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.: AIM :.
To Determine which Antacid
could Neutralize the most
Stomach Acid.
• INDEX
• > Objective
• > Introduction
• > Acids
• > Stomach Acid
• > Some foods containing acids
• > Antacid
• > Action mechanism
• > Indication
• ^ Side Effects
• > Problems with reduced stomach acidity
• > Experiment Design
• > Material Required
• > Procedure
• > Observation And Calculation
• > Result
• > Precautions
• > Bibliography
• OBJECTIVE
• The purpose of this experiment was to
determine which antacid could neutralize the
most stomach acid.
• I became interested in this idea when I saw
some experiments on medicines and wanted to
find out some scientific facts about medicines.
• The information gained from this experiment
will help people know which antacid they
should look for in the stores. It will also let them
know which antacid will give them the most
comfort. This could also save consumers
money and provide better health.
• INTRODUCTION
• Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid,
which includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and
hydrochloric acid. The acidic environment of the stomach
makes it possible for inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be
converted into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin), and
acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that
may enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive
acid production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant
symptoms of heartburn and may contribute to ulcer formation in
the stomach lining. Antacids are weak bases (most commonly
bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates) that neutralize
excess stomach acid and thus alleviate symptoms of heartburn.
The general neutralization reaction is:
• Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) —> salts + H20 +
C02
• The hydrochloric acid solution used in this experiment (0.1 M)
approximates the acid conditions of the human stomach, which
is typically 0.4 to 0.5% HQ by mass (pH ~ 1).Antacids help
people who have or get heartburn. The following information
will help people understand how stomach acid works and what
antacid will help those most.
• ACIDS
• Acids are a group of chemicals, usually in liquid
form. They can be recognized by their sour
taste and their ability to react with other
substances. Acids are confirmed as an acid by
their pH. The pH of acids ranges from 0-6.9
(below 7). The two main acids are: mineral acid
and organic acid. The three well known acids
that are sulphuric acid (H2S04), nitric acid
(HN03), and hydrochloric acid (HCl
• STOMACH ACID
• Stomach acid is very dangerous. If a person
was to have an ulcer and the stomach acid was
to escape it would irritate their other organs.
Stomach acid is highly acidic and has a pH of
1.6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid
produced by the stomach. If there is too much
stomach acid it can cause heartburn. Heartburn
is when stomach acid is produced in abnormal
amounts or location. One of the symptoms of
heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or
abdomen.
• SOME FOODS CONTAINING ACIDS
• Almost all foods and drinks and even medicines
have ingredients that are different acids. Here
are some examples: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic
acid), Orangejuice (ascorbic acid/Vitamin C),
Sour Milk (lactic acid), Soda Water (carbonic
acid), Vinegar (acetic acid), Apples (malic acid),
and Spinach (oxalic acid).
• ANTACID
• An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an
acid. All antacids are bases. A base is any substance
that can neutralize an acid. The pH of a base is 7.1-
14(above 7). All antacids have chemical in them called
a buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an acid the
buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how
stomach acid gets neutralized. In an antacid it is not
the name brand that tells how well it works it is
something called an active ingredient. Not all antacids
have a different active ingredient. Some have one of
the same active ingredients and some have all of the
same active ingredients. Almost all the antacids that
have the same active ingredient work the same
amount as the other. The active ingredient of most of
the antacids is bases of calcium, magnesium,
aluminium.
• ACTION MECHANISM
• Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they
buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in
the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches
the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal
pain to the central nervous system. This happens
when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers.
The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the
esophagus or the duodenum.
• Other mechanisms may contribute, such as the effect
of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell
contraction and delaying gastric emptying.
• Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize
stomach acid. Antacids are bases with a pH above 7.0
that chemically react with acids to neutralize them.
The action of antacids is based on the fact that a base
reacts with acid to form salt and water.
INDICATIONS
Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve
heartburn, the major symptom of gastro
esophageal reflux disease, or acid
indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone
is symptotic and only justified for minor
symptoms. Peptic ulcers may require H2-
receptor antagonists or proton pump
inhibitors.
The usefulness of many combinations of
antacids is not clear, although the
combination of magnesium and aluminium
salts may prevent alteration of bowel
habits.
SIDE EFFECTS
Aluminium hydroxide: may lead to the formation of insoluble
aluminium phosphate complexes, with a risk for hypophosphate
and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal
absorption, accumulation may occur in the presence of renal
insufficiency. Aluminium containing drugs may cause constipation.
Magnesium hydroxide: has a laxative property. Magnesium may
accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypo
magnesia, with cardiovascular and neurological complications.
Calcium: compounds containing calcium may increase calcium
output in the urine, which might be associated to renal stones.
Calcium salts may cause constipation.
Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn
may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones.
• PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED STOMACH
ACIDITY
• Reduced stomach acidity may result in an
impaired ability to digest and absorb certain
nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins.
Since the low pH of the stomach normally kills
ingested bacteria, antacids increase the
vulnerability to infection. It could also result in
the reduced bioavailability of some drugs. For
example, the bioavailability of ketocanazole
(antifungal), is reduced at high intragastric pH
(low acid content).
• EXPERIMENT DESIGN
• The constants in this study were:
• - Type of acid
• - Consistency of procedures
• The variables in the study were:
• -Different types of antacid used The
responding variable was:
• - The amount of stomach acid each antacid
could neutralize measured in ml..
MATERIAL REQUIRED
• Burette, pipette, titration flask, measuring
flask, beaker, weighing machine,
concentrated sulphuric acid, methyl
orange, antacid samples.
PROCEDURE
• Prepare half litre of N/10 HCl solution by diluting 10 ml of the concentrated
acid to 1 litre.
• Prepare N/10 sodium carbonate solution by weighing exactly 1.325 g of
anhydrous sodium carbonate and then dissolving it in water to prepare
exactly 0.25 litre of solution.
• Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the standard sodium
carbonate solution using methyl orange as indicator.
• Take 20 ml of standardized HCl in the conical flask, use methyl orange as
indicator and see the amount of base used for neutralization.
• Powder the various sample of antacids tablets and weigh 10 mg of each.
– Take 20 ml of standardized HCl solution in the conical flask; add the weighed
samples to it.
– Add two drops of methyl orange and warm the flask till most of the powder
dissolves. Filter off the insoluble material.
– Titrate the solution against the standardized Na2C03 solution till a permanent red
tinge appears.
– Note the amount of base used for titration and note the reduction in the amount
of base used.
– Repeat the experiment with different antacids.
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS
• 1. Standardization of HCl solution
• Volume of N/10 sodium carbonate solution taken
—20.0 ml
• S. No.Initial buretteFinal buretteVolume of
acidreadingsreadingsused (in ml)10.0 ml15
ml15.020.0 ml14 ml14.030.0 ml15
ml15.0Concordant reading—15.0 ml Applying
normality equation
• N1V1(acid) — N2V2(base)
• N (15) — (1/10) 20
• Normality of HCl solution, N1 — 0.133 N
• 3. Analysis of antacid tablets
• Weight of the antacid tablet powder— 10 mg
Volume of HCl solution added— 20.0 ml
• S. No.AntacidInitial reading of buretteFinal
reading of buretteVolume of
Na2C031Gelusil0.0 ml15.0 ml15 ml2Aciloc
1500.0 ml22.0 ml22 ml3Fantac 200.0 ml25.0
ml25 ml4Pantop 200.0 ml20.0 ml20 ml5Ocid
100.0 ml7.0 ml7 ml
RESULT
• The most effective antacid out of the taken
samples is acid 10.

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To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid

  • 1. .: AIM :. To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid.
  • 2. • INDEX • > Objective • > Introduction • > Acids • > Stomach Acid • > Some foods containing acids • > Antacid • > Action mechanism • > Indication • ^ Side Effects • > Problems with reduced stomach acidity • > Experiment Design • > Material Required • > Procedure • > Observation And Calculation • > Result • > Precautions • > Bibliography
  • 3. • OBJECTIVE • The purpose of this experiment was to determine which antacid could neutralize the most stomach acid. • I became interested in this idea when I saw some experiments on medicines and wanted to find out some scientific facts about medicines. • The information gained from this experiment will help people know which antacid they should look for in the stores. It will also let them know which antacid will give them the most comfort. This could also save consumers money and provide better health.
  • 4. • INTRODUCTION • Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic environment of the stomach makes it possible for inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be converted into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin), and acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that may enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive acid production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn and may contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach lining. Antacids are weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate symptoms of heartburn. The general neutralization reaction is: • Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) —> salts + H20 + C02 • The hydrochloric acid solution used in this experiment (0.1 M) approximates the acid conditions of the human stomach, which is typically 0.4 to 0.5% HQ by mass (pH ~ 1).Antacids help people who have or get heartburn. The following information will help people understand how stomach acid works and what antacid will help those most.
  • 5. • ACIDS • Acids are a group of chemicals, usually in liquid form. They can be recognized by their sour taste and their ability to react with other substances. Acids are confirmed as an acid by their pH. The pH of acids ranges from 0-6.9 (below 7). The two main acids are: mineral acid and organic acid. The three well known acids that are sulphuric acid (H2S04), nitric acid (HN03), and hydrochloric acid (HCl
  • 6. • STOMACH ACID • Stomach acid is very dangerous. If a person was to have an ulcer and the stomach acid was to escape it would irritate their other organs. Stomach acid is highly acidic and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach. If there is too much stomach acid it can cause heartburn. Heartburn is when stomach acid is produced in abnormal amounts or location. One of the symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or abdomen.
  • 7. • SOME FOODS CONTAINING ACIDS • Almost all foods and drinks and even medicines have ingredients that are different acids. Here are some examples: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Orangejuice (ascorbic acid/Vitamin C), Sour Milk (lactic acid), Soda Water (carbonic acid), Vinegar (acetic acid), Apples (malic acid), and Spinach (oxalic acid).
  • 8. • ANTACID • An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an acid. All antacids are bases. A base is any substance that can neutralize an acid. The pH of a base is 7.1- 14(above 7). All antacids have chemical in them called a buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to even out the acidity and that is how stomach acid gets neutralized. In an antacid it is not the name brand that tells how well it works it is something called an active ingredient. Not all antacids have a different active ingredient. Some have one of the same active ingredients and some have all of the same active ingredients. Almost all the antacids that have the same active ingredient work the same amount as the other. The active ingredient of most of the antacids is bases of calcium, magnesium, aluminium.
  • 9. • ACTION MECHANISM • Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the esophagus or the duodenum. • Other mechanisms may contribute, such as the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell contraction and delaying gastric emptying. • Antacids are commonly used to help neutralize stomach acid. Antacids are bases with a pH above 7.0 that chemically react with acids to neutralize them. The action of antacids is based on the fact that a base reacts with acid to form salt and water.
  • 10. INDICATIONS Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, the major symptom of gastro esophageal reflux disease, or acid indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is symptotic and only justified for minor symptoms. Peptic ulcers may require H2- receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors. The usefulness of many combinations of antacids is not clear, although the combination of magnesium and aluminium salts may prevent alteration of bowel habits.
  • 11. SIDE EFFECTS Aluminium hydroxide: may lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium phosphate complexes, with a risk for hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption, accumulation may occur in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium containing drugs may cause constipation. Magnesium hydroxide: has a laxative property. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal failure leading to hypo magnesia, with cardiovascular and neurological complications. Calcium: compounds containing calcium may increase calcium output in the urine, which might be associated to renal stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation. Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones.
  • 12. • PROBLEMS WITH REDUCED STOMACH ACIDITY • Reduced stomach acidity may result in an impaired ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients, such as iron and the B vitamins. Since the low pH of the stomach normally kills ingested bacteria, antacids increase the vulnerability to infection. It could also result in the reduced bioavailability of some drugs. For example, the bioavailability of ketocanazole (antifungal), is reduced at high intragastric pH (low acid content).
  • 13. • EXPERIMENT DESIGN • The constants in this study were: • - Type of acid • - Consistency of procedures • The variables in the study were: • -Different types of antacid used The responding variable was: • - The amount of stomach acid each antacid could neutralize measured in ml..
  • 14. MATERIAL REQUIRED • Burette, pipette, titration flask, measuring flask, beaker, weighing machine, concentrated sulphuric acid, methyl orange, antacid samples.
  • 15. PROCEDURE • Prepare half litre of N/10 HCl solution by diluting 10 ml of the concentrated acid to 1 litre. • Prepare N/10 sodium carbonate solution by weighing exactly 1.325 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litre of solution. • Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the standard sodium carbonate solution using methyl orange as indicator. • Take 20 ml of standardized HCl in the conical flask, use methyl orange as indicator and see the amount of base used for neutralization. • Powder the various sample of antacids tablets and weigh 10 mg of each. – Take 20 ml of standardized HCl solution in the conical flask; add the weighed samples to it. – Add two drops of methyl orange and warm the flask till most of the powder dissolves. Filter off the insoluble material. – Titrate the solution against the standardized Na2C03 solution till a permanent red tinge appears. – Note the amount of base used for titration and note the reduction in the amount of base used. – Repeat the experiment with different antacids.
  • 16. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS • 1. Standardization of HCl solution • Volume of N/10 sodium carbonate solution taken —20.0 ml • S. No.Initial buretteFinal buretteVolume of acidreadingsreadingsused (in ml)10.0 ml15 ml15.020.0 ml14 ml14.030.0 ml15 ml15.0Concordant reading—15.0 ml Applying normality equation • N1V1(acid) — N2V2(base) • N (15) — (1/10) 20 • Normality of HCl solution, N1 — 0.133 N
  • 17. • 3. Analysis of antacid tablets • Weight of the antacid tablet powder— 10 mg Volume of HCl solution added— 20.0 ml • S. No.AntacidInitial reading of buretteFinal reading of buretteVolume of Na2C031Gelusil0.0 ml15.0 ml15 ml2Aciloc 1500.0 ml22.0 ml22 ml3Fantac 200.0 ml25.0 ml25 ml4Pantop 200.0 ml20.0 ml20 ml5Ocid 100.0 ml7.0 ml7 ml
  • 18. RESULT • The most effective antacid out of the taken samples is acid 10.