1) The document discusses enhancements to LTE and future radio access technologies being studied by NTT DOCOMO for release 12 and beyond.
2) Key areas of study include small cell enhancements, 3D and full dimension MIMO, interference cancellation techniques, device-to-device communications, and dynamic TDD.
3) Looking further to 2020 and beyond, requirements for future radio access include supporting 1000x capacity increases, low latency applications, and connectivity for billions of devices. Evolution paths may include further LTE enhancements as well as new radio access technologies utilizing new spectrum allocations.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teachers ( Dr. Kuldip pahwa and Er. Ankur singhal) thank for all my teachers for help me. thank you
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teachers ( Dr. Kuldip pahwa and Er. Ankur singhal) thank for all my teachers for help me. thank you
Radisys & Airspan - Small Cells and LTE-A Webinar PresentationRadisys Corporation
Radisys' Renuka Bhalerao and Paul Senior of Airspan presented: Small Cells & LTE Advanced - The Hype of 3Cs: Capacity, Coverage and Customer Satisfaction on June 11, 2013. View/Read their materials how mobile operators can make their networks more efficient, increase capacity and coverage by deploying LTE-A and strategically placed small cells.
Qualcomm is elevating its role as a market leader by bringing breakthrough concepts to LTE’s evolution. We believe that the next significant performance leap will come from heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, which bring the network closer to the user through low-power nodes such as pico and femto-cells. LTE Advanced uses adaptive interference management techniques to further improve the capacity and coverage of these HetNets. There by, ensuring fairness among users and an enhanced mobile experience, especially for those users at the cell edge. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to leverage ultra wide bandwidths up to 100 MHz, supporting very high data rates.
What is LTE technology?
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a long-term evolution technology of the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) technology standard developed by the 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project) organization, which was officially established and launched in It was formally established and launched at the 3GPP Toronto meeting in December 2004.
The LTE system introduces key technologies such as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multi-Input & Multi-Output).
This presentation is for the people who are interested in mobile release and specifications announced by 3GPP every year, presentation cover all release up to release 12.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
LTE stands for Long term evolution.
Next Generation mobile broad band technology.
Commonly referred as 4G LTE,is a standard for wireless communication of high speed data for mobile phones and data terminals .
It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements.
LTE is the new standard for nationwide public safety broadband.
Similar to LTE-Advanced Enhancements and Future Radio Access Toward 2020 (20)
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"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
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Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
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India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.ppt
LTE-Advanced Enhancements and Future Radio Access Toward 2020
1. Broadband World Forum 2013
LTE-Advanced Enhancements and
Future Radio Access
Toward 2020 and Beyond
Takehiro Nakamura
NTT DOCOMO, INC.
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
1
2. Release of 3GPP specifications
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Release 99
W-CDMA
Release 4
1.28Mcps TDD
Release 5
HSDPA
Release 6
HSUPA, MBMS
Release 7
ITU-R M.1457
IMT-2000 Recommendation
ITU-R M.2012
IMT-Advanced
Recommendation
HSPA+ (MIMO, HOM etc.)
Release 8
LTE
Release 9
Minor LTE
enhancements
Release 10
LTE-Advanced
Release 11
Release 12
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
To be
frozen in
June 2014 2
3. 3GPP LTE Release 12
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
3
4. Key Features in Release 12
Physical layer aspects
• Study Item
–
–
–
–
–
Small Cell Enhancement
3D-channel model for Elevation Beamforming and Full Dimension-MIMO
Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression
Device to Device (D2D) Proximity Services
Coordination Multi-Point (CoMP) with non-ideal backhaul
• Work Item
– Further enhancements to TDD for DL/UL Interference Management and
Traffic Adaptation (eIMTA)
– Further DL MIMO Enhancement
– Low cost & enhanced coverage MTC UE
– TDD-FDD Joint Operation
– Coverage Enhancements
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
4
5. Small Cell Enhancements (SCE)
-PHY aspects• Objective
– Spectrum efficiency improvements
• Higher order modulation (e.g., 256QAM)
• Overhead reduction, control signaling
enhancement
RS
– Efficient small cell operation
•
•
•
•
Interference avoidance and coordination
Small cell ON/OFF, load balancing/shifting
Efficient small cell discovery
Radio Interface-based sync.
256QAM
Replace RS by data
Efficient discovery
– Physical layer study for higher-layer aspects
• Dual connectivity to macro and small cell
layers
• Mobility enhancements
Small cell OFF Sync and/or coordination
among small cells
• DOCOMO’s view
– Consider dense small cell deployment
with higher frequency band
Control functionalities
– Propose
• Phantom cell concept (Dual connectivity)
• Efficient discovery mechanism
• etc.
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
Realtime services
(e.g., VoLTE)
Best effort
services
5
6. MIMO Enhancements
Rel-10 MIMO
• Max. 8-Tx (Max. 4-Tx for FDD)
• Achieves beamforming in azimuth angle
Optimization for
realistic environment
Beamforming in
azimuth/elevation angle
Enhancement of the
number of antennas
Rel-12 MIMO
2D MIMO enhancement
3D MIMO using active antenna system
Study of 3D channel model (3D UE distribution, 3D pathloss, fast fading, etc
Elevation beam forming
Full dimension-MIMO
NxM antennas
(Using higher
freq.)
N
M
• 4-Tx codebook enhancement
• Feedback enhancement for MUMIMO
• Max. 8-Tx
Beam gain and interference
reduction using 3D beam
• More than 8-Tx (e.g., 16, 32, …)
• Higher freq. (e.g., 3.5 GHz-)
Progressive capacity enhancement
•DOCOMO’s view
– Focus on
• Full dimension MIMO with higher frequency band
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
6
7. NW-Assisted Interference
Cancellation and Suppression
Rel. 11 Advanced receiver
Target for receiver
Rel. 12 Advanced receiver
Interference limited areas,
i.e., cell edge
All areas including cell edge
■Target for Advanced receiver
Inter-UE interference for
MU-MIMO
•
Inter-cell
interference
at cell edge
Severer interference
for other scenarios
Study on a variety of receiver types and need of interference information
– Interference suppression: Enhancement of Rel-11 receiver
– Interference cancellation: Subtraction of interference replica from received signal, e.g., SIC
•DOCOMO’s view
– Propose/Investigate
• NW-assisted signaling
• Receiver performance
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
7
8. TDD-FDD Joint Operation
• Objective
– TDD-FDD carrier aggregation
• Either TDD or FDD as Pcell
– TDD-FDD joint operation (e.g., multistream aggregation, dual mode UE)
• Identify deployment scenarios of joint
operation on FDD and TDD
spectrum, and network/UE
requirement
eNB
FDD
UL
DL
• DOCOMO’s view
– Very interested in TDD-FDD carrier
aggregation
– Consider FDD Pcell (Macro cell)
and TDD Scell (many Small cells)
with higher frequency band
– Propose
• TDD-FDD carrier aggregation
mechanism
TDD
UL/DL
Freq.
SCell
PCell
UL/DL
SCell
UL/DL
SCell
UL/DL
SCell
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
8
9. Device to Device (D2D) proximity service
• Objective
With NW
coverage
Discovery
Required both
for public
safety & nonpublic safety
Public safety
only
Communication
– Commercial use with NW coverage
– Public safety/critical communication
with/without NW coverage
– Two kinds of technical topics
Without NW
coverage
Required at
least for public
safety
Public safety only
• D2D discovery
• D2D communication
Current NW
Within NW coverage
Internet
Outside NW
Internet
Disaster, Terror
D2D
Streaming,
Mail, etc.
Discovery
Advertise, Discovery
Comm. for
+ Communication public safety
ITS, etc.
•DOCOMO’s view
– Interested in commercial discovery
– Propose/Investigate
• D2D discovery mechanism
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
9
10. eIMTA* (Dynamic TDD)
* eIMTA: Further enhancements to LTE TDD
for DL-UL interference management and traffic adaptation
• Objective
DL-to-UL interference
– TDD UL-DL reconfiguration for
traffic adaptation
• Reconfiguration mechanism
• HARQ scheme
Cell 2
Cell 1
UL-to-DL interference
– Interference mitigation with TDD
UL-DL reconfiguration
• UL power control
• DOCOMO’s view
– Interested in this topic with
higher frequency band
– Propose/Investigate
• Interference mitigatation scheme
• HARQ mechanism
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
Interference mitigation schemes
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Cell clustering
Scheduling
enhancement
Scheme 3
Scheme 4
Interference mitigation
based on (F)eICIC
Interference suppressing
and mitigation
10
11. Future Radio Access (5G)
- Toward 2020 and Beyond -
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
11
12. Network/Communication Society
in 2020 and Beyond
Extension/enrichment
of wireless services
Everything Connected
by Wireless
Monitor/collect information & control devices
Multiple personal
devices
Transportation
(Car/Bus/Train)
Deliver rich contents in real-time & ensure safety
Video streaming
New types of
terminal/HI
4K
Interaction across
multiple devices
Consumer
electronics
Entertainment, Navigation
Traffic information
Watch/jewelry/cloth
s
4K/8K video resolutions
Video on newspapers
Background video
Healthcare
Human interface
and healtchcare
sensors
Remote operation using
personal terminal
Education
Remote health
check &
counseling
House
Sensors
Cloud computing
Remote control of
facilities
House security
Smart power grid
Agriculture and farming
Factory automation
Weather/Environment
All kinds of services supported
by the mobile personal cloud
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
Glasses/Touch internet
Distance (remote) learning
Any lesson anywhere/anytime
Safety and lifeline system
Prevention of accidents
Robustness to disasters
12
13. FRA concept and requirements
Various requirements for network/communication
society in 2020 and beyond
Support for traffic
explosion
• 1000x capacity/km2
QoE for various
applications
Future
Radio
Access
Massive device
connectivity
• 100x more connected devices
• Lower overhead incl. reduced control signaling
• Enhanced connectivity, e.g., deep inhouse
• 10-100x data rates
• Reduced latency to < 1ms
• Support of high mobility
• Terminal battery saving
Intelligent network
with low cost & high
robustness
• Very small/light BS with energy saving
• Reduced network cost incl. backhaul
• Efficient support for diverse environments
incl. emergency cases
FRA will provide a total solution to satisfy the requirements
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
13
14. Evolution paths for FRA
• Further LTE enhancements
– Macro-assisted small cell enhancement
(Phantom cell)
– Further general LTE enhancements
• Potential new RAT
Performance
– Should prioritize the achievement of more
big gains over backward compatibility
– Consider new spectrum allocations of
WRC-15 and beyond
– Some technical components may be
applied to further LTE enhancements
LTE-Advanced
LTE
Macro-assisted
small cell enhancement
(Phantom cell)
Rel-12/13
Rel-10/11
Rel-8/9
Pico/Femto
CA/eICIC/CoMP
for HetNet
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
WRC-15
~2015
Future Radio Access
(= Future IMT = 5G?)
Potential
New RAT
Big gain
Rel-14/15,…
Further LTE
enhancements
WRC-18/19
~2020
Year
14
15. Directions of evolution: “The Cube”
A set of radio access technologies is required
to satisfy future requirements
Required performance
Spectrum efficiency
Traffic offloading
TRx
TRx
TRx
WiFi
TRx
TRx
TRx
TRx
TRx
Non-orthogonal multiple access
Controller
3D/Massive MIMO,
Advanced receiver
Network densification
Current
capacity
Hotspot Dense urban
Shopping mall
Study for new interference scenarios
Tx-Rx cooperative access technologies
Spectrum extension
Existing cellular bands
Cellular network assists
local area radio access
Higher/wider frequency bands
Very wide
Super wide
New cellular concept for cost/energyefficient dense deployments
Frequency
Efficient use of higher spectrum bands
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
15
16. FRA technical concept
Combined usage of lower and higher frequency bands
Higher frequency bands become useful and beneficial!
Existing cellular bands
Higher frequency bands
(high power density for coverage)
(wider bandwidth for high data rate)
Very wide
(e.g. > 3GHz)
Super wide
(e.g. > 10GHz)
No coverage issue any
more
Can provide very high
throughput using wider
bandwidth
Big offloading gain from
existing cellular bands
Frequency
FRA technical concept
Further cellular
enhancements
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
Exploitation of higher
frequency bands
16
17. FRA Real-time Simulator
The potential performance gains of applying key FRA
technologies are demonstrated using FRA real-time simulator.
Demo Scenario
Spectrum extension x NW densification
• Efficient exploitation of higher frequency bands using small cells
Key technology for small cells
• Massive MIMO
Key technology for macro cells
• Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
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18. FRA Real-Time Simulator
Macro @ 2GHz (20MHz) + 12 small cells @ 3.5GHz (100MHz)
w/ Raytracing @ Shinjuku, Tokyo
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
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19. FRA Real-Time Simulator
Macro @ 2GHz (20MHz) + 12 small cells @ 10 GHz (400MHz)
w/ Raytracing @ Shinjuku, Tokyo
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
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20. FRA Real-Time Simulator
Macro @ 2GHz (20MHz) + 12 small cells @ 20 GHz (1GHz)
w/ Raytracing @ Shinjuku, Tokyo
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
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21. FRA Real-Time Simulator
Macro @ 2GHz (20MHz) + 12 small cells @ 20 GHz (1GHz) + Massive MIMO
w/ Raytracing @ Shinjuku, Tokyo
NTT DOCOMO, INC., Copyright 2013, All rights reserved.
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