This document summarizes the physical layer design of LTE Release 8 and enhancements for LTE-Advanced. It describes the downlink and uplink multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, data transmission procedures, UE categories, and support for frequency division duplex and time division duplex operation. The document provides an overview of the 3GPP release timeline and the specifications that define the LTE physical layer.
LTE Measurement: How to test a device
This course provides an overview with practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receier sensitivity, and how to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will present testing of LTE handsets in terms of protocol signaling scenarios and handover to other radio technologies for interoperability. This course will demonstrate end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester. Examles of application tests are voice over LTE, (VoLTE) or Video over LTE.
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
This is presentation by Keysight technologies on 5G NR Dynamic Spectrum Sharing. Very well articulated presentation as always by Keysight. Details on the 3GPP support for NR DSS implementation in LTE bands in Rel 15 and Rel 16.
LTE specifications support the use of multiple antennas at both transmitter (tx) and receiver (rx). MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) uses this antenna configuration.
LTE specifications support up to 4 antennas at the tx side and up to 4 antennas at the rx side (here referred to as 4x4 MIMO
configuration).
In the first release of LTE it is likely that the UE only has 1 tx antenna, even if it uses 2 rx antennas. This leads to that so called
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) will be supported only in DL (and maximum 2x2 configuration).
LTE Measurement: How to test a device
This course provides an overview with practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receier sensitivity, and how to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will present testing of LTE handsets in terms of protocol signaling scenarios and handover to other radio technologies for interoperability. This course will demonstrate end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester. Examles of application tests are voice over LTE, (VoLTE) or Video over LTE.
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
This is presentation by Keysight technologies on 5G NR Dynamic Spectrum Sharing. Very well articulated presentation as always by Keysight. Details on the 3GPP support for NR DSS implementation in LTE bands in Rel 15 and Rel 16.
LTE specifications support the use of multiple antennas at both transmitter (tx) and receiver (rx). MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) uses this antenna configuration.
LTE specifications support up to 4 antennas at the tx side and up to 4 antennas at the rx side (here referred to as 4x4 MIMO
configuration).
In the first release of LTE it is likely that the UE only has 1 tx antenna, even if it uses 2 rx antennas. This leads to that so called
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) will be supported only in DL (and maximum 2x2 configuration).
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Main Differences between LTE & LTE-AdvancedSabir Hussain
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution.
In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology.
LTE systems have:
Higher performance
Backwards compatible
Wide application
Data Rate:
Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100Mbit/s in a 20MHz downlink spectrum (i.e. 5 bit/s/Hz)
Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50Mbit/s in a 20MHz uplink spectrum (i.e. 2.5 bit/s/Hz)
Cell range:
5 km - optimal size
30km sizes with reasonable performance
up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance
Cell capacity:
up to 200 active users per cell(5 MHz) (i.e., 200 active data clients)
Mobility
Optimized for low mobility(0-15km/h) but supports high speed
Latency (delay)
user plane < 5ms
control plane < 50 ms
Improved broadcasting
IP-optimized
Scalable bandwidth of 20MHz, 15MHz, 10MHz, 5MHz and <5MHz
Co-existence with legacy standards (users can transparently start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, when there is no coverage, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS)
LTE Advanced is a mobile communication 4G standard approved by International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in Jan 2012.
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is an emerging and, as the name suggests, a more advanced set of standards and technologies that will be able to deliver bigger and speedier wireless-data payloads.
The most important thing to know is that LTE-A promises to deliver true 4G speeds, unlike current LTE networks. You can expect the real-world speed of LTE-A to be two to three times faster than today’s LTE.
To be considered true 4G (also known as “IMT-Advanced”), a mobile network must fulfill a number of benchmarks, including offering a peak data rate of at least 100 megabits per second (Mb/s) when a user moves through the network at high speeds, such as in a car or train, and 1 gigabit per second (Gb/s) when the user is in a fixed position.
The highest possible rates are never achieved in real world conditions. Actual rates will be variable, but we can expect LTE-A to be at least five times as fast as most LTE networks today, and that’s great news for video streaming.
LTE Advanced is supposed to provide higher capacity, an enhanced user experience, and greater fairness in terms of resource allocation.
It does this by combining a bunch of technologies, many of which have been around for some years, so we’re not really talking about the implementation of an entirely new system here.
This documents will cover basic LTE principles along with some brief impression about LTE features. Additionally, LTE Link Budget, LTE Coverage & Capacity Planning and Cell Radius calculation methodology have been depicted comprehensively in this document.
4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication SystemSafaet Hossain
Seminar on "4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System" at UODA Auditorium, November 16,2013.
Technical Presented by: Ahmedul Quadir, Function Tester, Ericcson, Sweeden
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 2
Contents
Introduction
Downlink Physical Layer Design
Uplink Physical Layer Design
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
4. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 4
Physical Layer Specifications
TS 36.201 E-UTRA Physical layer: General description .
TS 36.211 E-UTRA Physical channels and modulation .
TS 36.212 E-UTRA Multiplexing and channel coding .
TS 36.213 E-UTRA Physical layer procedures .
TS 36.214 E-UTRA Physical layer - Measurements
The latest version of the specifications can be downloaded
from:
• http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
5. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 5
Orthogonal Multiple Access SchemesOrthogonal Multiple Access Schemes
Downlink: OFDMA
• High spectral efficiency
• Robust against frequency-selectivity / multi-path interference
• Inter-symbol interference contained within cyclic prefix
• Supports flexible bandwidth deployment
• Facilitates frequency-domain scheduling
• Well suited to advanced MIMO techniques
Uplink: SC-FDMA
• Based on OFDMA with DFT precoding
• Common structure of transmission resources compared to downlink
• Cyclic prefix supports frequency-domain equalisation
• Low Cubic Metric for efficient transmitter design
6. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 6
LTE Release 8 Major Parameters
Single layer for UL per UE
Up to 4 layers for DL per UE
MU-MIMO supported for UL and DL
Spatial multiplexing
16.7 µµµµsLong
SC-FDMAUL
Short
DL
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMModulation
4.7 µµµµsCyclic prefix length
15 kHzSub-carrier spacing
1 msMinimum TTI
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHzBandwidth
OFDMAAccess Scheme
7. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 7
Transmission Resource structure
Basic unit of resource is the
Physical Resource Block
(PRB)
12 sub-carriers x 0.5 ms
Allocated in pairs (in time
domain)
1 sub-carrier x 1 symbol = 1
resource element (RE)
Spatial domain measured
in “layers”
One downlink slot, Tslot
subcarriersNBW
DLsubcarriersNBW
DL
NBW
DL
Resource element
OFDM symbols
DL
symbN OFDM symbols
DL
symbN
Oneresourceblock,NBWsubcarriersRB
Oneresourceblock,NBWsubcarriersRB
8. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 8
One radio interface, 2 frame structures
Supports both FDD and TDD (two RITs within one SRIT)
• FDD
• TDD
9. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 9
Contents
Introduction
Downlink Aspects
Uplink Aspects
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
10. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 10
Low complexity cell acquisition
Synchronisation signals and broadcast channel:
• Fixed bandwidth
• Centrally located
• Allows straightforward bandwidth-agnostic cell-search
Synchronisation signals
and physical broadcast
channel
frequency
11. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 11
Cell acquisition signalling
Synchronisation signals in subframes 0 and 5 of each 10 ms radio frame
Physical broadcast channel (PBCH) in subframe 0 of each radio frame
• Carries the Master Information Block (MIB)
• Includes indication of system bandwidth
• Robust design for cell-wide coverage:
• Low rate, QPSK, robust channel coding (1/3-rate tail-biting convolutional code with
repetition), 40 ms TTI
• CRC indicates number of transmit antennas
dc
40ms TTI of BCH
one 10 ms radio frame
6RBs
1 coded MIB
12. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 12
Reference Signals (RS)
In Rel-8, cell-specific RS are provided for 1, 2 or 4 antenna
ports
• Pattern designed for effective channel estimation
• Sparse diamond pattern supports frequency-selective channels and high-
mobility with low overhead
• Up to 6 cell-specific frequency shifts are configurable
• Power-boosting may be applied on the REs used for RS
• QPSK sequence with low PAPR
R3
R3
R3
R3R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R1
R2
R2
R2
R2
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 2Antenna port 1 Antenna port 3
time
frequency
13. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 13
UE-specific Reference Signals
In Rel-8:
• UE-specific (precoded) RS may be provided in
data transmissions to specific UEs
In Rel-9:
• UE-specific RS extended to dual-layer transmission
• CDM between RS
of the two layers
0=l
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
0=l 6=l6=l
7R7R7R7R
7R7R7R7R
7R7R7R7R
8R 8R8R 8R
8R 8R8R 8R
8R 8R8R 8R
14. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 14
Downlink control signalling
Flexible design to avoid unnecessary overhead
• First 1-3 OFDM symbols in each subframe (2-4 in narrow bandwidths)
• Control region size is dynamically variable
• Length indicated by Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
in first OFDM symbol of each subframe
• PCFICH is designed to be robust
– 16 QPSK symbols transmitted with full frequency diversity
Within the control region:
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) carries Downlink Control
Information (DCI) messages:
• downlink resource assignments
• uplink resource grants
• uplink power control commands
• Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) carries ACK/NACK for
UL data transmissions
15. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 15
Downlink data transmission
Physical Downlink Shared
Channel (PDSCH)
• Carries user data, broadcast
system information, paging
messages
• Transmission resources are
assigned dynamically by
PDCCH
• Localised (suitable for
frequency domain scheduling)
or
• distributed (suitable for
maximising frequency
diversity)
One subframe = 1 ms
Data for UE2:
Data for UE3:
12 subcarriers
Data for UE1:
(localised)
(distributed)
16. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 16
PDSCH physical layer processing
Each TTI, 1 or 2 transport blocks are
processed from MAC layer
Channel coding is based on 1/3 rate turbo
code with trellis termination to approach
Shannon capacity
Circular buffer rate matching
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Layer mapping and precoding for support of
multi-antenna transmission
110 ,...,, −Aaaa
110 ,...,, −Bbbb
( )110 ,...,, −rKrrr ccc
( )
)(
1
)(
1
)(
0 ,...,, i
Dr
i
r
i
r r
ddd −
( )110 ,...,, −rErrr eee
110 ,...,, −Gfff
17. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 17
PDSCH transmission modes
In Rel-9, each UE is configured in one of 8 “transmission
modes” for PDSCH reception:
• Mode 1: Single antenna port, port 0
• Mode 2: Transmit diversity
• Mode 3: Large-delay CDD
• Mode 4: Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
• Mode 5: MU-MIMO
• Mode 6: Closed-loop spatial multiplexing, single layer
• Mode 7: Single antenna port, UE-specific RS (port 5)
• Mode 8 (new in Rel-9): Single or dual-layer transmission with UE-
specific RS (ports 7 and/or 8)
(in each case, transmit diversity is also available as a fallback)
18. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 18
Details of PDSCH transmission modes (1)
Mode 2:
• SFBC for 2 antenna ports
• SFBC / FSTD for 4 antenna ports
Mode 3:
• Large delay CDD – increases frequency selectivity
• Allows open-loop spatial multiplexing
• Up to rank 2 without closed loop precoding feedback from UE
Mode 4:
• Precoding using specified codebook for the relevant number of
antenna ports
• Supports up to 4 layers
• Max 2 codewords to limit signalling overhead
• Closed-loop precoding feedback from UE
• Used precoding matrix is indicated to UE on PDCCH
19. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 19
Details of PDSCH transmission modes (2)
Mode 5:
• Rank 1 MU-MIMO
• Based on same precoding codebooks and feedback as Mode 4
• PDCCH indicates power offset for PDSCH
Mode 6:
• Based on mode 4 but for single-layer only
Mode 7:
• UE-specific RS
• Suitable for UE-specific beamforming, e.g. based on angle of arrival
(no closed-loop precoding feedback from UE)
Mode 8:
• Dual-layer UE-specific RS
• Closed-loop precoding feedback may or may not be used
• Supports dual-layer SU-MIMO and single-layer MU-MIMO
20. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 20
MBMS
Supports Single-Frequency
Network operation for high
performance: “MBSFN”
subframes
• Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
is used instead of PDSCH
• Special RS pattern with higher
density in frequency domain
supports longer “delay spread”
from multi-cell transmission R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 4
21. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 21
Contents
Introduction
Downlink Aspects
Uplink Aspects
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
23. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 23
UL transmission resource allocation
Same structure of PRBs in frequency
domain as downlink
Contiguous PRB allocation
Possibility to configure frequency
hopping to increase frequency
diversity
Number of allocated PRBs for a
given user in a given subframe is in
multiples of 2, 3 and 5 for low-
complexity DFT implementation
One subframe = 1 ms
12 sub-carriers
24. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 24
Timing Advance
Uplink transmission orthogonality between users is
maintained by timing advance
Set initially during Random Access Procedure
Updated as necessary subsequently
Supports at least 100 km cell range
• Greater ranges are up to the implementation
Downlink radio frame #i
Uplink radio frame #i
NTA×TS time units
25. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 25
Uplink channel structure
0=m
0=m1=m
1=m
2=m
2=m3=m
3=m
One subframe
0PRB =n
1UL
RBPRB −= Nn
PUSCH
Data transmissions on Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
• In centre of uplink bandwidth
• Minimises out-of-band emissions from wide-bandwidth data transmissions
• 1 transport block per TTI
• Same channel coding / rate matching as PDSCH
• Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
When PUSCH is transmitted, any
control signalling is multiplexed
with data to maintain single carrier
structure
When no PUSCH, control signalling
is on Physical Uplink Control Channel
(PUCCH)
• Usually at edges of system bandwidth
• PUCCH hops from one side of the carrier to
the other to maximise frequency diversity
26. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 26
Uplink Control Signalling
ACK/NACK for PDSCH transmissions
Scheduling Request (SR)
Channel Quality Information
• CQI – indicates an index of a Modulation / Coding Scheme
(MCS) that could be received on PDSCH with BLER ≤ 0.1
• PMI – indicates preferred precoding matrix for PDSCH
• RI – indicates number of useful transmission layers for
PDSCH
27. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 27
Channel Quality reporting modes
CQI/PMI/RI can be periodic – on PUCCH
• Wideband or UE-selected sub-band
CQI/PMI/RI can be aperiodic – on PUSCH
• Triggered by 1 bit in PDCCH message
• Wideband, UE-selected sub-band or higher-layer
configured sub-band
With or without PMI depending on the configured
transmission mode
28. REV-090003r1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation Workshop 17 – 18 December, 2009, Beijing 28
Random Access Channel (RACH)
RACH procedure begins with a preamble (PRACH)
PRACH resources assigned by eNB within PUSCH region
PRACH preamble fits into 6 PRBs
• Sufficient for timing estimation
• Invariant with bandwidth for low
complexity
• Zadoff Chu sequence
• Excellent correlation properties
– Zero correlation zone for different
cyclic shifts
• Flat frequency spectrum
• Different sequences provided first by
different cyclic shifts, then by different
root sequences
Multiple PRACH formats suitable for different cell sizes
PRACH
PUSCH
PUCCH
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UL Reference Symbols
Zadoff Chu sequences
Demodulation RS (DM RS)
• Embedded in each PUCCH and PUSCH transmission
• Same bandwidth as control / data transmission
Sounding RS (SRS)
• In last symbol of a subframe
• Can be configured by network
• Supports:
• UL frequency-domain scheduling
• Channel sounding for downlink transmissions, especially for TDD
• Uses interleaving in frequency domain (alternate subcarriers) to
provide additional support for multiple users transmitting SRS in the
same bandwidth
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Uplink Power Control
Controls uplink power spectral density
• Total uplink transmit power scales linearly with transmitted bandwidth
Fractional power control can compensate for all or part of path
loss
• Allows trade-off between intra-cell fairness and inter-cell interference
MCS-specific offsets may be applied
Closed-loop power control commands can fine-tune the power
setting
• Carried on PDCCH
• Individual commands in UL resource grants
• Group commands for groups of UEs
Separate power control for PUCCH and PUSCH
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UL Multi-Antenna transmission
Rel-8/9 supports:
• Switched antenna diversity
• Closed-loop antenna switching supported by CRC masking on
PBCH
• MU-MIMO
• Different cyclic shifts of DM RS can be allocated to different UEs
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Contents
Introduction
Downlink Aspects
Uplink Aspects
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
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TDD operation
Special timeslot for downlink-uplink switching:
UpPTS can transmit special short PRACH format or SRS
TDD operation is also supported by:
• An increased number of HARQ processes
• ACK/NACK bundling / multiplexing configurations to enable control
signalling to be transmitted
DL
subframe #0
GP
SSS PSS
UL
subframe #2
UpPTSRS/Control
DwPTS
Data
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Contents
Introduction
Downlink Aspects
Uplink Aspects
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
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Half-duplex FDD operation
From UE perspective, UL and DL do not overlap in time
For DL-UL switching time, UE ignores end of DL subframe
For UL-DL switching time, additional timing advance offset
can be applied to the UL transmissions
UL-to-DL switch time created
by timing advance
DL-to-UL switch time created by the UE
ignoring the last part of the DL subframe
1 ms subframe
DL
UL
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Contents
Introduction
Downlink Aspects
Uplink Aspects
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
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LTE-Release 8 User Equipment
Categories
MandatoryNot supported4x4 MIMO
MandatoryNot
supported
2x2 MIMO
Assumed in performance requirements.2 Rx diversity
Multi-antenna
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
QPSK, 16QAMUL
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMDLModulation
20MHzRF bandwidth
Capability for physical functionalities
755050255UL
3001501005010DLPeak rate
Mbps
54321Category
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Contents
Introduction
Downlink Aspects
Uplink Aspects
Specific support for TDD
Specific support for half-duplex FDD
UE categories in Rel-8
Enhancements for LTE-Advanced
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Peak data rate
• 1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmission
bandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz
Peak spectrum efficiency
• DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement
• UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced
requirement
Rel. 8 LTE LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced
Peak data rate
DL 300 Mbps 1 Gbps
1 Gbps(*)
UL 75 Mbps 500 Mbps
Peak spectrum efficiency
[bps/Hz]
DL 15 30 15
UL 3.75 15 6.75
*“100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility” is one of the key features as written in
Circular Letter (CL)
System Performance Requirements for
LTE-Advanced
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Wider bandwidth transmission using carrier aggregation
• Entire system bandwidth up to, e.g., 100 MHz, comprises multiple basic
frequency blocks called component carriers (CCs)
Satisfy requirements for peak data rate
• Each CC can be configured in a backward compatible way with Rel-8 LTE
Maintain backward compatibility with Rel-8 LTE
• Carrier aggregation supports both contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum, and
asymmetric bandwidth for FDD
Achieve flexible spectrum usage
Frequency
System bandwidth,
e.g., 100 MHz
CC, e.g., 20 MHz
Examples of
UE capabilities
• 100-MHz case
• 40-MHz case
• 20-MHz case
(Rel. 8 LTE)
Carrier Aggregation
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Downlink: OFDMA with component carrier (CC) based structure
Priority given to reusing Rel. 8 specification for low-cost and fast
development
Mod.
Mapping
Channel
coding
HARQ
Mod.
Mapping
Channel
coding
HARQ
Mod.
Mapping
Channel
coding
HARQ
Mod.
Mapping
Channel
coding
HARQ
Transport
block
Transport
block
Transport
block
Transport
block
CC
• One transport block is mapped
within one CC
• Parallel-type transmission for
multi-CC transmission
• Good affinity to Rel. 8 LTE
specifications
• Cross-carrier scheduling is
possible:
• PDCCH on one carrier can
relate to data on another
carrier
Downlink Multiple Access Scheme
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Uplink: N-times DFT-Spread OFDM
Achieve wider bandwidth by adopting parallel multi-CC transmission
Satisfy requirements for peak data rate while maintaining backward
compatibility
Low-cost and fast development by reusing Rel. 8 specification
• Will also support non-contiguous resource allocation
• Enhanced flexibility and efficiency of resource allocation
• Simultaneous PUCCH and PUSCH transmission will be supported.
• Independent power control will be provided per CC
“N-times DFT-Spread OFDM”
CC
Freq.
CC
Parallel Rel. 8 LTE
transmission
PUCCH region
PUSCH
(Physical uplink shared channel)
Uplink Multiple Access Scheme
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Extension up to 8-layer transmission
• Increased from 4 layers in Rel-8/9
Satisfy the requirement for peak spectrum efficiency,
i.e., 30 bps/Hz
Additional reference signals (RS) specified:
- Channel state information RS (CSI-RS)
• For downlink channel sounding
• Sparse, low overhead (configurable)
- UE-specific demodulation RS (DM-RS)
• UE-specific DM-RS can be precoded, supporting non-codebook-based
precoding
• UE-specific DM-RS will enable application of enhanced multi-user
beamforming such as zero forcing (ZF) for, e.g., 4-by-2 MIMO
• DM RS pattern for higher numbers of layers is extended from 2-layer
format for transmission mode 8 in Rel-9
• E.g. for 4 antenna ports:
Max. 8 streams
Enhanced Downlink Multi-antenna
Transmission (1)
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Enhanced Downlink Multi-antenna
Transmission (2)
Support for enhanced MU-MIMO is being studied
Enhancements to CSI feedback are being studied
• Implicit feedback based on Rel-8 CQI/PMI/RI framework
• Explicit feedback
• considering gain versus overhead
CoMP schemes are being studied
• Joint processing (JP)
• Joint transmission (JT): PDSCH is transmitted from multiple cells with precoding using DM-
RS among coordinated cells
• Dynamic cell selection: PDSCH is transmitted from one cell, which is dynamically selected
• Coordinated scheduling/beamforming (CS/CB)
• PDSCH transmitted only from 1 cell; scheduling/beamforming is coordinated among cells
Coherent combining or
dynamic cell selection
Coordinated scheduling/beamformingJoint transmission/dynamic cell selection
Enhanced
MU-MIMO
CSI
feedback
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Introduction of UL transmit diversity for PUCCH
Improved signalling robustness and cell-edge performance
Introduction of single user (SU)-MIMO up to 4-stream transmission
Satisfy the requirement for peak spectrum efficiency, i.e., 15 bps/Hz
Signal detection scheme with affinity to DFT-S-OFDM for SU-MIMO
• Turbo serial interference canceller (SIC) is assumed to be used for eNB
receivers to achieve higher throughput performance for DFT-S-OFDM
Improve user throughput, while maintaining low cubic-metric signal
transmission
Max. 4 streams
SU-MIMO up to 4 streams
Enhanced Uplink Multi-antenna
Transmission
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CoMP reception scheme in uplink
• Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) is received at multiple cells
• Scheduling is coordinated among the cells
Improve especially cell-edge user throughput
• Note that CoMP reception in uplink is an implementation matter and
does not require any change to radio interface
Receiver signal processing at
central eNB (e.g., MRC, MMSEC)
Multipoint reception
CoMP Reception in Uplink
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“Type 1” relay
• Relay node (RN) creates a separate cell distinct from the donor cell
• UE receives/transmits control signals for scheduling and HARQ
from/to RN
• RN appears as a Rel-8 LTE eNB to Rel-8 LTE UEs
Supports deployment of cells in areas where wired backhaul is
not available or very expensive
Other relay types are also being studied
eNB RN
UE
Cell ID #x Cell ID #y
Higher node
Relaying
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Conclusions
LTE-Advanced is a very flexible and advanced system
Built on the established capabilities of the LTE Rel-8
and Rel-9 physical layer
Further enhancements to exploit spectrum
availability and advanced multi-antenna techniques