ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
1.
2. Generalised disease of the
prostate due to hormonal
derangement which leads
to enlargement of the
gland (increase in the
number of epithelial cells
and stromal tissue)to
cause compression of the
urethra leading to
symptoms
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3. Occurs in 50% of men over 50 and in 80% of
men over 80 have BPH
BPH progresses differently in every individual
Many men with BPH may have mild
symptoms and may never need treatment
BPH does not predispose to the development
of prostate cancer
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5. Cause not completely understood
Change in hormonal milieu with alterations in the
testosterone/estrogen balance
Induction of prostatic growth factors
Increased stem cells/decreased stromal cell death
Accumulation of dihydroxytestosterone, stimulation by
estrogen and prostatic growth hormone actions
6. Slow and insidious changes over time
Complex interactions between prostatic urethral
resistance, intravesical pressure, detrussor
functionality, neurologic integrity, and general
physical health.
Initial hypertrophydetrussor decompensation
poor tonediverticula formationincreasing urine
volumehydronephrosisupper tract dysfunction
8. Voiding symptoms
decrease in the urinary stream
Straining
Dribbling at the end of urination
Intermittency
Hesitancy
Pain or burning during urination
Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
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9. Irritative symptoms
urinary frequency
urgency
dysuria
bladder pain
nocturia
incontinence
symptoms associated with infection
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10. History (STD, trauma, surgery)
Other disorders (eg. neurologic, diabetes)
Medications (anti-cholinergics)
Functional Status
11. Urinary retention
UTI
Sepsis secondary to UTI
Residual urine
Calculi
Renal failure
Hematuria
Hernias, hemorroids, bowel habit change
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13. Not at all
Less
than 1
time
in 5
Less
than
half the
time
About half
the time
More
than
half
the
time
Almost
always
Your
score
Incomplete emptying
Over the past month, how often have you had a sensation of not emptying your
bladder completely after you finish urinating?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency
Over the past month, how often have you had to urinate again less than two hours after
you finished urinating?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Intermittency
Over the past month, how often have you found you stopped and started again several
times when you urinated?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Urgency
Over the last month, how difficult have you found it to postpone urination? 0 1 2 3 4 5
Weak stream
Over the past month, how often have you had a weak urinary stream? 0 1 2 3 4 5
Straining
Over the past month, how often have you had to push or strain to begin urination? 0 1 2 3 4 5
None 1 time 2 times 3 times 4 times
5 times
or more
Your
score
Nocturia
Over the past month, many times did you most typically get up to urinate from the
time you went to bed until the time you got up in the morning?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of life due to urinary symptoms
Delighted Pleased Mostly satisfied
Mixed – about equally
satisfied and dissatisfied
Mostly
dissatisfied
Unhappy Terrible
If you were to spend the rest of your life with your
urinary condition the way it is now, how would you
feel about that?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Total score: 0-7 Mildly symptomatic; 8-19 moderately symptomatic; 20-35 severely symptomatic.
15. Firm to hard nodules
Irregularities, unequal lobes
Induration
Stony hard prostate
Any palpable nodular abnormality suggests
cancer and warrants investigation
16. Urine cytology in patients with:
Predominance of irritative voiding symptoms.
Smoking history
Flow rate and post-void residual
Not necessary before medical therapy but should be
considered in those undergoing invasive therapy or
those with neurologic conditions
Upper tract evaluation if hematuria, increased
creatinine
Cystoscopy
17.
18. Elevated levels of PSA
0 – 4 ng/ml
Prostatic pathology
Correlates with tumor mass
Some men with prostate cancer have normal
PSA levels
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19. Urethral stricture
Bladder neck contracture
Carcinoma of the prostate
Carcinoma of the bladder
Bladder calculi
Urinary tract infection and prostatitis
Neurogenic bladder
20. Severe obstruction
Urinary retention
Signs of upper
tract dilatation and
renal insufficiency
Moderate
symptoms of
prostatism
Recurrent UTI’s
Hematuria
Quality of life
21. Mild to severe symptoms with little
“bother”
Manage with watchful waiting.
Risk of therapy outweighs the benefit of medical or
surgical treatment
Moderate to severe symptoms with bother
Management options include watchful waiting,
medical management and surgical treatment.
22. Watchful waiting and behavioral
modification
Medical Management
Alpha blockers
5-alpha reductase inhibitors
Combination therapy
Surgical Management
Office based therapy
OR based therapy
Urethral stents
23. “is the preferred management technique in
patients with mild symptoms and minimal
bother”
AUA score < 7,
1/3 improve on own.
24. Decrease caffeine, alcohol )diuretic effect(
Avoid taking large amounts of fluid over a short
period of time
Void whenever the urge is present, every 2-3 hours
Maintain normal fluid intake, do not restrict fluid
Avoid bladder irritants to include dairy products,
artificial sweeteners, carbonated beverages
Limit nighttime fluid consumption
BPH symptoms can be variable, intermittent
26. Benefits
Convenient
No loss of work
time
Minimal risk
Disadvantages
Expensive
Drug Interactions
Must be taken every
day
Manages the problem
instead of fixing it
medication
27. Alpha adrenergic receptor blockers
promote smooth muscle relaxation in the prostate
Relaxation of the muscles facilitates urinary flow
Doxazosin , Terazosin , Tamsulosin , Alfuzosin
Side effects: postural hypotension, dizziness,
fatigue,
Other problems can occur when pt is also taking
cardiac or other hypertensive drugs
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28. Equal clinical effectiveness
Slight differences in adverse event profile
Orthostasis (lower in tamsulosin)
Ejaculatory dysfunction (higher in tamsulosin)
Decreased energy levels
Nasal congestion
Increase in CHF risk with doxazosin
Must titrate doxazosin and terazosin to effective
levels
29. 5 alpha reductase inhibitor ) finasteride)
Reduce size of prostate gland by up to 30 %by up to 30 %
Blocks the enzyme of 5 alpha reductase which is
necessary for the conversion of testosterone to
dihydroxytestostersone
Regression of hyperplastic growth
Don’t work immediatelyDon’t work immediately
Small effect on symptom score and flow ratesSmall effect on symptom score and flow rates
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30. Agents are effective and appropriate treatment for
patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and
demonstrable enlargement of the prostate.
Average prostate size is 30 cc’s. Original studies showed
benefit only in men with prostate sizes greater than 50
cc’s.
31. Finasteride (Proscar) and Dutasteride (Avodart)
Less effective for relief of BPH symptoms than alpha
blockers
Adverse events include
Decreased libido
Worsened sexual function (erectile dysfunction)
decrease volume of ejaculation
Breast enlargement and tenderness
Reduces risk of urinary retention by 3%/year.
PSA must be doubled if screening for prostate cancer
32. Concomitant use of alpha blockers and 5-
alpha reductase inhibitors
Should be reserved for patients who are at
significant risk of progression and adverse
outcome
Poor surgical candidate
Patient wants to avoid surgery
Significant cost associated with dual medications
33.
34. Office based therapies:
Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT)
Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)
Therapies are effective
or partially effective for
relieving the symptoms of BPH
Significant side effects/complications
associated with these treatments
have prompted a FDA warning
35. OR based therapies
Open simple prostatectomy
TURP
Transurethral incision of the prostate
Laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate
(green light laser PVP)
Laser Prostatectomy
36. Patients may select surgical treatment as initial
therapy if moderate or severe bother is present.
Patients who have developed complications of
BPH (i.e urinary retention, renal insufficiency,
recurrent UTI) are best treated surgically.
New surgical treatment have not demonstrated
better outcomes than TURP to date.
37. Indicated for AUA score >16
Transurethral Prostatectomy(TURP): 18%
morbidity with .2% mortality. 80-90%
improvement at 1 year but 60-75% at 5 years
and 5% require repeat TURP.
Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP): less
morbidity with similar efficacy indicated for
smaller prostates.
Open Prostatectomy: indicated for glands > 60
grams or when additional procedure needed for
suprapubic/retropubic approaches
40. Greater than 5% risk of:
Irritative voiding symptoms
Bladder neck contracture
UTI
Risk of incontinence 1%
Decline in erectile function
65% of retrograde ejaculation
TUR syndrome (acute hyponatremia from free water
absorption)
Hemorrhage
Bladder spasms
TURP
41. Restoration of urinary drainage
Treatment of any urinary tract infection
Understanding of procedure, implications for
sexual functioning and urinary control
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42. Antibiotics
Allow pt to discuss concerns about surgery on
sexual functioning
Prostatic surgery may result in retrograde
ejaculation
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43. No complications
Restoration of urinary control
Complete bladder emptying
Satisfying sexual expression
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44. Monitoring
Continuous irrigation & maintain catheter patency
Blood clots and hematuria are expected for the
first 24-36 hours
After catheter is removed – check for urinary
retention and urinary stream
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45. Sphincter tone may be poor after catheter is
removed. Kegal exercise pelvic muscle floor
technique is encouraged. Starting and
stopping the urinary stream is helpful.
Stool softeners to avoid straining
Sitting and walking for long periods should be
avoided
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46. Catheter care
Managing urinary incontinence
Oral fluid intake – 2,000-3,000 cc per day
Observe for s/s of urinary tract infection
Prevent constipation
Avoid lifting
No driving or intercourse after surgery
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47. 08/16/17 47
Retropubic
Midline abd.
incision
Perineal
Incision between
the scrotum and
anus
Suprapubic
Abdominal incision
50. Destroy prostate tissue with heat
Tissue is left in the body and is
expelled over time (called sloughing)
Transurethral Microwave Therapy (TUMT)
Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNA®
)
Interstitial Laser Coagulation (ILC)
Water Induced Thermotherapy (WIT)
heat therapies
53. TURP-equivalent 7 year improvement in symptom
score and urination parameters
Decreased risk of bleeding and TUR syndrome,
otherwise similar adverse effect profile
May be done on anti-coagulated patients
Medications address the desire we all have to find a “cure” to fix the problem. We all like a “quick and easy” solution.
They can, however, become less effective over time.
Studies have shown that people tend to become less careful about following directions regarding the dose and/or frequency of taking their medication.
Until recently, the only option we could offer patients for treatment of their symptoms was either an open abdominal surgical procedure, or a trans-urethral resection of the prostate.
Medications address the desire we all have to find a “cure” to fix the problem. We all like a “quick and easy” solution.
They can, however, become less effective over time.
Studies have shown that people tend to become less careful about following directions regarding the dose and/or frequency of taking their medication.
Medications address the desire we all have to find a “cure” to fix the problem. We all like a “quick and easy” solution.
They can, however, become less effective over time.
Studies have shown that people tend to become less careful about following directions regarding the dose and/or frequency of taking their medication.