Here are the key points from the study:
- Newspapers with the largest circulation in a state were analyzed for their coverage of Senate races between 1988-1992. Over 5,500 articles were examined.
- The tone of coverage was slightly more positive/favorable toward candidates endorsed by the newspaper's editorial board. However, the magnitude of bias was small.
- Headlines also tended to be slightly more positive toward endorsed candidates.
- Endorsed candidates received fewer unattributed criticisms.
- The tone of issue coverage and traits discussed were also slightly more positive toward endorsed candidates.
- Descriptions of the horserace favored endorsed candidates.
So in summary, the study found subtle biases in coverage
Warfare is the quintessential government activity. As a rule, a national government that is unprepared to defend itself against armed attackers cannot expect to retain control of its territory, resident population, and other resources.
The document discusses different models of media systems and their relationship to public knowledge and democratic processes. It analyzes public service media traditions in countries like the UK, US, Denmark and Finland, finding that citizens in countries with strong public service broadcasting traditions tend to have higher levels of political and international knowledge. The document also examines debates around concepts like free speech, commercialization of media, and the role of media in serving the public interest.
This document provides an in-depth analysis of populism as a political phenomenon. It examines 14 past populist leaders across 10 countries to identify common characteristics and develop an "archetypical populist template." Key findings include:
1) Populism typically arises during times of economic weakness, inequality, and political paralysis, as common people feel the system does not work for them and turn to strongmen leaders who attack the establishment.
2) Populist regimes tend toward nationalism, militarism, protectionism, media influence/control, and intensifying conflicts between political factions that can undermine democracy.
3) Case studies of 1930s populists like FDR, Mussolini, and Hitler demonstrate these patterns
T. Gackowski, POLITICAL IMAGE AS THE SUBSTANCE OF THE POLITICAL COMMUNICATION...Medioznawca_com
Paper which was presented to the International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Desgin 2013 - North Cyprus, Famagusta, 2-4 may 2013 r. - http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/ - look proceedings book: http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/Proceedings/Proceedings.pdf
This document appears to be a syllabus for a political science course on major patterns in American politics. It lists several topics that will be covered in the class, including increased polarization between the two major political parties in Congress over the last 40 years. It also notes that bipartisan agreements on budget issues have become almost impossible due to the high level of polarization among lawmakers. The syllabus states that this polarization trend will likely continue due to underlying social and economic factors.
La Web 2.0 permite la interacción bidireccional entre usuarios y herramientas como apoyo para la educación en línea. Algunos servicios populares de la Web 2.0 incluyen blogs, wikis, Twitter, Google Reader y WordPress. Las redes sociales como Facebook conectan a personas a través de amistades y intereses comunes, mientras que el almacenamiento en la nube como Dropbox y Google Drive permite el acceso a archivos desde cualquier lugar.
Warfare is the quintessential government activity. As a rule, a national government that is unprepared to defend itself against armed attackers cannot expect to retain control of its territory, resident population, and other resources.
The document discusses different models of media systems and their relationship to public knowledge and democratic processes. It analyzes public service media traditions in countries like the UK, US, Denmark and Finland, finding that citizens in countries with strong public service broadcasting traditions tend to have higher levels of political and international knowledge. The document also examines debates around concepts like free speech, commercialization of media, and the role of media in serving the public interest.
This document provides an in-depth analysis of populism as a political phenomenon. It examines 14 past populist leaders across 10 countries to identify common characteristics and develop an "archetypical populist template." Key findings include:
1) Populism typically arises during times of economic weakness, inequality, and political paralysis, as common people feel the system does not work for them and turn to strongmen leaders who attack the establishment.
2) Populist regimes tend toward nationalism, militarism, protectionism, media influence/control, and intensifying conflicts between political factions that can undermine democracy.
3) Case studies of 1930s populists like FDR, Mussolini, and Hitler demonstrate these patterns
T. Gackowski, POLITICAL IMAGE AS THE SUBSTANCE OF THE POLITICAL COMMUNICATION...Medioznawca_com
Paper which was presented to the International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Desgin 2013 - North Cyprus, Famagusta, 2-4 may 2013 r. - http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/ - look proceedings book: http://www.cmdconf.net/2013/Proceedings/Proceedings.pdf
This document appears to be a syllabus for a political science course on major patterns in American politics. It lists several topics that will be covered in the class, including increased polarization between the two major political parties in Congress over the last 40 years. It also notes that bipartisan agreements on budget issues have become almost impossible due to the high level of polarization among lawmakers. The syllabus states that this polarization trend will likely continue due to underlying social and economic factors.
La Web 2.0 permite la interacción bidireccional entre usuarios y herramientas como apoyo para la educación en línea. Algunos servicios populares de la Web 2.0 incluyen blogs, wikis, Twitter, Google Reader y WordPress. Las redes sociales como Facebook conectan a personas a través de amistades y intereses comunes, mientras que el almacenamiento en la nube como Dropbox y Google Drive permite el acceso a archivos desde cualquier lugar.
475 2015 the new media and its impact on politics upmpeffl
The document summarizes research on censorship and social media in China. It discusses two studies:
1) A study that scraped social media posts in China over time and found posts were censored based on their potential to spur social mobilization, not based on their content being pro- or anti-government.
2) A second study submitted fake blog posts to Chinese sites that varied in terms of supporting/criticizing the government and emphasizing collective action. Posts suggesting collective action were more likely to be automatically censored.
The research suggests the goal of censorship in China is to curtail collective action and social mobilization, regardless of the ideological stance of online content.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. A study found that racial attitudes, as measured by racial resentment and racial stereotypes, became more strongly associated with white Americans' health care opinions after Barack Obama was elected president in 2008 compared to before his election.
2. This increase in the effect of racial attitudes was independent of partisanship, ideology, views on limited government, and concerns about medical costs.
3. A survey experiment also showed that racial attitudes had a stronger influence on white Americans' support for health care policy when Obama was mentioned compared to when either "some people" or "President Bill Clinton" were mentioned instead.
El documento anuncia un concurso de postales para alumnos de 5o y 6o grado. Todos los miembros de la comunidad educativa podrán votar por su postal favorita dejando un comentario en mayúsculas indicando el número de la postal elegida. Solo se permitirá un voto por persona.
Ed Sheeran uses music videos like "Lego House" to promote himself and his record label, Warner Music Group. The video features a famous actor to attract viewers and help sell more singles. It was posted to YouTube by his label, generating advertising revenue and over 68 million views. Sheeran also extends his income through merchandise on his website and in stores, with profits split between himself and retailers. Record labels and clothing companies collaborate through synergy deals, splitting profits from products like Sheeran's t-shirts that feature his name and raise his profile, potentially driving people to buy his albums.
El documento anuncia un concurso de postales para alumnos de 5o y 6o grado. Todos los miembros de la comunidad educativa podrán votar por su postal favorita dejando un comentario en mayúsculas indicando el número de la postal elegida. Solo se permitirá un voto por persona.
There are two types of companies - private and public. Private companies have fewer shareholders and capital requirements, while public companies have higher requirements and must be listed on a stock exchange. The Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) facilitates trading of shares of public companies in Nepal. To protect investors, stock exchanges use a circuit breaker system to halt trading if prices fall or rise too quickly. Individual securities also have price bands that limit intraday price movement.
Internet of things - Business Opportunities in the Connected WorldJag Randhawa
This document discusses the evolution of the internet from Web 1.0 focusing on information, to Web 2.0 focusing on people, to the current Web 3.0 focusing on connecting physical devices or "things" known as the Internet of Things (IoT). It outlines the building blocks that enable IoT such as sensors, connectivity, and processing power. The document also discusses current IoT trends, opportunities for businesses through applications in various industries, and challenges in IoT implementation including security, privacy and interoperability. It predicts the IoT market will reach $11 trillion by 2020.
The document discusses methods of recruitment for filling job vacancies, including internal sources like promoting existing employees and external sources like hiring new candidates. Internal recruitment saves time and money but has limited selection and risks bias, while external recruitment brings in new talent but costs more due to recruitment and training expenses. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Hot & Delicious Rocks The Planet! - Social Media Strategy & Content Production.Dan Wilkinson
Dan Wilkinson (Hot & Delicious: Rocks The Planet! is a global award-winning social media strategist and content producer who has worked with and changed the face of social media for a range of international brands and organizations including Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate, Philadelphia Cream Cheese, Peroni Italian Beer, Cancer Council Australia Bulmers Original Cider, & more.
His portfolio from the past 12 months includes APAC winner at the 2016 Facebook Awards, speaking at Social Media Week - Miami, multiple global Kinsale Sharks Awards (Silver, Bronze, Bronze), case studies featured on both the Instagram and Twitter Global Business Blogs, Shorty Awards finalist in NYC & much more.
This document discusses several topics related to news media and public opinion, including:
1. Traditional definitions of fair and neutral news reporting rely on official sources and presenting two sides to stories, which can oversimplify complex issues.
2. News coverage tends to focus on novel, dramatic stories involving conflict and personalities rather than complex policy issues or systemic problems. This shapes public attention.
3. Factors like reporters' demographics, newsroom biases, and a focus on "if it bleeds it leads" can influence disproportionate coverage of certain types of crime stories and racial biases.
4. Given these limitations in news coverage, public opinion formed on this basis may also be fragmented, ahistorical, and
PS 101 The Media And American Politics Fall 2008Christopher Rice
The document discusses the role of media in American politics. It defines what is considered "the media" and discusses its roles as a common carrier, watchdog, signaler and public representative. The document also explores the concepts of bias, objectivity and agenda setting in the media and debates whether and how bias can exist in reporting. It notes that while bias may be difficult to define and measure, media coverage can still reflect certain tendencies that favor some interests over others.
PS 101 The Media And American Politics Summer 2008Christopher Rice
This document discusses various aspects of the media and its role in American politics. It begins by defining different types of media and what constitutes "news." It then examines the media's roles as a common carrier, watchdog, signaler, and public representative. The document also explores how the media can influence politics through agenda-setting, framing issues, and potentially exhibiting bias. It discusses the challenges of defining and measuring bias and notes that perceptions of media bias are common. Overall, the document provides an overview of the complex relationship between media and politics in the United States.
The document discusses the influence of mass media on politics and policymaking. It describes the media's roles in setting the political agenda, influencing public opinion, and shaping how politicians present themselves and issues. While the media aims to inform the public and hold politicians accountable, there are concerns about superficial coverage, bias towards sensationalism, and conflicts of interest as media has consolidated into a few large corporations. Politicians have also learned to control and manipulate the media to advance their own agendas.
475 2015 the new media and its impact on politics upmpeffl
The document summarizes research on censorship and social media in China. It discusses two studies:
1) A study that scraped social media posts in China over time and found posts were censored based on their potential to spur social mobilization, not based on their content being pro- or anti-government.
2) A second study submitted fake blog posts to Chinese sites that varied in terms of supporting/criticizing the government and emphasizing collective action. Posts suggesting collective action were more likely to be automatically censored.
The research suggests the goal of censorship in China is to curtail collective action and social mobilization, regardless of the ideological stance of online content.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. A study found that racial attitudes, as measured by racial resentment and racial stereotypes, became more strongly associated with white Americans' health care opinions after Barack Obama was elected president in 2008 compared to before his election.
2. This increase in the effect of racial attitudes was independent of partisanship, ideology, views on limited government, and concerns about medical costs.
3. A survey experiment also showed that racial attitudes had a stronger influence on white Americans' support for health care policy when Obama was mentioned compared to when either "some people" or "President Bill Clinton" were mentioned instead.
El documento anuncia un concurso de postales para alumnos de 5o y 6o grado. Todos los miembros de la comunidad educativa podrán votar por su postal favorita dejando un comentario en mayúsculas indicando el número de la postal elegida. Solo se permitirá un voto por persona.
Ed Sheeran uses music videos like "Lego House" to promote himself and his record label, Warner Music Group. The video features a famous actor to attract viewers and help sell more singles. It was posted to YouTube by his label, generating advertising revenue and over 68 million views. Sheeran also extends his income through merchandise on his website and in stores, with profits split between himself and retailers. Record labels and clothing companies collaborate through synergy deals, splitting profits from products like Sheeran's t-shirts that feature his name and raise his profile, potentially driving people to buy his albums.
El documento anuncia un concurso de postales para alumnos de 5o y 6o grado. Todos los miembros de la comunidad educativa podrán votar por su postal favorita dejando un comentario en mayúsculas indicando el número de la postal elegida. Solo se permitirá un voto por persona.
There are two types of companies - private and public. Private companies have fewer shareholders and capital requirements, while public companies have higher requirements and must be listed on a stock exchange. The Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) facilitates trading of shares of public companies in Nepal. To protect investors, stock exchanges use a circuit breaker system to halt trading if prices fall or rise too quickly. Individual securities also have price bands that limit intraday price movement.
Internet of things - Business Opportunities in the Connected WorldJag Randhawa
This document discusses the evolution of the internet from Web 1.0 focusing on information, to Web 2.0 focusing on people, to the current Web 3.0 focusing on connecting physical devices or "things" known as the Internet of Things (IoT). It outlines the building blocks that enable IoT such as sensors, connectivity, and processing power. The document also discusses current IoT trends, opportunities for businesses through applications in various industries, and challenges in IoT implementation including security, privacy and interoperability. It predicts the IoT market will reach $11 trillion by 2020.
The document discusses methods of recruitment for filling job vacancies, including internal sources like promoting existing employees and external sources like hiring new candidates. Internal recruitment saves time and money but has limited selection and risks bias, while external recruitment brings in new talent but costs more due to recruitment and training expenses. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Hot & Delicious Rocks The Planet! - Social Media Strategy & Content Production.Dan Wilkinson
Dan Wilkinson (Hot & Delicious: Rocks The Planet! is a global award-winning social media strategist and content producer who has worked with and changed the face of social media for a range of international brands and organizations including Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate, Philadelphia Cream Cheese, Peroni Italian Beer, Cancer Council Australia Bulmers Original Cider, & more.
His portfolio from the past 12 months includes APAC winner at the 2016 Facebook Awards, speaking at Social Media Week - Miami, multiple global Kinsale Sharks Awards (Silver, Bronze, Bronze), case studies featured on both the Instagram and Twitter Global Business Blogs, Shorty Awards finalist in NYC & much more.
This document discusses several topics related to news media and public opinion, including:
1. Traditional definitions of fair and neutral news reporting rely on official sources and presenting two sides to stories, which can oversimplify complex issues.
2. News coverage tends to focus on novel, dramatic stories involving conflict and personalities rather than complex policy issues or systemic problems. This shapes public attention.
3. Factors like reporters' demographics, newsroom biases, and a focus on "if it bleeds it leads" can influence disproportionate coverage of certain types of crime stories and racial biases.
4. Given these limitations in news coverage, public opinion formed on this basis may also be fragmented, ahistorical, and
PS 101 The Media And American Politics Fall 2008Christopher Rice
The document discusses the role of media in American politics. It defines what is considered "the media" and discusses its roles as a common carrier, watchdog, signaler and public representative. The document also explores the concepts of bias, objectivity and agenda setting in the media and debates whether and how bias can exist in reporting. It notes that while bias may be difficult to define and measure, media coverage can still reflect certain tendencies that favor some interests over others.
PS 101 The Media And American Politics Summer 2008Christopher Rice
This document discusses various aspects of the media and its role in American politics. It begins by defining different types of media and what constitutes "news." It then examines the media's roles as a common carrier, watchdog, signaler, and public representative. The document also explores how the media can influence politics through agenda-setting, framing issues, and potentially exhibiting bias. It discusses the challenges of defining and measuring bias and notes that perceptions of media bias are common. Overall, the document provides an overview of the complex relationship between media and politics in the United States.
The document discusses the influence of mass media on politics and policymaking. It describes the media's roles in setting the political agenda, influencing public opinion, and shaping how politicians present themselves and issues. While the media aims to inform the public and hold politicians accountable, there are concerns about superficial coverage, bias towards sensationalism, and conflicts of interest as media has consolidated into a few large corporations. Politicians have also learned to control and manipulate the media to advance their own agendas.
Mac201 Objectivity and impartiality 2014Rob Jewitt
This document outlines a session on news objectivity, impartiality, and balance. It discusses the concepts of objectivity, impartiality, and balance in news reporting. It notes that while objectivity aims for factual accuracy and lack of bias, true objectivity is impossible to achieve. The document also addresses criticisms of news reporting, such as accusations of ideological bias, the marginalization of certain voices, and the influence of public relations on news content. It concludes that while news aims for impartiality, subjective value judgements still influence content selection and framing.
The document discusses several topics related to politics and the media, including:
1) Different views on the role and purpose of the media, such as providing what the public wants versus balancing public interests.
2) How journalists and media outlets determine what issues to cover and how to frame them, as well as potential biases.
3) The functions of the media, including serving as a link between government and the public, investigating issues, and acting as a watchdog.
4) How groups and politicians use the media in campaigns and how the media can influence elections.
5) The history and development of different media forms such as print, radio, television, and the internet.
This document discusses the history and evolution of mass media in the United States. It covers the party press of the early 1800s, the rise of popular newspapers by the late 1800s, and the impact of magazines, radio, television, and the internet. It also examines the roles of media as gatekeepers, scorekeepers, and watchdogs. Additionally, it discusses the concept of media bias and how government can influence media through regulation and licensing.
This document discusses objectivity, impartiality, and balance in journalism. It provides definitions of these concepts and notes criticisms of objectivity claims. Data is presented from a 2012 Which? report on professions rated as trustworthy by the public. The challenges of achieving true objectivity or balance are explored. Primary sources journalists rely on, like officials and institutions, are examined. The influence of news agencies and PR on story selection is summarized.
The document discusses how media systems influence public policymaking. Media act as channels between those who want to influence policy and policymakers, controlling the scope of political discourse. While textbook policymaking follows an orderly process, media involvement makes the process less linear. Media choose what issues to cover and how to frame them, actively shaping public opinion and policy debates. As a result, politics has begun orienting itself to satisfy media organizations. The media are now active participants in policymaking and can stimulate change or maintain the status quo through their framing of issues.
Temple Law School/ICAS Joint Lecture:
#vivalarevolucíon: New Millennium Political Protests
Slides for John Russell
Speakers:
David H. Slater, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Japanese Studies and Director of the Institute of Comparative Culture, Sophia University
John Russell, Professor of Anthropology, Gifu University
William Andrews, writer and translator.
Sarajean Rossitto, Nonprofit NGO Consultant
Moderator:
Tina Saunders, Director and Associate Professor of Instruction in Law, Temple University School of Law, Japan Campus
ICAS public lecture series videos are posted on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAA67B040B82B8AEF
This chapter discusses the history and impact of mass media in American politics. It addresses how media has changed over time from newspapers to radio, TV, and the internet. It also analyzes how media can influence politics through agenda-setting and framing of issues. Additionally, it examines criticisms of potential bias or corporate influence over media and debates around ensuring accuracy, objectivity and press freedom.
A Critical Guide To Fake News From Comedy To TragedyBrittany Allen
This document provides a historical overview of the term "fake news" and how its meaning has evolved over time. It begins by discussing how fake news originated in comedy news shows in the late 1990s, where it was used ironically. However, with the growth of internet and changes in media, fake news took on a more deceptive connotation in the 2010s, often being created to influence politics. The document explores debates around defining fake news, examining whether the intent must always be to deceive or if inaccurate stories created for profit could also be considered fake news. It concludes by noting how professional journalism has also both spread and fallen victim to strategically fake news stories throughout history.
American Government - Chapter 10 - Mediacyruskarimian
The document discusses the evolving relationship between media and politics in the United States over time. It describes how colonial newspapers promoted political discussion and independence, while the development of new printing technologies in the 1830s freed the press from financial dependence on political parties. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, sensationalistic "yellow journalism" and investigative "muckraking" journalism gained popularity before objectivity in reporting became emphasized. More recently, trends include declining newspaper readership, less news attention from young people who use social media more, and "narrowcasting" of tailored political messages.
Public relations has evolved from ancient times where rulers used statues and coins to shape public perception, to the modern practice of strategically influencing media coverage and public opinion. Early pioneers like Ivy Lee established the principles of openness and honesty in public relations. Edward Bernays further developed the field and taught that public relations aims to "engineer public support" through information and persuasion. Today, public relations professionals perform roles like writing, media relations, and crisis communication across various types of clients from governments to industries.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
This document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between journalism and democracy. It addresses Walter Lippmann's views on the limits of people's knowledge and the role of objectivity in journalism. It also discusses agenda-setting theory and the media's role in shaping public opinion. Finally, it outlines different models of the media's role in democracy, including as a watchdog, civic forum, or means to empower various groups in society.
1) Americans perceive the media as playing an important role in democracy but feel unsure about navigating today's media environment.
2) Perspective and bias shape how we view information, and complete objectivity is difficult, but bias becomes a problem when it involves unfair prejudice.
3) It's important to identify different types of biases in writing, images, statistics, and beyond to evaluate information critically. Fact-checking is one way to push past bias and misinformation.
This document discusses how new media has impacted news values and journalism. It provides an overview of classical news values according to Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge, which include impact, audience identification, and pragmatics of media coverage. Popular 2014 news stories from Google are then analyzed based on these classical news values. While no single story satisfies all twelve values, stories with more negativity and impact received more attention. The document argues that online journalists, not citizen journalists, should adhere to news values to ensure quality journalism.
The document discusses how the boundaries between news and entertainment have blurred over time. It examines how Jon Stewart's The Daily Show uses satire and comedy to comment on and critique mainstream news, challenging conventions. While still providing political and current event information, the show is not bound by standards of objectivity that traditional journalism aims for. Younger audiences seem to prefer this more irreverent approach to news over straightforward reporting. The blending of humor and news reflects broader changes in media and how information is consumed.
The document discusses how the boundaries between news and entertainment have blurred over time. It examines how news programs have incorporated more dramatization and emotional elements to engage audiences, particularly younger audiences. It also explores how shows like The Daily Show challenge conventional notions of objective news reporting by using satire and parody. While The Daily Show presents news information, its host Jon Stewart argues viewers cannot actually get their news from the show on its own due to the comedic framing and selective coverage. Overall, the document analyzes societal forces that have contributed to a blurring of the lines between news and entertainment formats.
Similar to 475 constructing the news (9 12) 2012 up (20)
This document outlines the key topics and themes that will be covered in a public opinion course. The course will examine how public opinion surveys are conducted and interpreted. Students will evaluate theories about how people form opinions and answer survey questions. Key debates around the competence of the public and the role of public opinion in influencing policy will also be discussed. Regular quizzes will assess students' understanding of the readings and class discussions. The goal is to make students savvier consumers of public opinion data.
475 2015 partisan press and public polarization upmpeffl
I do not have enough information to make a claim about whether the net effect of partisan media is a benefit or cost. Reasonable people can disagree on this issue. While partisan media may polarize some viewers and undermine consensus, it also engages citizens, holds politicians accountable, and gives voice to underrepresented groups. Overall impacts depend on complex societal and individual factors. A diversity of high-quality news sources, along with media literacy, may help citizens navigate partisan information flows.
The document discusses various methods for measuring implicit and explicit attitudes, noting that implicit attitudes occur outside of conscious awareness while explicit attitudes can be influenced by social desirability bias. It also describes the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) as methods for indirectly measuring implicit attitudes, finding the AMP to have simpler interpretation but large effects. High and low self-monitors are also discussed in terms of the relationship between private and public attitudes.
The document discusses several classic social psychology experiments that demonstrate how social influences and group settings can powerfully shape human attitudes, opinions, and behaviors - for better or worse. It summarizes Milgram's obedience experiments which shockingly found that over 65% of participants continued administering electric shocks to another person when instructed by an authority figure. It also discusses Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment which was abruptly stopped after students quickly adopted sadistic or depressed roles based on being assigned as guards or prisoners. Both experiments highlight how ordinary people can engage in harmful or abusive behaviors when situated within powerful social and institutional contexts.
Thermal imaging video released by police shows the capture of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects. The video shows officers with thermal imaging equipment tracking one of the suspects hiding in a boat in a backyard. It then shows police firing flashbangs and pulling the injured suspect from the boat and placing him in an ambulance. The release of this video provided insight into the police tactics used to locate and capture the suspects in the Boston Marathon attack.
474 2015 rational choice & psychological models of decision making upmpeffl
The document discusses different theories of political decision-making. It compares the rational choice model proposed by economist Anthony Downs to the bounded rationality model put forth by psychologists Herbert Simon and Daniel Kahneman.
Downs believed that voters make rational decisions by carefully weighing costs and benefits to maximize their expected utility. However, Simon and Kahneman argued that decision-making is bounded by cognitive limitations. People use heuristics and simplify choices to make satisfactory rather than optimal decisions. They may ignore aspects of problems and use mental shortcuts like prior beliefs.
The document also discusses how political psychologists have found that voters are influenced more by partisan affiliation, candidate characteristics, and a few issues rather than rationally evaluating all issues and options as
Media effects theories have evolved over time from assuming powerful direct effects to recognizing more conditional and nuanced impacts. Early models proposed media could directly shape attitudes through propaganda-like messages. However, research found people are not entirely passive and can resist persuasion through social and psychological factors. While media may cultivate worldviews over the long-term or influence children, effects are often indirect, conditional on individual traits, and reinforced by interpersonal networks. More recent models recognize effects depend on the message, medium, audience and other contextual factors.
The document discusses the effectiveness of political attack ads and negative campaigning. It finds that:
1) Attack ads are not consistently effective at winning votes or lowering voter turnout according to meta-analyses of over 100 studies.
2) They are more effective at increasing awareness and knowledge of campaigns but can lower feelings of political efficacy and trust.
3) Negative ads are only demobilizing if voters have already chosen a candidate and then are exposed to attacks on that candidate later in the campaign. Timing is important for negative ads to be effective.
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge upmpeffl
1. They conducted an experiment where adult participants watched one of four versions of a local news broadcast that included a crime story - with no image of the perpetrator, a white perpetrator, a black perpetrator, or no crime story.
2. Watching news stories with no perpetrator or a black perpetrator led white participants to express more negative racial stereotypes and support for punitive crime policies, while having less effect on black participants.
3. The results provided evidence that merely watching local news with black criminals can influence viewers' racial attitudes, which has implications for how media representations shape public opinion.
The document discusses various media effects including persuasion, reinforcement, learning, agenda setting, priming, and framing. It provides definitions and examples of each. Agenda setting refers to how the amount of news coverage of an issue influences the public's perception of its importance. Priming is an extension of agenda setting where media coverage changes the criteria used to evaluate political leaders. Framing alters how people think about issues by influencing the importance they attach to certain beliefs through techniques like headlines and photos. Experiments show that news coverage and frames can influence perceptions and criteria for judgment. However, framing effects are limited by people's predispositions and source credibility.
The document discusses various methods used in media effects research, including surveys, experiments, and hybrid approaches. Surveys have strengths in external validity but weaknesses in determining causation, while experiments have stronger internal validity for causation but can lack realism. The document advocates a pluralistic approach using multiple methods like surveys, lab experiments, field experiments, and survey experiments to enhance both the internal and external validity of findings.
The document discusses trends in traditional news coverage of elections and how different actors, including the media, voters, and candidates, influence that coverage. It notes that while politicians often blame negative media coverage solely on the media, John Zaller provided alternative explanations by analyzing how the goals of all three groups impact coverage. For example, candidates' increased control over messaging has led to more press-initiated negativity as the media pushes back on restricted access. The document also examines how trivial and negative coverage has consequences for how the public views politics.
The document discusses the role of media in times of war from a normative and empirical perspective. It analyzes media coverage and the relationship between the media and government during WWII, Vietnam, Grenada, Gulf War I, and the Iraq War. It notes that the media often relies on official government sources and is restricted in what it can report during wars. The media's role often shifts from watchdog to being more aligned with the government perspective.
This document summarizes research at the intersection of biology and politics. It discusses twin studies that have found some political attitudes, such as views on social issues, have a strong genetic basis, while other attitudes are more environmentally determined. The document notes that while early studies provided insights, they treated heritability as a "black box" that raised new questions. More recent research is trying to identify specific genes associated with political behaviors and attitudes to better understand the biological processes at work. This research challenges assumptions of environmental determinism but also still has many open questions to answer.
1. They show that authoritarianism is strongly correlated with attitudes on a wide range of political and social issues, even after controlling for other factors like partisanship, ideology, and demographics. This supports the idea that authoritarianism is an important predictor of political attitudes.
2. They find that experimentally manipulating the salience of threats like terrorism can polarize attitudes between high and low authoritarians. However, their own correlational study does not prove that rising threats cause polarization.
3. They acknowledge limitations in applying their authoritarianism measure to African Americans and call for further
475 2015 democracy and the news media, part ii upmpeffl
The document discusses the changing media landscape in the United States and its potential effects on democracy. It notes the decline of traditional news sources due to increased competition, corporate ownership pressures, and deregulation. This has led to less "hard news" reporting and the rise of more partisan or entertainment-focused sources. Research suggests these shifts negatively impact political knowledge, particularly among those who prefer entertainment to news. They may also contribute to declining voter turnout and increased polarization as the composition of voters changes. The future of news and its ability to serve democratic ideals like an informed public remains uncertain given the financial troubles of legacy media and questions around new online news sources.
This document discusses the role of news media in democracy. It outlines two models of democracy - classical representative democracy and elitist democracy - and their differing views on the roles of citizens, political elites, and news media. In classical democracy, citizens are well-informed and active in self-governance, while news media help inform the public and act as watchdogs. In elitist democracy, citizens are seen as incapable and passive, while political elites and news media guide public support for elite policies. The document also examines challenges like widespread political misperceptions and questions how news media can balance roles like public debate, accountability, and presenting diverse perspectives.
Political psychology analyzes political behaviors and decisions through psychological theories and research methods. The document discusses several key aspects of political psychology:
1. It has evolved through different theoretical perspectives over time, from personality theories to attitudes/voting behavior to information processing.
2. It draws from major areas of psychology like social cognition, emotions, communications, and more recently biology.
3. Research methods include surveys, experiments, and combinations for both internal and external validity.
4. The field aims to explain political behaviors that seem irrational, like scandals, by investigating cognitive and social psychological factors beyond purely rational or self-interested explanations.
The document discusses several empirical questions and theoretical perspectives related to public opinion and war. It begins by outlining some key empirical questions, such as explaining public support for or opposition to war and whether politics stops at the water's edge in foreign policy attitudes. It then discusses different theoretical perspectives on the public's role in war policy decisions and the constraints on various actors. The document also examines Berinsky's work on public opinion in wartime, noting its contributions in examining multiple wars using a single framework and testing theories with different data types. It discusses opinion leadership models and how people may respond directly to events or in a mediated fashion based on elite cues.
This document provides an overview of a college course on persuasion, propaganda, and public opinion. It includes the syllabus and schedule for the second half of the course. It discusses potential topics for a second written assignment and examples of political propaganda. It also defines propaganda and discusses theories of political persuasion, including source, message, and audience characteristics based on Hovland's message-learning approach. Questions are raised about the role of credible sources and conflicts of interest in political persuasion.
Apna Punjab Media is a Punjabi newspaper that covers local and global news, cultural updates, and community events. It's a trusted source for Punjabi-speaking communities, offering a mix of traditional values and modern insights into Punjab's vibrant life and heritage.
La defensa del expresidente Juan Orlando Hernández, declarado culpable por narcotráfico en EE. UU., solicitó este viernes al juez Kevin Castel que imponga una condena mínima de 40 años de prisión.
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19 जून को बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट ने विवादित फिल्म ‘हमारे बारह’ को 21 जून को थिएटर में रिलीज करने का रास्ता साफ कर दिया, हालांकि यह सुनिश्चित करने के बाद कि फिल्म निर्माता कुछ आपत्तिजनक अंशों को हटा दें।
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विवादास्पद फिल्म के ट्रेलर से गाली-गलौज वाले दृश्य हटा दिए गए हैं, और जुर्माना लगाया गया है। सुप्रीम कोर्ट और बॉम्बे हाई कोर्ट दोनों ने फिल्म की रिलीज पर रोक लगा दी है और उसे निलंबित कर दिया है। पहले यह फिल्म 7 जून और फिर 14 जून को रिलीज होने वाली थी, लेकिन अब यह 21 जून को रिलीज हो रही है।
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Importance of Staying Connected with the World of Politics.pdfJaydenIrish
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मद्रास उच्च न्यायालय के सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश और केंद्र और राज्य सरकार के नौकरशाहों सहित आठ अन्य लोगों की अध्यक्षता वाली एक उच्च स्तरीय समिति ने 2021 में NEET परीक्षा को खत्म करने की सिफारिश की थी। महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि रिपोर्ट में 2010-11 में ग्रामीण पृष्ठभूमि से तमिल छात्रों की संख्या में 61.5% की भारी गिरावट को दर्शाया गया है। इसके बजाय मेट्रो छात्रों में वृद्धि दर्ज की गई है।
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2. The movie, "Innocence of Muslims," that
mocks and insults the Prophet Muhammad
caused demonstrators to attack a U.S.
consulate in Libya, killing one American, and
breached the walls of the U.S. Embassy in
Cairo.
5. 1) “News slant” vs. “political bias”
2) What is one of the most important
developments in the production of the news
in the last part of the 20th century?
6.
7. Organizational
Economic processes
Governmental
marketplace pressures
Political reality
News Personal biases
of journalists,
editors,
owners??
9. Vallone, Ross, Lepper. “The Hostile Media Phenomenon: Biased
Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the Beirut
Massacre,” 1985.
10. Vallone, Ross, Lepper. “The Hostile Media Phenomenon.”
Why do informed “partisans” think the news is biased
against their views?
• The news is too @# balanced! when it shouldn’t be—giving equal time
and credibility to the opposition view, which doesn’t deserve such
coverage. They think the news would be more fair and objective if their
position were portrayed more positively than the opposition.
• Partisans engage in selective perception by being more likely to notice
and remember the parts of a newscast go against their view and ignore
or forget those portions that are consistent with their views
11. The Hostile Media Phenomenon: Other tendencies at
work:
People over-generalize
from a single article to
news media in general
People over-estimate
the amount of influence
news has on others’
opinions
People blame the
messenger for negative,
partisan messages
People under-estimate
market & organizational
forces that shape news
14. Content analysis of 5,331 news stories, randomly
selected from those available on LEXIS/NEXIS during
the 1980-1999 period for two television networks,
two weekly news magazines, three leading
newspapers, and twenty-six local dailies.
The content analysis was limited to the front and local
sections of newspapers (thereby excluding, for
example, the sports and travel sections) and
conventional news broadcasts (thereby excluding
programs such as NBC’s “Dateline.”)
15. 1 New York Times 35 Columbus Dispatch
2 Washington Post 36 Allentown Morning (Times)
10 USA TODAY 37 Arizona Republic (Central)
20 Omaha World Herald 38 Denver Post (Media News)
21 San Diego Union-Trib(Copley) 39 Indianapolis News (Central)
22 St. Petersburg Times 40 Dallas Morning News (Belo)
23 Cleveland Plain Dlr (Advance) 41 St. Louis Dispatch (Pulitzer)
24 Sacramento Bee (McClatchy) 42 Knoxville News Sent. (Scripps)
25 Virginian Pilot (Landmark) 43 Minneapolis Star Trib (Cowles)
26 Seattle Times 44 Louisville Courier Jrnl (Gannet)
27 Tacoma News Trib (McClatchy) 45 Kansas City Star (Capital/ABC)
28 Buffalo News (Buffett) 50 ABC
29 Austin American States (Cox) 52 NBC
30 Cincinatti Enquirer (Gannet) 60 Time
31 Orlando Sentinel (Tribune)
32 Houston Chronicle (Hearst)
33 Hartford Courant (Times)
34 S.F. Chronicle (Chronicle)
16. Thomas Patterson. 2000. “DOING WELL AND DOING GOOD:
How Soft News and Critical Journalism Are Shrinking the News Audience and
Weakening Democracy–And What News Outlets Can Do About It.
MAJOR TOPIC CODE
01 Government & policy (legislation, political
process, policy problems, policy actions)
02 Politics (campaign, vote, political strategy,
political maneuvering)
03 Political scandal
04 Political personality (focus on personal traits,
family, etc. of political figures)
05 Business & Commerce (but not unemployment,
inflation, etc. in a political/ public affairs context—
this type of story should be coded as 1)
06 Celebrity (non crime/ non scandal)
07 Celebrity crime/ scandal
08 Crime (but not as a public policy issue, which
would be coded as 1)
09 Natural disasters (including potential disasters—
such as a hurricane forming in the Atlantic
10 Manmade disasters (including auto accidents
and house fires unless caused, e.g., by a lightning
strike)
11 Science (including discoveries)
12 Technology
13 Medicine (including medical discoveries, but not
health as a public policy issue)
14 Personal health
15 Media (but not as it relates to item 16)
16 Entertainment, Arts, Fashion, Travel Food
17 Religion
18 Sports
19 Legal Affairs (but not as a public policy issue)
20 Education (but not as a public policy issue)
21 Stock Market
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. All of these trends are more striking for Local
Broadcast News.
Several leading journalists and foundations (e.g.,
Pew) made an attempt in the 90s to rally local
newspapers to reverse the trend toward soft
news coverage: e.g., civic journalism movement.
But these efforts much less evident now, as the
news industry responded to market forces by
embracing more soft news coverage.
22. Note: Iyengar uses these terms interchangeably, while we try to make a
distinction between slant (due to organizational and market pressures) and
bias (due to political bias).
23. The “wall of separation” between editorials
and news coverage.
How do traditional journalists operationalize
“objective” coverage?—i.e., fair and neutral
reporting?
(Official) sources make the news
There are two (conflicting) sides to every story
The trend toward more interpretive coverage
because it allows reporters to embrace
autonomy as well as objectivity
24.
25.
26.
27. Lichter and Rothman, The Media Elite, 1986
Conclusion: Journalists are liberal = the news has a liberal bias
a) Evidence?
True that reporters are more liberal than population, and that many major prestige
newspapers (NYT, Wash. Post) have liberal editorial staffs
More journalists (60%) are liberal; 89% of Washington D.C. reporters responding to a
survey voted for Clinton in 1996.
Reporters Public , 1992
Dems 41% 34%
Reps 16 33
Inds 34 31
b) Good social science?
Sample of journalists?
Open-ended comments?
Content of the news?
28. Lichter and Rothman, The Media Elite, 1986
This Study Ignores a Lot:
1.Owners of news outlets?
2.Who controls the news story?
3.Market forces?
4. Professional norms?
5. Empirical evidence from content analysis?!
29. Conclusion: all sampled news providers
-except Fox News' Special Report and
the Washington Times- are guilty of a
liberal bias.
Bias, according to the authors’ method,
is reflected not in the content of the
news, but in the sources (e.g., think
tanks) you cite!
Are all think tanks equally credible,
productive or good at marketing their
product?
Bias has to take into account the actual
content of the news.
30. D. D'Alessio, M. Allen (2012). Media Bias in Presidential Election Coverage, 1948-2008.
Major Findings: At least in terms of Presidential election coverage:
1. News coverage has no aggregate partisan bias either way.
2. On the whole, no significant biases were found for the newspaper
industry.
3. Biases in newsmagazines were virtually zero as well.
4. Television network news showed small, measurable, but probably
insubstantial coverage and statement biases.
5. The New York Times’ straight news coverage is relatively balanced,
although another study (Benoit 2005) finds that the tone of its
coverage slightly favors Democratic over Republican candidates.
6. The Fox News channel is substantially more conservative in news
coverage than the broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, NBC), which are
mostly balanced.
31. D. D'Alessio, M. Allen (2012). Media Bias in Presidential Election Coverage, 1948-2008.
What is a meta-analysis? A method for combining results from different studies, in the hope of identifying patterns like a
weighted average of effect size across several studies, giving more weight to larger samples, etc.
Methodology:
• A meta-analysis of 99 quantitative studies containing data concerned with
partisan media bias in presidential election campaigns since 1948.
• Narrative studies supported by illustrative examples (e.g., Goldberg
2003) were eliminated due to the possibility of contamination due to
confirmation bias.
• Types of bias considered
• Selection bias, which is the preference for selecting stories from one
party or the other;
• Volumetric bias, which considers the relative amounts of coverage each
party receives (minutes, lines, inches, headlines, photographs; and
• Valence bias, which focuses on the favorability of coverage toward one
party or the other.
32. D. D'Alessio, M. Allen (2000), “Media bias in presidential elections: a meta-
analysis.” Journal of Communication 50 (4), 133–156.
With respect to potential newspaper bias, the authors looked for partisan
bias across newspapers, which does not mean individual newspapers
could not be biased. When adding the pro-Republican bias of the
Washington Times together with the pro-Democratic bias of the Herald-
Leader, the two biases may cancel each other out. The authors found no
consistent pro-Democratic or pro-Republican bias, overall.
The authors’ findings for mainstream news networks are on more solid
ground, but there the degree of bias was very small.
33. 1. Lichter is a well-known conservative 2%
2. Their study relied on other studies of 10%
news bias
3. Their study was done before Fox 0%
News and MSNBC became available
4. Their study largely ignores the 83%
content of the news
5. Their study averages across too many 5%
news outlets
36. Kahn & Kenny. 2002. “The Slant of the News.” APSR
A. Advantages of study
1. Problem with studying bias in presidential elections.
2. News bias in 60 senatorial races across 3 elections (1988 to
1992): Is the impenetrable wall of separation full of holes?
a. Content analysis of paper with largest circulation in the
state between 9-1 and election day; 5,529 articles.
b. Do candidates endorsed on the editorial page receive
more favorable straight news coverage?
3. Controls for: political experience of candidates, campaign
spending, closeness of the races, and amount of coverage.
37. Kahn & Kenny. 2002. “The Slant of the News.” APSR
B. Findings: Is the tone of coverage more favorable toward one
candidate than the other?
1. Overall tone of coverage: .24 difference
2. Tone of headlines: .17 higher
_________________________________NE____E___________________
-1 0 (.14) (.38) +1
Key: NE=Not Endorsed, E = Endorsed
2. Unattributed criticisms: 12 fewer unattributed criticisms
3. Substance of Coverage:
a. Tone of issue coverage: .23 points higher
b. Image/personality coverage not affected
c. Horse race: “way ahead,” “big lead,” “safe margin.”
38. Tone of Coverage
1. "The Wyoming and National Education Associations endorsed Democratic
Senate nominee John Vinich Monday
with the NEA giving him $5,000 for his campaign against two-time incumbent
Sen. Malcolm Wallop." Casper Star Tribune, 9/20/88 (positive for Vinich, neutral for
Wallop).
2. "[Harvey B. Gantt] said during a campaign swing through the Triangle that Mr.
Helms had spent his 18 years in the U.S. Senate trying to stomp out such
'personal demons' as communists, liberals, and artists rather than worrying about
issues that matter to North Carolina families." The News and Observer, 9/23/90
(negative for Helms, neutral for Gantt).
Tone of Headlines
1. "Wallop accused of 'Grandstanding.'" Casper Star Tribune, 9/11/88 (negative for
Wallop).
2. "Helms urges support for Bush stand." The News and Observer, 9/6/90 (neutral for
Helms).
39. Attributed Criticism
1. "At a Union-sponsored barbeque at North Casper Park, Democrats Bryan,
Sharratt, and John Vinich said in inter-views that their opponents—U.S. Rep. Dick
Chaney and U.S. Sen. Malcolm Wallop—have systematically failed to address the
problems of Wyoming's working people." Casper Star Tribune, 9/6/88 (attributed
criticism of Wallop).
2. "The Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate repeatedly has attacked
Democratic incumbent Tom Daschle for breaking his word on the anti-tax
pledge." Argus Leader, 10/18/92 (attributed criticism of Daschle).
Unattributed Criticism
1. "Vinich was obviously nervous and fatigued at the beginning of the debate."
Casper Star Tribune, 10/28/88 (unattributed criticism of Vinich).
2. "After insensitively criticizing a TV ad for Democratic Sen. Tom Daschle, her main
election opponent, Haar found herself in the spotlight." Argus Leader, 10/13/92
(unattributed criticism of Haar).
40. Tone of Issue Coverage
1. "Mr. Gantt says he is willing to consider a tax increase to finance necessary services, but he
makes little effort to define how he would tax—what taxes he would choose or not choose."
The News and Observer, 9/28/90 (negative for Gantt).
2. "South Dakota Sen. Tom Daschle says he would lobby a new Clinton administration to
rewrite the nation's farm program.... Daschle, a Democrat who is running for re-election,
wants to boost prices for wheat and other crops by raising government loan rates." Argus
Leader, 10/28/92 (neutral for Daschle).
Positive Trait
"Quayle also endorsed his friend Sen. Malcolm Wallop calling him a man of‘ keen intellect....'"
Casper Star Tribune, 9/20/88 (positive trait for Wallop).
Negative Trait
"Mal Hinchley of Pierre, a chemical dependency counselor who served with the Navy Seabees
in Thailand, said Haar's comments showed a lack of compassion." Argus Leader, 10/10/92
(negative trait for Haar).
Horserace
1. "Democratic challenger John Vinich has drawn to within 10 points of incumbent Republican
Sen. Malcolm Wallop, according to a Democratic Party poll...." Casper Star Tribune, 9/10/88
(competitive for Vinich, competitive for Wallop).
2. "Sen. Tom Daschle, a Democrat, leads Republican challenger Charlene Haar 56 percent to 33
percent, with 11 per-cent undecided." Argus Leader, 10/12/92 (sure winner for Daschle, sure
loser for Haar).
41. Kahn & Kenny. 2002. “The Slant of the News.” APSR
C. Impact
1. Tone of coverage influences voters: Whom
and when?
2. Why does this happen?
3. Overall: very small, subtle political bias in
state newspapers.
Not necessarily a partisan bias because sometimes papers
endorse incumbents who are vastly superior to challengers.