9 7 7 6 8 8 10 10
Tinetti28 16 15 19 19 16 16 15 17 18 20 20
TUG 21.0
(3)
16.8
(2)
15.8
(2)
15.5
(2)
17.7
(2)
16.0
(2)
14.6
(2)
14.9
(2)
14.1
(2)
15.5
(2)
15.5
(2)
Table 10. The assessment scores of participant 8. The first row is the month of the study. All values are in
points and the TUG scores are seconds (points). The participant deceased after participating 8 months.
ID 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 6 10 9 11 10 9 9 11 N/A N/A N/A
Tinetti13 13 13 12 13 12 13 12 11 N/A N/A N/A
Tinetti28 27 26 26 26 25 27 24 26 N/A N/A N/A
TUG 12.0
(2)
11.1
(2)
12.8
(2)
12.9
(2)
13.3
(2)
12.7
(2)
10.4
(2)
9.9
(1)
N/A N/A N/A
Table 11. The assessment scores of participant 9. The first column is the row of the study. All values are
in points and the TUG scores are seconds (points). The participant deceased after participating 3 months.
ID 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 4 10 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tinetti13 12 11 8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tinetti28 25 26 17 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
TUG 19.5
(2)
20.1
(2)
23.4
(3)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
8. Table 12. The assessment scores of participant 10. The first row is the month of the study. All values are
in points and the TUG scores are seconds (points). Due to medical condition the assessment scores of
month 6 are not available.
ID 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 3 3 2 3 2 N/A 2 2 2 2 2
Tinetti13 7 6 6 5 6 N/A 3 3 1 2 4
Tinetti28 13 15 12 12 11 N/A 6 6 5 5 7
TUG 21.3
(3)
25.4
(3)
27.2
(3)
22.4
(3)
21.3
(3)
N/A 24.8
(3)
24.4
(3)
23.9
(3)
28.7
(3)
30.1
(3)
Table 13. The assessment scores of participant 11. The first row is the month of the study. All values are
in points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 5 3 3 7 5 8 7 5 6 5 5
Tinetti13 10 9 5 9 8 6 9 10 11 9 10
Tinetti28 23 16 13 19 16 15 18 17 18 16 18
TUG 13.8
(2)
19.3
(2)
23.8
(3)
15.8
(2)
14.3
(2)
15.3
(2)
11.8
(2)
15.7
(2)
12.8
(2)
19.6
(3)
17.5
(2)
Table 14. The assessment scores of participant 12. The first row is the month of the study. All values are
in points and the TUG scores are seconds (points).
ID 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SPPB 4 5 5 6 3 6 3 2 3 4 4
Tinetti13 6 13 10 11 10 11 10 10 11 11 11
Tinetti28 17 27 20 20 19 18 18 18 22 21 19
TUG 23.1
(3)
19.3
(2)
19.0
(2)
20.3
(3)
21.5
(3)
21.8
(3)
24.2
(3)
26.4
(3)
19.6
(3)
24.3
(3)
22.4
(3)
3.2. Preprocessing
The data described in Section 3.1. is preprocessed in the following manner. The sensor events of
each day are added up for each sensor. Then the average number of events per day is computed
by adding up the number of events and dividing it by the number of motion sensor in the flat of
the participant. The result is one feature per day. The mathematical formulation is
9. (I)
where n is the number of sensors installed in the flat, j the 8 seconds time window of the day
and 1 the indicator function defined on the set A of all sensor events. In other words, the
indicator function is 1 if there is a sensor event e from sensor i in time window j and 0 if there is
no event. If there is no sensor event recorded on a certain day, the day is excluded from the
dataset. The average days between two assessments after removing are 31.6 days and the
assessment scores were used as they were recorded. Unless a sub-item could not be performed,
but the remaining items can, the sub-item is scored with 0 even though the items score cannot
be 0 according to the manual.
Several participants have been excluded from the dataset. Three participants were excluded,
because they were hospitalised during the study. Their data was incomplete and after being
discharged from the hospital the participants used walking frames and got assistance while
performing the assessments. In three flats the motion sensors in key areas have been installed a
few months after the study started. Hence, the data from the most frequently used rooms like the
kitchen, living room and hallway is not available. These three participants have been excluded
as well. Another two participants have been excluded due to incomplete data, there was an error
that caused fragmented data. Overall, we excluded eight participants from the analysis. Such
exclusion resulted in a final cohort of 12, with 10 female and 2 male participants.
3.3. Interpolation and Approximation
Two different interpolation methods were used for the values. The assessment scores are
interpolated using a spline interpolation and the average activities per day are approximated
with a linear regression. The piecewise polynomial interpolation or spline interpolation is an
ordinary linear function defined as follows
(II)
where x is the date of the assessment, m the slope and b the interception with the y-axis. In
addition, for each two consecutive scores ai and ai+1 the following conditions must hold
(III)
where i denotes the index of the assessment score. Spline interpolation is used, because the
assessments were taken in an average interval of 31.3 days and assuming a linear change is
feasible. The frequency of the average motion in one day is much higher. Between two
assessments an average of 31.6 values are available. This value is slightly larger than the
average days between two assessments, because we excluded some participants from our
dataset. Linear regression is more robust in the face of outliers than spline interpolation. So,
linear regression is used to approximate a function for the average motion values. The linear
regression has the same base function as the spline interpolation, but the way of computing the
values m and b is different
(IV)
where d is an arbitrary metric function, i the number of values and vi the i-th value of the value
set. Formula IV is computed for different m’s and the m which results in the smallest sum is
10. chosen as best parameter for the regression. For this research, the Euclidean distance is used as
metric. The linear regression formula is not taking b into account. However, after computing m
there is only one unknown left in the equation. Using linear algebra, the unique solution can be
computed.
The interpolated and fitted values are correlated with each other using Spearman's ρ.
3.4. Correlation Coefficient and Thresholds
For correlation, the Spearman Rank Correlation or Spearman's ρ is used [45]. The correlation
assesses whether there is a monotonic relationship between two variables. In contrast to the
Pearson Correlation there is only one assumption that must hold. It is sufficient when the
variables are in an ordinal scale. To each value its rank is assigned. The values are sorted in an
ascending order and the rank is the index of the value. Since, two values can have the same
rank, the rank is not well-defined. To overcome this, the equal values are slightly altered to
become different and the new rank is the mean of the ranks of the altered values. This is called
Ties. Once all ranks are assigned the correlation is computed with the formula
(V)
where R(xi) denotes the rank of value xi, µ the mean of all ranks of the corresponding variable
and n is the number of values. The formula reveals if all values for one variable are equal, the
correlation coefficient is not defined, because a division by zero occurs.
For judging the strength of the correlation, the definition of Cohen [46] is used. Correlations
between 0.1 and 0.3 are considered as small, between 0.3 and 0.5 are considered as moderate
and larger than 0.5 are considered as large. This holds for the negative values as well. A
correlation is statistically significant when p<0.001 holds.
4. RESULTS
All correlations satisfying the threshold of 0.3 are significant with a p-Value smaller
than 0.001.
All participants have at least one assessment with a moderate correlation. The smallest
correlation is 0.3 for participant 2 with the SPPB and with the Tinetti13 assessments.
The smallest significant correlation is the correlation with the SPPB of participant 10
with 0.23. The p-Values of each smaller correlation is greater than 0.001. Participant 9
has the largest correlation values over all for all assessments. There is only one
participant (3) with one assessment with a correlation stronger than moderate. The
participants 1,2,6,11 have a correlation stronger than 0.3 for two assessments. The
Tinetti13 and Tinetti28 are correlated for participant 11. The SPPB and Tinetti13 are
correlated only for participant 2 and SPPB and Tinetti28 are correlated only for
participant 1. For participants 8 all assessments except for the Tinetti28 are correlated
with a minimum of 0.43. For participant 9 all assessments are correlated with a
minimum correlation of 0.82. The TUG assessment is the only assessment where
sometimes the correlation could not be computed. The scores of the participants 1,2,4
and 10 were not changing during the study. The largest correlation with 0.88 is found
for participant 9 and the smallest significant correlation for participant 12. For
participants 5,8,9, and 12 the magnitude of the correlation of TUG and SPPB are
11. similar, e.g. for participant 5 both correlations are moderate. All the participants, where
the TUG correlation is not applicable, are showing small changes in all assessment
scores and the scores are never crossing a cut off score. The correlation values and
corresponding p-values are shown in Table 15.
Table 15. The participants and the correlations with the assessments SPPB, Tinetti13, Tinetti28
and TUG. Correlations that are moderate at least are in bold font; N/A means Not Applicable.
ID Assessment Correlation
SPPB Tinetti13 Tinetti28 TUG
1 -0.56 (p<0.001) 0.10 (p<0.07) 0.43 (p<0.001) N/A (N/A)
2 -0.30 (p<0.001) 0.30 (p<0.001) 0.26 (p<0.001) N/A (N/A)
3 -0.12 (p<0.02) -0.32 (p<0.001) -0.01 (p<0.8) -0.04 (p<0.5)
4 -0.50 (p<0.001) -0.15 (p<0.006) -0.42 (p<0.001) N/A (N/A)
5 -0.33 (p<0.001) 0.14 (p<0.01) -0.20 (p<0.001) 0.37 (p<0.001)
6 0.03 (p<0.6) -0.40 (p<0.001) -0.46 (p<0.001) 0.01 (p<0.92)
7 -0.05 (p<0.3) 0.70 (p<0.001) 0.28 (p<0.001) 0.24 (p<0.001)
8 0.49 (p<0.001) -0.43 (p<0.001) -0.10 (p<0.001) -0.52 (p<0.001)
9 0.88 (p<0.001) 0.82 (p<0.001) 0.84 (p<0.001) -0.88 (p<0.001)
10 0.23 (p<0.001) 0.60 (p<0.001) -0.25 (p<0.001) N/A (N/A)
11 -0.06 (p<0.2) -0.61 (p<0.001) 0.26 (p<0.001) 0.47 (p<0.001)
12 -0.34 (p<0.001) 0.02 (p<0.7) -0.37 (p<0.001) 0.33 (p<0.001)
Correlating the scores achieved in the three domains of the SPPB leads to the results
shown in Table 16. A moderate to large correlation is found for the participants
2,3,4,6,8 and 12. Participant 9 has a large positive correlation for all three domains. The
domain balance correlates with the average motion sensor events for the participants
6,8,9, the domain gait and 4 metres correlate for the participants 2,4,9, and the domain
assessing the strength of the lower limbs correlates for participants 3,9, and 12. There is
no moderate correlation found for participants 1,5,7,10, and 11. There is a correlation of
0.0 for participant 1 with 5CRT, participant 7 for 5CRT as well and for participant 10
for balance and 4 metres.
Table 16. The correlation of the three domains assessed by the SPPB. 5 times chair rise and 4m
gait test. Correlations that are moderate at least are in bold font.
ID SPPB Item Correlation
Balance 4m 5CRT
1 -0.22 (p<0.001) -0.21 (p<0.001) 0.00 (p<0.0)
2 0.01 (p<0.7) -0.63 (p<0.001) -0.21 (p<0.001)
3 -0.10 (p<0.05) 0.26 (p<0.001) 0.36 (p<0.001)
4 0.20 (p<0.001) -0.62 (p<0.001) -0.23 (p<0.001)
5 -0.25 (p<0.001) -0.20 (p<0.001) -0.22 (p<0.001)
6 -0.58 (p<0.001) 0.17 (p<0.007) -0.13 (p<0.04)
7 -0.01 (p<0.83) -0.15 (p<0.008) 0.00 (p<0.0)
8 0.52 (p<0.001) -0.21 (p<0.002) 0.14 (p<0.04)
9 0.82 (p<0.001) 0.82 (p<0.001) 0.82 (p<0.001)
10 0.00 (p<0.0) 0.00 (p<0.0) -0.06 (p<0.2)
11 0.13 (p<0.01) -0.02 (p<0.6) 0.26 (p<0.001)
12 -0.25 (p<0.001) 0.24 (p<0.001) -0.78 (p<0.001)
12. 5. DISCUSSION
Table 15 shows some interesting findings. Even though the three assessments are assessing
similar domains the correlations are different. The reason why SPPB and Tinetti13 have a
different correlation is that Tinetti13 is comprised of balance items only while the SPPB
includes additional parameters that cover gait and lower limb muscle-strength. A good example
for such variational effect is participant 12. For this participant, the correlation of SPPB is
moderate and there is no correlation with Tinetti13 and a weak correlation with Tinetti28.
Looking at Table 2 the gait which is assessed in Tinetti13 and the balance which is assessed in
Tinetti13 and Tinetti28 shows a weak correlation only, but the 5CRT which is assessing the
lower limb strength has a large correlation. The structure of the SPPB and the TUG is the reason
for the similar correlations. Both assessments are assessing the same dimensions. In the SPPB
the three dimensions are divided into three different items, the TUG assesses the three
dimensions indirectly. The balance and the lower limb strength are assessed by standing up and
sitting down, and the gait by the 3m walk.
With participant 9 showing the highest correlation overall, the general validity of the ambient
motion sensors to detect functional decline can be confirmed. It is worthwhile, to investigate the
individual history of this case: Two month in the study, the participant got a chemotherapy
therapy. Therefore, the physical and psychological conditions of this participant became worse
rapidly. Due to the frequent treatments in the hospital amount of data is small compared to the
other participants. While the corresponding decline is well given in this case, others slighter
trajectories as well have been present.
For participant 2 there is moderate correlation for SPPB and Tinetti13. The explanation is that
only the 4m gait test has large correlation and the other two items have no and a weak
correlation respectively. The SPPB takes all three domains into account equally and the
Tinetti13 is comprised of items for assessing gait only. The Tinetti28 is slightly imbalanced
towards the balance items because the maximum balance score is higher than the maximum gait
score.
Even considering Table 16 there is no explanation for some combination of correlations. For
participants 1,5,7,10, and 11 there is no significant correlation for the SPPB items, but there are
moderate to strong correlations found for the assessments themselves. The reason might be a
combination of the items of the assessments. To verify this further investigation is needed.
The unclear results could be traced back to the study as well. The sensors were installed in the
domestic environments and could not be controlled. Some sensors were relocated by the dweller
so that the sensing area changed. That might led to a blind spot, where a lot of activities were
done. That would have changed the number of events and the cause is not a change in mobility,
but in sensor relocation.
From the medical point of view the participants with the strongest mobility impairment show
stronger or more correlations. The correlation is at least large (>0.6) for one assessment or
moderate for two or more assessments. The reason is that their condition is very volatile, and
the assessment results are only representing the form of the day. Moreover, the participants in
good condition can show good performance in the assessments, but may are sluggish during
none assessment times. The correlation of the SPPB of participant 8 is caused by the strong
improvements in mobility. Participant 8 is the only participant, except for participant 9, where
the SPPB scores are improving from the lowest to the highest cut off interval. The variety of the
correlations and the combination of correlating assessments reflects the variety of the study
cohort.
13. Even though there are correlations found, it is too early to conclude causalities or medical
reasons. Further medical studies are needed to closely investigate the relation between the
motion sensor events and the assessment scores.
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The results show that the approach using motion sensor data for assessing the mobility of
elderly people is feasible for continuous long-term monitoring and provides valuable
information for physicians. The correlations found with SPPB and Tinetti are moderate (≥0.3) at
least and statistically significant (p<0.001).
There are two ways to further investigate the relation between the motion sensor data and the
assessment scores. The first way is to improve the interpolation, regression and analytical
methods. Artificial intelligence algorithms show promising results in ubiquitous computing and
analysing data from distributed sensor systems. So, the second way is to add more information
to the data and additional data from other sensors. Power consumption sensors can add valuable
information about activities for further analysis. The current data does not take the entropy of a
sensor event into account. For example, a motion sensor which is attached near the door to the
backyard might not have as many events as a motion sensor in the living room, but the
information that the participant left the flat is more important than the participant is in the living
room. Moreover, the sequence of the events could be taken into account. Those sequences can
give information about the ways of the participant in the flat. The ratio between unnecessary
ways in the flat and necessary ones like going to the toilet, may proof to be a good feature to
improve the correlation.
In addition, there are unclear correlation combinations, maybe due to special combinations of
assessment items might be the cause. To find an explanation the correlations of the items must
be explored further by correlating every single Tinetti item with the average motion sensor
events.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge Prof. Dr. Jürgen Bauer (University of Heidelberg) for designing and
supervising the OTAGO study. We acknowledge Bianca Sahlmann (University of Oldenburg)
and Lena Elgert (Peter L. Reichertz Institute, Hannover) for performing the assessments. The
OTAGO study has been funded by an internal funding of the Carl von Ossietzky University of
Oldenburg and has been approved by the ethics committee under the ethics vote Drs.72/2014.
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