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Teaching Self-Management
Practical ways to help students develop skills in this
key component of social-emotional learning
© 2015 by Transforming Education
Equipping students with the mindsets, skills and habits they need to succeed
2
Types of Self-Management Strategies
Self-Management involves doing something different now (e.g., resisting a
distraction, avoiding an undermining behavior, seeking out a different situation,
etc.) in order to accomplish a goal later. That requires students to:
– Think about the future they hope to
reach (e.g., earn an A on a project,
get the second marshmallow, etc.)
– Think about how they approach
situations and make decisions.
The most effective strategies are
typically proactive:
– They involve action long before the
distraction or decision point occurs.
– They can, and should be, practiced
repeatedly long before they are
needed.
3
Self-Management Strategies: Three Categories
– Choose the situation: Choose to be
in places or with people that help you
manage yourself.
o E.g., hang out with students who
are working diligently; take a route
home that avoids the mall; etc.
– Modify the situation: Modify a
situation you can’t avoid.
o E.g., sit at the front of the class
instead of in the back with
distracting friends.
The earlier a student acts on one of these strategies, the more likely he or she is
to succeed, but students need strategies at multiple levels.
I. Situation-Oriented Strategies – typically require lead time to put in place
4
Self-Management Strategies: Three Categories
II. Cognitive Strategies – may require lead time or be implemented immediately
– Change your attention: Attend to
aspects of a situation that reduce
temptation or increase focus on a goal.
o E.g., track the speaker in class.
– Change how you think about a
situation or a choice: Make a
distraction less appealing or the long-
term goal more appealing.
o E.g., instead of thinking of
homework as a chore, think of how
good you feel when your homework
is done and you are prepared for
class.
5
Self-Management Strategies: Three Categories
III. Impulse/Emotion Suppression Strategies – hard to implement, least
effective, and require the most cognitive energy to attempt
– Quash an impulse: Attempt to
quash an undesired impulse or
emotion after it has developed.
o E.g., try to stop thinking about
eating the treat sitting in front
of you.
6
The WOOP Method
The WOOP strategy, which is positive thinking plus a dose of reality, contains four steps:
1. Wish: Students name an important but
feasible wish or goal they want to fulfill.
2. Outcome: Students imagine, as vividly
as possible, what the future will be like
once they fulfill this wish (or reach the
goal).
3. Obstacle: Students imagine the most
critical personal obstacle that stands in
the way of fulfilling that wish (or
reaching the goal).
4. Plan: Students name an effective
behavior to overcome the obstacle and
create a specific plan, using an if-then
statement: “If X happens, then I will Y.”
The if-then plan is a critical part. Let’s look at it in more detail.
7
Plan With If-Then Statements (With WOOP or standalone)
Ask each student to name an effective behavior to overcome their obstacle and create a
specific plan, using an if-then statement:
– Writing: If I write a sentence, then I will read it aloud to see if it makes sense.
– Tracking assignments: If the teacher writes an assignment on the board, then I will
immediately make sure I understand it and write it down on my assignments list.
– Test anxiety: If I’m worried about a test that takes place on Friday, then I will meet with
my teacher on Monday to talk about how to study.
8
Create Awareness of When Students Learn Best
Help students understand when they learn best so that they can seek out and
create situations to maximize their learning.
– Each student creates a list that completes the
phrase “I focus best when...” or “I learn best
when…”
o Ask each student to identify three things to
seek related to when they learn best and
three to avoid.
o Students record how often these situations
occur and track their progress over time.
o Revisit this exercise regularly.
9
Focus on How to Do Things, Not Just What to Do
Support achievement by focusing on strategies to complete projects and
assignments rather than focusing only on the project content itself.
Discuss different processes a
student might use to complete a
report or project. For example:
– Create a set of milestones for
when particular parts of the
project should be done.
– Build an outline, then add in
details for a full draft.
– Work on sections sequentially
vs. starting on the difficult
sections.
10
General Self-Monitoring
Create clear self-management expectations and provide opportunities for students
to track their own progress towards these goals over time. Consider adding a
public reporting component.
Readiness to learn: Create a checklist and set
aside time at the beginning of class for students to
assess their readiness to learn. Track the results so
that students can see progress over time.
Classroom behavior: Create a simple series of
expectations for students that they can track. At the
end of each class, have students rate themselves
and record their results.
– Am I listening to others? Am I waiting for people
to finish before I talk? Am I using appropriate
language to disagree? Am I using an appropriate
tone and not raising my voice?
11
Self Monitoring With Lists and Planning Tools
For some students, lists and planners (physical or on a smartphone or other device) are
critical supports that can enable them to keep track of assignments, prioritize, maintain
focus on their work, etc.
– Create routines: For example, listen when a teacher gives an assignment, watch what
she writes, repeat it in your own words so you know you understand it, then write it in
an ongoing list of tasks to complete with most important things at the top.
12
Pausing, Calming, and Visualizing
Techniques that help students ride out difficult emotions or or gather themselves when they
are anxious or confused.
– Step back and breathe: Students
take a physical step backward and a
deep breath before reacting positively
or negatively to any situation.
– Expanding breaths: Students notice
how many seconds of breathing in and
breathing out they do. For each new
breath, extend the inhale by one
second and the exhale by one second.
Take five slow, extended breaths.
– Visualize memories: Students
visualize a memory of a time when
they were happy, calm, proud, or
another feeling they want to evoke.
13
Equipping students with the mindsets, skills and habits they need to succeed
For more free resources on this topic,
download our Self-Management Toolkit at
www.transformingeducation.org
© 2015 by Transforming Education
14
Research Sources
Duckworth, A.L., Gendler, T.S., & Gross, J.J. (2014). Self-control in school-age children. Educational Psychologist,
49(3), 199-217.
Duckworth, A. L., Grant, H., Loew, B., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). Self-regulation strategies improve self-
discipline in adolescents: benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions. Educational Psychology, 31,
17-26.
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013). From fantasy to action: Mental Contrasting with
Implementation Intentions (MCII) improves academic performance in children. Social Psychological and Personality
Science, 4, 745-753.
Gawrilow, C., Morgenroth, K., Schultz, R., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Mental contrasting with
implementation intentions enhances self-regulation of goal pursuit in schoolchildren at risk for ADHD. Motivation and
Emotion, 37, 134-145.
McClelland, M. M., Acock, A. C., Piccinin, A., Rhea, S. A., & Stallings, M. C. (2013). Relations between preschool
attention span-persistence and age 25 educational outcomes. Early childhood research quarterly, 28(2), 314-324.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938.
Moffitt et al., (2011); Arseneault, L., Belsky, B., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R.,
Roberts, B.W., Ross, R., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Caspi, A. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts
health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698.
Moffitt, et al., (2011); Knudsen, E. I., Heckman, J. J., Cameron, J. L., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2006). Economic,
neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 103(27), 10155-10162.
Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P.K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self‐regulatory competencies from
preschool delay of gratification. Developmental psychology, 26(6), 978‐86.

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Teaching Self-Management

  • 1. Teaching Self-Management Practical ways to help students develop skills in this key component of social-emotional learning © 2015 by Transforming Education Equipping students with the mindsets, skills and habits they need to succeed
  • 2. 2 Types of Self-Management Strategies Self-Management involves doing something different now (e.g., resisting a distraction, avoiding an undermining behavior, seeking out a different situation, etc.) in order to accomplish a goal later. That requires students to: – Think about the future they hope to reach (e.g., earn an A on a project, get the second marshmallow, etc.) – Think about how they approach situations and make decisions. The most effective strategies are typically proactive: – They involve action long before the distraction or decision point occurs. – They can, and should be, practiced repeatedly long before they are needed.
  • 3. 3 Self-Management Strategies: Three Categories – Choose the situation: Choose to be in places or with people that help you manage yourself. o E.g., hang out with students who are working diligently; take a route home that avoids the mall; etc. – Modify the situation: Modify a situation you can’t avoid. o E.g., sit at the front of the class instead of in the back with distracting friends. The earlier a student acts on one of these strategies, the more likely he or she is to succeed, but students need strategies at multiple levels. I. Situation-Oriented Strategies – typically require lead time to put in place
  • 4. 4 Self-Management Strategies: Three Categories II. Cognitive Strategies – may require lead time or be implemented immediately – Change your attention: Attend to aspects of a situation that reduce temptation or increase focus on a goal. o E.g., track the speaker in class. – Change how you think about a situation or a choice: Make a distraction less appealing or the long- term goal more appealing. o E.g., instead of thinking of homework as a chore, think of how good you feel when your homework is done and you are prepared for class.
  • 5. 5 Self-Management Strategies: Three Categories III. Impulse/Emotion Suppression Strategies – hard to implement, least effective, and require the most cognitive energy to attempt – Quash an impulse: Attempt to quash an undesired impulse or emotion after it has developed. o E.g., try to stop thinking about eating the treat sitting in front of you.
  • 6. 6 The WOOP Method The WOOP strategy, which is positive thinking plus a dose of reality, contains four steps: 1. Wish: Students name an important but feasible wish or goal they want to fulfill. 2. Outcome: Students imagine, as vividly as possible, what the future will be like once they fulfill this wish (or reach the goal). 3. Obstacle: Students imagine the most critical personal obstacle that stands in the way of fulfilling that wish (or reaching the goal). 4. Plan: Students name an effective behavior to overcome the obstacle and create a specific plan, using an if-then statement: “If X happens, then I will Y.” The if-then plan is a critical part. Let’s look at it in more detail.
  • 7. 7 Plan With If-Then Statements (With WOOP or standalone) Ask each student to name an effective behavior to overcome their obstacle and create a specific plan, using an if-then statement: – Writing: If I write a sentence, then I will read it aloud to see if it makes sense. – Tracking assignments: If the teacher writes an assignment on the board, then I will immediately make sure I understand it and write it down on my assignments list. – Test anxiety: If I’m worried about a test that takes place on Friday, then I will meet with my teacher on Monday to talk about how to study.
  • 8. 8 Create Awareness of When Students Learn Best Help students understand when they learn best so that they can seek out and create situations to maximize their learning. – Each student creates a list that completes the phrase “I focus best when...” or “I learn best when…” o Ask each student to identify three things to seek related to when they learn best and three to avoid. o Students record how often these situations occur and track their progress over time. o Revisit this exercise regularly.
  • 9. 9 Focus on How to Do Things, Not Just What to Do Support achievement by focusing on strategies to complete projects and assignments rather than focusing only on the project content itself. Discuss different processes a student might use to complete a report or project. For example: – Create a set of milestones for when particular parts of the project should be done. – Build an outline, then add in details for a full draft. – Work on sections sequentially vs. starting on the difficult sections.
  • 10. 10 General Self-Monitoring Create clear self-management expectations and provide opportunities for students to track their own progress towards these goals over time. Consider adding a public reporting component. Readiness to learn: Create a checklist and set aside time at the beginning of class for students to assess their readiness to learn. Track the results so that students can see progress over time. Classroom behavior: Create a simple series of expectations for students that they can track. At the end of each class, have students rate themselves and record their results. – Am I listening to others? Am I waiting for people to finish before I talk? Am I using appropriate language to disagree? Am I using an appropriate tone and not raising my voice?
  • 11. 11 Self Monitoring With Lists and Planning Tools For some students, lists and planners (physical or on a smartphone or other device) are critical supports that can enable them to keep track of assignments, prioritize, maintain focus on their work, etc. – Create routines: For example, listen when a teacher gives an assignment, watch what she writes, repeat it in your own words so you know you understand it, then write it in an ongoing list of tasks to complete with most important things at the top.
  • 12. 12 Pausing, Calming, and Visualizing Techniques that help students ride out difficult emotions or or gather themselves when they are anxious or confused. – Step back and breathe: Students take a physical step backward and a deep breath before reacting positively or negatively to any situation. – Expanding breaths: Students notice how many seconds of breathing in and breathing out they do. For each new breath, extend the inhale by one second and the exhale by one second. Take five slow, extended breaths. – Visualize memories: Students visualize a memory of a time when they were happy, calm, proud, or another feeling they want to evoke.
  • 13. 13 Equipping students with the mindsets, skills and habits they need to succeed For more free resources on this topic, download our Self-Management Toolkit at www.transformingeducation.org © 2015 by Transforming Education
  • 14. 14 Research Sources Duckworth, A.L., Gendler, T.S., & Gross, J.J. (2014). Self-control in school-age children. Educational Psychologist, 49(3), 199-217. Duckworth, A. L., Grant, H., Loew, B., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011). Self-regulation strategies improve self- discipline in adolescents: benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions. Educational Psychology, 31, 17-26. Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013). From fantasy to action: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) improves academic performance in children. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 745-753. Gawrilow, C., Morgenroth, K., Schultz, R., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013). Mental contrasting with implementation intentions enhances self-regulation of goal pursuit in schoolchildren at risk for ADHD. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 134-145. McClelland, M. M., Acock, A. C., Piccinin, A., Rhea, S. A., & Stallings, M. C. (2013). Relations between preschool attention span-persistence and age 25 educational outcomes. Early childhood research quarterly, 28(2), 314-324. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933-938. Moffitt et al., (2011); Arseneault, L., Belsky, B., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B.W., Ross, R., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Caspi, A. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. Moffitt, et al., (2011); Knudsen, E. I., Heckman, J. J., Cameron, J. L., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2006). Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(27), 10155-10162. Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P.K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self‐regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification. Developmental psychology, 26(6), 978‐86.