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FreeBSD as a Hosting Platform – Revisited
Patrick M. Hausen
EuroBSDCon 2017, Paris
Agenda
• Introduction
• Challenges in Hosting
• Our Old NanoBSD Setup
• Why a Jail Based Architecture
• How We Do it Today
• What We Would Like to Do in the Future
About Me
• Working in IT since 1986
• Minix 1.1 since 1989
• FreeBSD since 1993
• In charge of network and data centre operations at punkt.de
About Our Team
• mOps – the Magnificent Operators
• 3 (originally) operators
• 1 (originally) developer
About punkt.de
• Founded in 1996
• Started as an ISP
• Today:Hosting and development of web applications
• Roughly 100 Servers
• RIPE Member
• DENIC Member
• 2 development, 1 operations team
Challenges
• Availability
• Performance
• Cost
• Manageability
• … Scalability – of the entire data centre!
„Updates?
Never change a
running system!“
„Nobody wants
backup – everyone
wants restore.“
Our First Attempt: nanobsd
root
root
(alternate slice)
/cfg
/var
(customer data)
m0s1a m0s2a m0s3a m0s3d
mirror/m0
ada0 ada1
Advantages
• OS and packages are read–only
• Atomic updates
• Rollback (with exceptions)
• Identical software across all servers
Drawbacks
• We did not go all the way – image creation remained manual
• Reboot of the entire machine required
• Installation of additional ports afterwards is difficult
• Too little flexibility – PHP, MySQL versions …
We did address some of these:
• Image creation is now vagrant up
• Packages come from our own poudriere
Goals for the New Architecture
• Better isolation of customers on the same machine
• Individual configurations per customer (PHP, MySQL, …)
• N instances per physical machine
• Faster more reliable updates
• Fully automated
All the Rage Now …
So, Why Not a Hypervisor?
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
VM
Machine MachineMachineMachine
So, Why Not a Hypervisor?
• Each VM is managed like a separate system
• Memory and/or storage overprovisioning at least difficult
• Which one to pick?
• Storage is either fast or cheap
FreeBSD hosting
What Do You Want to Virtualize Today?
Machine Hypervisor
/sbin/init Jail
Single Server
Process
Docker
So …
• Our customers want
• The semantics of a VM
• We as operators want
• Fast provisioning
• Easy updates
• Our CEO wants
• Low cost (within reason)
Advantage Jails
• Look like a VM to the customer
• Low overhead
• Don’t require a running server process they depend on
• Look just like regular processes from the outside host
• Local filesystem semantics!
• Now come with virtualized network stack!
• Networking is straightforward and simple (if you know your basics)
VIMAGE
• Introduces the epair(4) virtual interface
• Essentially a virtual patch cable
• One end inside the jail, other end on the host system
• Bridge, route, NAT to your heart’s content
System Architecture
LAN
Jail Jail Jail Jail
Bridge Interface
vnet0 vnet0 vnet0 vnet0
igb0, ix0, …
IPv6 and IPv4 (subject to change)
Shameless Marketing Plug
What the Customer Gets
• Virtual proServer:

One jail instance on a large host.
• Dedicated proServer:

Own host with as many jails as he desires or the host can
bear.
• But it’s all the same technology!

Which makes it way easier for us.
Virtual proServer Host
• All SSD based
• All ZFS
• 256 GB of RAM
• 2x 10 Cores / 20 Threads
• 50 customer jails and twiddling it’s thumbs
Jail Management Tools
• Ezjail
• Warden („old“ FreeNAS jails)
• py-iocage („new“ FreeNAS jails)
We picked iocage and actively contribute to the current rewrite.

https://github.com/iocage/iocage
Peculiarities …
Template
Jail
Instance
Instance
Instance
copy-on-write
clones
One does not simply update …
Snapshot!
Blueprint Jails
• Not iocage templates!
• Regular jails with FreeBSD-X.Y-RELEASE (11.1 as of now)
• Contain all the software we think is relevant for the customer

PHP-FPM, MySQL/MariaDB, Elastic, NginX and Apache, …
• Use our own poudriere as the repo for pkg
• Created and configured with Ansible
• Not running! (after initial creation)
Instance Jail
• Empty jail in iocage
• Blueprint jail mounted on top – read-only, nullfs
• All the read-write directories are separate ZFS datasets
• Mountpoints are set to legacy
• Mounted at jail startup by iocage’s fstab feature
Filesystem Layout
/etc /usr/local/etc /tmp /var …
/iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root (blueprint)
/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root (empty)
nullfs
RO
RW
zfs
A Jail’s fstab
/iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root nullfs ro …
zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/etc /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/etc zfs rw …
zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/home /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/home zfs rw …
zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/tmp /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/tmp zfs rw …
zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var zfs rw …
[…]
/iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root/usr/local/etc/rc.d 

/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/usr/local/etc/rc.d nullfs ro …
/iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root/var/db/pkg 
/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var/db/pkg nullfs ro …
zroot/vpro0042/mysql /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var/db/mysql zfs rw …
zroot/vpro0042/mysql/logs /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var/db/mysql/logs zfs rw …
Provisioning
proServer Host PXE (unattended)
Blueprint Jail Ansible, Poudriere
Instance Jail Ansible
Making Updating Great Again
• chroot <blueprint> pkg upgrade
• Actually we don’t do that, although we could …
• Immutable infrastructure!
• We create a new blueprint jail
• Then update all the dependent instances to use the new one
Backups
• Easy – ZFS snapshots
• Hourly, Daily, …
• sysutils/zfstools
• Differential clones to central (per rack) backup server

https://github.com/adaugherity/zfs-backup
• We have a port – will need some polishing to be included in the tree
What Now?
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Jail
Storage?
Self–Provisioning
• Would be nice ;-)
• Essentially a complete private cloud solution
• But first: an API (REST possibly)
• Then a UI can be done by a frontend developer
Possibly this already exists …
Questions?
?
Thanks!

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FreeBSD hosting

  • 1. FreeBSD as a Hosting Platform – Revisited Patrick M. Hausen EuroBSDCon 2017, Paris
  • 2. Agenda • Introduction • Challenges in Hosting • Our Old NanoBSD Setup • Why a Jail Based Architecture • How We Do it Today • What We Would Like to Do in the Future
  • 3. About Me • Working in IT since 1986 • Minix 1.1 since 1989 • FreeBSD since 1993 • In charge of network and data centre operations at punkt.de
  • 4. About Our Team • mOps – the Magnificent Operators • 3 (originally) operators • 1 (originally) developer
  • 5. About punkt.de • Founded in 1996 • Started as an ISP • Today:Hosting and development of web applications • Roughly 100 Servers • RIPE Member • DENIC Member • 2 development, 1 operations team
  • 6. Challenges • Availability • Performance • Cost • Manageability • … Scalability – of the entire data centre!
  • 9. Our First Attempt: nanobsd root root (alternate slice) /cfg /var (customer data) m0s1a m0s2a m0s3a m0s3d mirror/m0 ada0 ada1
  • 10. Advantages • OS and packages are read–only • Atomic updates • Rollback (with exceptions) • Identical software across all servers
  • 11. Drawbacks • We did not go all the way – image creation remained manual • Reboot of the entire machine required • Installation of additional ports afterwards is difficult • Too little flexibility – PHP, MySQL versions … We did address some of these: • Image creation is now vagrant up • Packages come from our own poudriere
  • 12. Goals for the New Architecture • Better isolation of customers on the same machine • Individual configurations per customer (PHP, MySQL, …) • N instances per physical machine • Faster more reliable updates • Fully automated
  • 13. All the Rage Now …
  • 14. So, Why Not a Hypervisor? VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM VM Machine MachineMachineMachine
  • 15. So, Why Not a Hypervisor? • Each VM is managed like a separate system • Memory and/or storage overprovisioning at least difficult • Which one to pick? • Storage is either fast or cheap
  • 17. What Do You Want to Virtualize Today? Machine Hypervisor /sbin/init Jail Single Server Process Docker
  • 18. So … • Our customers want • The semantics of a VM • We as operators want • Fast provisioning • Easy updates • Our CEO wants • Low cost (within reason)
  • 19. Advantage Jails • Look like a VM to the customer • Low overhead • Don’t require a running server process they depend on • Look just like regular processes from the outside host • Local filesystem semantics! • Now come with virtualized network stack! • Networking is straightforward and simple (if you know your basics)
  • 20. VIMAGE • Introduces the epair(4) virtual interface • Essentially a virtual patch cable • One end inside the jail, other end on the host system • Bridge, route, NAT to your heart’s content
  • 21. System Architecture LAN Jail Jail Jail Jail Bridge Interface vnet0 vnet0 vnet0 vnet0 igb0, ix0, … IPv6 and IPv4 (subject to change)
  • 23. What the Customer Gets • Virtual proServer:
 One jail instance on a large host. • Dedicated proServer:
 Own host with as many jails as he desires or the host can bear. • But it’s all the same technology!
 Which makes it way easier for us.
  • 24. Virtual proServer Host • All SSD based • All ZFS • 256 GB of RAM • 2x 10 Cores / 20 Threads • 50 customer jails and twiddling it’s thumbs
  • 25. Jail Management Tools • Ezjail • Warden („old“ FreeNAS jails) • py-iocage („new“ FreeNAS jails) We picked iocage and actively contribute to the current rewrite.
 https://github.com/iocage/iocage
  • 27. Blueprint Jails • Not iocage templates! • Regular jails with FreeBSD-X.Y-RELEASE (11.1 as of now) • Contain all the software we think is relevant for the customer
 PHP-FPM, MySQL/MariaDB, Elastic, NginX and Apache, … • Use our own poudriere as the repo for pkg • Created and configured with Ansible • Not running! (after initial creation)
  • 28. Instance Jail • Empty jail in iocage • Blueprint jail mounted on top – read-only, nullfs • All the read-write directories are separate ZFS datasets • Mountpoints are set to legacy • Mounted at jail startup by iocage’s fstab feature
  • 29. Filesystem Layout /etc /usr/local/etc /tmp /var … /iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root (blueprint) /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root (empty) nullfs RO RW zfs
  • 30. A Jail’s fstab /iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root nullfs ro … zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/etc /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/etc zfs rw … zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/home /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/home zfs rw … zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/tmp /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/tmp zfs rw … zdata/iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var zfs rw … […] /iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root/usr/local/etc/rc.d 
 /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/usr/local/etc/rc.d nullfs ro … /iocage/jails/2017Q3-php70-es1/root/var/db/pkg /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var/db/pkg nullfs ro … zroot/vpro0042/mysql /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var/db/mysql zfs rw … zroot/vpro0042/mysql/logs /iocage/jails/vpro0042/root/var/db/mysql/logs zfs rw …
  • 31. Provisioning proServer Host PXE (unattended) Blueprint Jail Ansible, Poudriere Instance Jail Ansible
  • 32. Making Updating Great Again • chroot <blueprint> pkg upgrade • Actually we don’t do that, although we could … • Immutable infrastructure! • We create a new blueprint jail • Then update all the dependent instances to use the new one
  • 33. Backups • Easy – ZFS snapshots • Hourly, Daily, … • sysutils/zfstools • Differential clones to central (per rack) backup server
 https://github.com/adaugherity/zfs-backup • We have a port – will need some polishing to be included in the tree
  • 35. Self–Provisioning • Would be nice ;-) • Essentially a complete private cloud solution • But first: an API (REST possibly) • Then a UI can be done by a frontend developer Possibly this already exists …