The Global Hunger And Food Security Initiative

The Global Hunger And Food Security Initiative
Hunger has always been a part of the history of humankind. Today we are more aware of this issue,
especially on a global level. Most initiatives and assistance programs were previously received
funding from the private sector primarily through religious affiliations, however, in May of two
thousand ten the United States launched the global hunger and food security initiative known as
Feed the Future, or FTF to aid nineteen countries including areas of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and
the Caribbean (FTF, 2014). The selection of participating regions follows a five–step criterion,
which addresses their need, their opportunity for partnerships, their potential for agriculture, and the
resources available to them, while, evaluating their synergy or ability to interact with two or more
organization, which produces greater combined effects. This program works in collaboration with
other agencies to employ not only the use of training, technology, and resources of the countries
involved , but to also help the countries boost ownership of the solutions to their hunger. According
to the Feed the Future Progress Report 2014, vital areas, such as inclusiveness, empowerment,
effectiveness, as well as sustainability, substantiate that these central concepts addressed are slowly
providing a means to ending hunger as well as extreme poverty. This program is empowering men
and women farmers with emphasis on building skills and knowledge in order to provide sustainable
practices, thus,
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Analysis Of Senegal : A Success Story
PLCY 698
Senegal: A Success Story
Senegal At a Glance
Located in the westernmost part of the Sahel region in West Africa, Senegal was one of the countries
affected by the spread of the Ebola virus during the Summer of 2014. Senegal's population of 14.7
million people occupies a total land area of 196,722 square kilometers. Furthermore, Senegal shares
2,684 kilometers worth of land borders with The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea–Bissau, Mali, and
Mauritania.
Senegal has a relatively young population with 62.56% of its people comprising an age group of 24
years old or younger. Senegal is also relatively urbanized with 43.7% of the population living in
urban areas. Additionally, life expectancy at birth in the country is 61.32 years. Moreover, ... Show
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While a local separatist conflict in Senegal's southern region of Casamance has led to hundreds of
casualties, violence has waned since the signing of a 2014 ceasefire and the state was able to build
relatively strong democratic institutions since its 1960 independence from France.
An Overview of the Public Health System in Senegal
Prior to 1960, the foundations of the Senegalese public health system were established by the French
colonial administration. The vast majority of public health resources were concentrated in urban
areas during this period while reliance on traditional medicines and healers remained most prevalent
in rural areas. In 1987, the Senegalese government began efforts to decentralize the country's public
health system with the adoption of the Bamako Initiative in partnership with the World Health
Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund. The purpose of this initiative was to
decentralize health policies in twenty four African countries while also instituting community
finance frameworks for a regular supply of drugs and public health resources. Because the
implementation of this initiative required the participation of local communities in managing
resources at the health–facility level, the entire process was politicized as it challenged the state's
prevailing patterns of authority and power. Unfortunately, this led to a general failure to achieve the
initiative's objectives. In addition to decentralization, the

Senegal Rappers: What It Means To Fit Their Culture
Senegal rappers adopted the United States method of hip hop and recreated it in order to fit their
culture. Using our first samples and making it suitable to be mixed in utilizing their "local musical
elements" (Appert 4) is what separates them from us. Descendants of previous griot's Senegal
rappers are the current "historians" and "social commentators" of the country (Appert 10) that use
their music to tell their stories to the people of Senegal just as their predecessors did years ago
except without our modern–day rap music and beats. Senegal rappers decided to hold on to their
more traditional style of instruments. The kora which when played the sound resembles the harp,
and the balafon is used in place of the piano allowing them to

Music In Uganda And Senegal: Video Analysis
During this week we learned about the culture and music traditions in Uganda and Senegal. The
music in Uganda is very fast paced, in the way the instruments are played. For example in Uganda
the akadinda is a large heavy log xylophone. It uses interlocking patterns that can nearly approach
600 beats per minute. While watching the "LOUD Metronome 500 BPM" video I could see the
intensity of how loud and how fast paced nearly 600 beats a minute sounds like. However while I
saw the video " Obubaire" where the three performer on one akadinda. The performers had their
certain role they had to play in. The beat of the performance was very quick since each of the
performer played all different parts, while the vocalist was singing. The book does mention ... Show
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The Mandinka society consist of the Jali, that is an oral historian this is seen to a role held
throughout parts in western Africa. The kora is a harp–lute or bridge harp that is played by the Jali.
The kora is similar to the harp. Just like the harp, the kora lie in a plane which is perpendicular to
the face. The regular kora has 21 strings, which consist of 10 on the right and 11 on the left. The
performer has two distinct sections, that are referred to the birimintingo and the kumbengo that
allows the performer show his skill as a musician and as a praise singer. The birimintingo section is
marked for solo runs on the kora. During teh kumbengo section the perfor repeats a steady pattern
on the Kora while singing praises that relate to the history of the Mandinka or of individual family
lineages. The kumbengo rhythms demonstrate the tendency of African musicians to use polyrhythm
in the performance. During site 7 we hear a lower and an upper part. The lower represents a root
rhythmic pattern, while the upper part interlocks with it and produces a cross rhythm. The repetition
of the mumbengo allows the performer to focus on singing, trying to keep the performer of thinking
about the kora performance. During the birimintingo section, the kumbengo is usually maintained in
the lower part by the thumbs while the fingers play the upper melodic

International Organizations And International Trade...
When it comes to the political set up of the international organizations that positively and negatively
affects poorer nations can be classified in realist's point of view as powerful nations lobbying the
international organizations to pass their agenda that affects smaller countries in the interests of
promoting national hegemonic power. As a results, of this, regardless of the debts accumulated by
powerful international organization's veto power, they are still on top of the average poor nation
because of its political hegemonic power and influence over International Organizations. The
economic policies set by hegemonic powers to be passed down to the small nations by the
international organizations sometimes keep them on the hook of a ... Show more content on
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If Gambia failed to secure that assistance, it will further hurt its economy because the country was
running with deficit and the IMF described the then current economic state of the Gambia as
"external and fiscal sustainability are at a grave risk. Moreover, in the absence of urgent action, the
social progress made in recent years is also under threat." When it comes to the interaction of the
United Nations and the Gambia, many sustainable achievement were secured and was able to help
develop Gambia physically and environmentally. There were United Nations children's fund that
helped young children of the poorer nations to benefit from basic needs like education,
infrastructure, human rights improvements and bias and draconian media laws that targets private
media journalists. Gambia government lost many of its reputation as a result of not living up to
expectations of the international organizations in protecting the fundamental human rights of its
citizens irrespective of the individual's political affiliation. Draconian media Laws results in the
shooting death of Gambia prominent journalist Deyda Hydara, the owner of 'ThePointNewspaper'.
He was shot to dead and the Gambia government denied the allegation and they refused to
investigate it and also refused international organizations to coinvestigate the matter. The Gambia
president was

Autobiography Of African Americans
Introduction
The Merriam Webster dictionary defines "African American," as an American who has African and
especially black African ancestry. Being born in the United States and being American I have always
been classified as African American, because my skin was dark, my hair was tightly coiled and
because my parents were black. As a black child growing up here believed I was African American
because my parent were African. I knew Africa from the Lion King and National Geography. I knew
of the music because it played on a loop in our Georgia home, when I was trying to watch Disney or
Nickelodeon. I knew of the food, because I was made to eat it instead of McDonalds. So to me,
Africa and Africans where distant, it belonged in the world of fairytales. ... Show more content on
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She asked if the name Fa is popular in America, like the name Awa is in Gambia, I said no, she was
surprise that I did not know anyone with the same name as me. I explained to her that Fa was short
for Fatou. With this revelation, Awa jumped up and hugged me and said that I was Gambia like her,
just born in America. I was confused, I tried to explain that I was just American, and in America I
was African American because my parents are from Gambia but not me. She went quiet for a minute
and then she shook her head, and said that I did not understand, she asked if I spoke Wolof, I said
yes, she asked if I liked the game Acara, I said yes, she asked what my favorite food was, I answered
Benachin, and then she asked like Bisap (the hibiscus tea), I said yes. She conclude that since I
answered yes to all her questions then I am Gambian too. What she said may not have seem much at
the moment, but for the first time since arriving in Gambia, I felt like I belonged. From then on, the
term African American meant something completely different to me. I embraced it fully, because to
me it meant that I am African because I have lived and had significant life experiences in Africa. I
understand and embody many African values, as well as the American values that I was born with.

God's Bits of Wood Essay examples
AP Literature and Composition Summer Reading God's Bits of Wood Characters (by region)
Bakayoko– Bakayoko is the novel's central character, in spite of the fact that he doesn't actually
appear in person until more than two thirds of the way through. Until his return to the Thies /
Bamako / Dakar region, (Chapter 16), his presence is theoretical and inspirational rather than
physical, his beliefs and actions defining choices for both pro– and anti– strikers, for both those who
respect him and those who don't. In short, even while the narrative line is defined by the actions and
circumstances of other characters, Bakayoko is a constant presence, undeniably a leader, and a
profoundly complex human being, simultaneously idealistic and ... Show more content on
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Deputy–Mayor: African mayor who is puppet of French; one of members of French National
Assembly (=Congress, or Parliament); for French, against strike. Fatou Wade: old woman who
'adopts' Ibrahim Bakayoko. Major Plot Events * The narrative begins with a poetically written
description of the land in which the story unfolds as well as a glimpse of nature that provides a vivid
contrast to the machine–defined lives the novel's many characters live. * The fundamental conflict is
captured in two people, Dejean (the French manager and colonialist) and Bakayoko (the soul and
spirit of the strike). * The evolution of the strike causes an evolution in the self–perceptions of the
Africans themselves, one that is most noticeable in the women of Bamako, Thiès, and Dakar. *
These women go from seemingly standing behind the men in their lives, to walking alongside them
and eventually marching ahead of them. * Women go from supporting the strike to participating in
the strike. Eventually it is the women that march on foot, over four days from Thiès to Dakar. * The
women's march causes the French to understand the nature of the willpower that they are facing, and
shortly after the French agree to the demands of the strikers. Theme In conclusion the main theme of
"God's Bits of Wood" is the changing role of women. The evolution of the strike causes an evolution
in the self–perceptions of the Africans themselves, one that is most

Personal Narrative : Why I Travel
Why I Travel I believe that travel is something that everyone, no matter what, should do at least
once in their lifetime. This is because once people leave their comfort zone and present situation,
they begin to truly learn about themselves and the world. Once they finish travelling, that same
person may find themselves to be totally different than the one who left. In my short 14 day trip to
Senegal, I feel as if I learned a lifetime's worth of knowledge about not only Senegalese culture but
also about myself. The trip as a whole was fun and interesting but this also means that there is a
danger the true meaning could be lost in the smiles and happy memories. I feel travel is so much
more than just having a good time and making happy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the U.S., it is so incredibly difficult to well and truly stick out to the same degree that a toubab
like myself sticks out in Senegal. Everything about me was different to so many Senegalese people
from my race to my language to my dress, etc. This means that everywhere, we went, except touristy
areas, our bus full of toubabs stood out. I can recall countless times when people would wave at our
bus or knock on our windows to try as sell us some commodity solely because we were toubabs.
This experience was so odd to me because I have never felt this way, I am used to just being a
member of society and not the main attention of sorts. In Senegal, this feeling was exacerbated in
the markets, the schools and the homes of people, we visited. In the markets, specifically on Goree
Island, vendors targeted toubabs and tried to coerce them into visiting and then buying something
from their shop. Even more annoying was that in order to get a fair price, I had to fight tooth and
nail because the initial price well over the true value. Then even in bargaining, you could never get a
fair price because the vendors operated on the assumption that since we were toubabs, we had more
money and thus were okay with paying more. Then when we would visit schools, the students
would flock to our bus when we would first arrive. They would then knock on the windows and
wave. Then when we would get off the bus and walk around, there were always groups of kids who
would follow us

The And Its Influence On The Brotherhood
in politics – and its ability to put pressure on politicians to align with their demands. This is clear
because it was only the president that courted the maraboutic elites and had a platform that suited
rural and maraboutic interests, who was able to be successful.
Mouridism and its integration into civil society
Mourides have a strong commitment to integrating Islam into the fabric of civil society. Mouride
leaders often intervene in civil conflict and regularly put legalism aside, favoring an appeal to
"mystical discourses of transcendence." The final section of my paper will analyze additional ways
Mouridism is embedded into institutions of civil society – composed of the mosque, the
brotherhood, important events in the Mouride ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the strenuous physical conditions of farm work in a Daara, as well as the relationship
between the talibe and marabout has attracted significant scholarly attention, it has largely been
misconstrued. As opposed to cruel exploitation of young men blinded by religious fervor, I will
argue that the induction of otherwise disenfranchised males into the brotherhood is a good remedy
for youth dislocation and dampens the disruptive effect of urbanization – thus promoting political
stability by deterring civil unrest.
According to many civil conflict theorists, including Stathis Kalyvas, young people who are
physically dislocated from family, and without an occupation that can bring them economic stability
or social status are at risk of joining insurgency groups, since they are dissatisfied with their
exclusion from social respectability and blame it on political elites. While the young talibes of rural
marabouts are close to the bottom of Senegal's social hierarchy, their relationship with their
marabouts offers them opportunities to climb the social ladder that they would not have had
otherwise. For instance, talibes are usually given ownership of the farmland they worked on after
their servitude ends and in some cases; they are even given a wife. Such social and economic
offerings make joining the Mouride brotherhood quite appealing for young men with limited
prospects. The sect also offers its disciples a sense of fraternal belonging.

Alienation In Ousmane Sembene's 'Black Girl'
Written and directed by Ousmane Sembene, a Senegalese novelist turned filmmaker, Black Girl tells
the story of a young African woman named Diouana who leaves her home in Senegal with her
French employer, hopeful the work and opportunities offered by France will lead her to an improved
life. What begins as an optimistic journey soon reveals itself a grand disappointment as Diouana
realises her role as the children's caretaker has morphed into that of a maid and France reveals itself
to be a prison rather than a liberation. Between cooking, cleaning, taking care of the children and
enduring constant disrespect from her employers and their friends, Diouana's hopeful nature fades as
she starts feeling the weight of her isolation and alienation. Through the use of his carefully chosen
and curated settings, Sembene comments on the questions of postcolonial identity and displacement,
offering to his audience Diouana's journey as an example of the inner turmoil of defining African
identity while still under the influence of colonialism.
Sembene uses settings, and the contrast between his settings, to emphasises the process of alienation
Diouana goes through during the film. She is trying to pinpoint her place in the world and, by
leaving her country, finds herself cultureless and restrained. It is evident in the contrast between the
scenes taking place in France and the flashbacks in Dakar that by moving to France, Diouana loses a
part of herself. Almost every scene set in France

Research Paper
"Bienvenue à la paix de la Téranga". That was the first thing I was told when I first got off the plane
in Senegal, a predominantly Islamic West African country I spent two years living in. During my
time there I had the privilege to get in touch with my roots and see a different aspect of life. Not
everything is peaches and cream life, I thought I understood that being from Detroit and seeing a lot
of poverty and all but I guess I didn't grasp it for the night until I saw children on the street begging
for food every day with no shoes, worn out clothes and infections of their heads. I learned that in
Senegal people called these children were called talibes , Quranic students forced to do labor for
their Serignes or marabouts.As I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These punishments range from beating talibes with whips to chaining them by the ankles for days to
poles.They don't provide talibes with good living conditions, putting up to 15 talibes in a room.Most
of these boys don't wash their clothes for weeks.These children, mostly the boys who are the only
ones permitted to leave the Darras to beg, are sick with diseases and have many infections.Most
talibes that run away are usually brought back by other talibes or come back because they can't fend
for themselves. These Quranic teachers have developed a strong presence in the Senegalese
government. Samantha Macfarlane in wrote an article on www.berkleycenter.georgetown.edu that "
Marabouts have large enough followings that their support of a political candidate may influence or
determine the outcome of an election." This causes mutual relationships between marabouts and
politicians sometimes involving in corruption.Due to this fact, marabouts had little opposition to no
opposition from the government until 2016. But what are people doing to stop this growing problem
and help these children? Luaren Seibert wrote in www.hrw.org article that "In June 2016, the
government demonstrated meaningful political will by introducing a new program to remove
children from the streets".But after a year the Human Rights Watch and the Platform for the
Promotion and Protection of Human Rights ( a coalition of Senegalese rights groups)

A Comparison Of The Lithosphere Of Ethiopia And Ethiopia
Research Paper Ethiopia is a country located on the east side of the continent of Africa. The capital
of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa. It is surrounded by countries such as Sudan, Kenya, Somalia, and
Djibouti. The main language spoken in Ethiopia is Amharic. Senegal is a country located on the
west side of the continent of Africa. The capital of Senegal is Dakar. It is surrounded by Mauritania,
Mali, Guinea, Guinea–Bissau, Gambia, and the Atlantic Ocean. The official language spoken in
Senegal is French. Comparing and contrasting the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere of Ethiopia and Senegal are of great importance in comprehending their geography. In this
paragraph we will examine the Lithosphere of Ethiopia and Senegal. The lithosphere is the outer
part of the earth. One major geologic feature that Ethiopia has is the Great Rift Valley. The Great
Rift Valley is a long narrow ditch of land that can be thousands kilometers long. The Great Rift
Valley looks like it does today because two tectonic plates separated and the land in between them
slowly dropped. The Great Rift Valley attracts a lot of international tourists. There are some places
in the Great Rift Valley that are used for tourism. A majority of Ethiopia is made up of plateaus
however, there are also mountains and valleys there too. The two main types of plateaus in Ethiopia
are the high plateau and the central plateau. The high and central plateaus are divided by the Great
Rift Valley on the west and

Child Hunger Thesis
Have you ever watched a child die of starvation? Let alone your own child?Well residents of
Senegal watch this horrific sight every day. Child hunger is a serious problem and not just in
Senegal but all around the world! About 3.1 million children die every year from starvation all
around the world. Senegal does not have enough food to properly feed their children in order to do
this Senegal needs to provide less expensive food. But to do that they must also find inexpensive
ingredients. So that way less children will be waking up and going to bed hungry.
Senegal is in Africa and borders New Guinea Bissau and Mauritania. The major ethnic groups in
Senegal are Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Mandinka, Jola, and Soninke. The official languages of Senegal
are French, Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, and Mandinka. The main religions are 95.4% Muslim, 4.2%
Christian and 0.4 Animist. There are about 13,975,834 resident of Senegal and this recording was
taken in march of 2015 last year. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like supplying them with more livestock, seeds, and money. If we support more farms the farms
would be able to sell more, buy more, and produce more items such as milk, butter, cheese, and
yogurt for dairy farms. Also vegetable farms would be able to produce more healthy foods and could
sell more food for lower

Family Dynamics : An Amalgam Of Individuals, Sharing...
Family dynamics are inherently fascinating; an amalgam of individuals, sharing genetic data,
manufacture an implied social contract to care for one another. Those who are included in the family
are those who choose to actively participate in family governance and support, as well as the youth
of those participants. Moreover, as the youth progress towards adulthood, they are presented with a
path of choices and directions that will define their individualism and their future inclusion in the
family. Quite often, the youth can become antithetical to one another as they choose different paths.
Nevertheless, having shared a great deal of traits in their upbringing, much can be learned in
comparing their successes and failures which often have eerily inverse parallels. In the late 19th and
early 20th century, the imperialistic era, countries such as Britain, Germany, Portugal and France all
held parental roles over their respective colonies in Sub–Saharan Africa. France in particular was
largely involved in West Africa. Having colonized almost one third of the dark continent, France
undoubtedly left her footprint in what is today's Senegal and Côte D'Ivoire. These two French
Speaking African nations were the epicenter of what was once called French West Africa. The
nations truly adopted a French culture and political ideology. For example, in World War II, the
Senegalese and Ivoirians fought proudly for their parent country against the axis powers. After the
war the Atlantic

Jola Initiation Ritual Essay
Jola Initiation Ritual The phenomenon of folkloric festivals and cultural identity in the
contemporary Senegal region of the Casamance provides a unique opportunity to experience and
describe customs that have dictated creative and functional experiences for over a thousand years in
the western mid enclave of African continent. In seeking to understand this subject we are made
aware of the changing textures of time and space and the beauty of physical universe existence, as
well as the challenge of continental mapping and composite humanity. This is so because the
essence of African identity can be sensed through its integration of individual and communal 'zones
of experiences as well as the blending of multiple planes of ... Show more content on
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The folkloric festival in Casamance is a timely occurrence that gives insight into the regional
cultural qualities of a people in transition. In seeking to penetrate into this subject one has an
opportunity to: 1) better understand the subject of Identity from a universal perspective 2) notice the
'spectra' of correspondence qualities that allow for 'genesis associations' as 'experienced from
responses from actual events in progress– as a 'point of focus' to speculate on the larger question of
African aesthetics and value systems 3) look at the subject of form and interaction dynamics (and
what value a given formal state might have as for 'inquiring into a unified African vibrational and
mental disposition– that could also assist the effort to better understand the subject of Africa from a
continental and universal perspective) and finally 4) to better understand the special role of music,
and what I call 'vibrational dynamics', in composite African culture and what this subject could
mean to trans–African 'vibrational–radiance' as we approach the new millennium. In the first
category, the challenge of identity for this paper will involve an attempt to isolate the kind of 'event–
action

Pular People Research Paper
Senegal is a country on the western most part of Africa, surrounded by Mauritania, Mali, Guinea
Bissau, and Guinea. It also surrounds the small country of Gambia. The capital of Senegal, Dakar, is
the most western part of the country and the continent. Being a sub–Saharan, western African
country, Senegal is very dry and flat, having sparsely vegetated grasslands and sand covered plains
without much in the way of hills or mountains. There are three main rivers in Senegal, the Gambia,
the Casamance, and the Senegal, all of which sustain many towns and cities on their banks.
There are five major ethnic groups in Senegal; the Wolof, the Pular, the Serer, the Diola, and the
Manding. Each is as distinct from one another as the Irish are from Russians. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It wasn't until the French settled in the 17th century, however, did western influence start affecting
the country. When the French took over Senegal, they changed the main crops grown by the
Senegalese to cash crops like peanuts and rice. The people of Senegal went from a simple bartering
system that was for the most part fair, to mercantilism serving the French empire. The French also
introduced more patriarchal practices by taking the land from the women and having the men work
it as indentured workers, paying them for only a small fraction. This caused a major shift in
economic dependence in families and set Senegal on a very patriarchal path. Women no longer
could own land and work it for themselves, and thus were forced to rely on the profits, now greatly
reduced, of their husbands. In addition to the new ways of money is made in a family, colonialism
introduced ideas about women's bodies and sexuality that created a tradition of racial manipulation.
Many Senegalese women have gone to such extremes, such as bleaching their skin, to achieve
lighter skin tones that they are doing serious damage to their bodies . An equal number of theses
women are also putting most of their extra money towards purchasing wigs to mimic western
European

Impact Of The Imperial Rule On West African Politics Essay
Senegal History Despite its small size, Senegal is an important player in West African politics. It has
had a long history, from its days as a collection of tribal kingdoms, to its existence under French rule
and eventual decolonization, to its place today as a model of peaceful democracy ("it is one of the
few African states that has managed to avoid military or political coups since its independence in
1960" (Anderson, 2013)). Senegal has retained much of its traditional African values as well as
adapted to traditional European ideals (Gellar, 1995). France and other European countries have had
a profound effect on the social, political and economic structures Senegal has in place today. By
analyzing the previous structures developed by the Africans and then comparing them to the placed
upon them by the French, one can truly begin to understand the extent of the transformation that has
occurred. Before the imperial rule in the Senegambia area, governing methods were largely focused
upon a single dominant power ruling over various "villages, towns, and social groups that were
incorporated into the dominant political unit" (Gellar, 1995). The excessive land space to population
ratio at the time meant that controlling vast amounts of land did not determine a kingdom's power, it
was instead based upon the amount of people under their rule. Because there was little competition
for territory, a ruling government did not have permanent borders (Gellar, 1995). This is unlike

Descriptive Essay : My Summer
My summer in Africa was one I'll not soon forget. We went to Senegal, the westernmost point of
Africa. While I did see what I expected, the a part of what I saw was totally unexpected and will
haunt me forever.As I board the plane that was to take me across the Atlantic ocean and land me to
the capital of Senegal, I felt an array of mixed emotions. Mainly, I was excited. After all I haven't
seen my extended family in over a year. But I also felt nervous because I was going to visit
Chasemas before I go back to Dakar to spend my vacation.The Plane Ride took only about 7 hours.
After we had disembarked the plane, we were led straight to a bus. As we walked off the plane and
into the bus I quickly remembered the familiar sandy oceanic smell ... Show more content on
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Most of them wore dirty tattered clothing and were startlingly thin. I always thought that everything
was nice in Senegal because of Dakar. I couldn't help but stare, despite all our tour guide's warnings.
My mom gave me a gentle nudge. Almost immediately, the native Senegalese began to step closer to
our tour group. Their staring eyes burned straight into my mind. I felt like such an intruder because
of the way they stared. My first feeling of guilt came when a woman holding a crying baby
accidentally brushed up against me. I somehow managed to apologize, not wanting to offend her in
any way.
She just looked at me with sad, troubled eyes that seemed to say, "How could you? How could you
allow us to live this terrible life in a third–world country?" I instantly felt gratitude for everything I
had ever taken for granted.
We were led through the narrow back streets of the main section of town. There were high, white
walls of buildings on either side of us. These walls had open doorways that were the entryways to
small rooms, which were homes. People appeared in these doorways and stared at us as if we were
gods. Emaciated children in dirty scraps of clothing played in the trash and filth in the alleyways.
They gazed up at us and smiled. I always smiled back, while I wondered if they knew there were
better ways of life in other parts of the world, or whether they learned that as they became older.Our
Senegalese guide led us through small, filthy

Hip Hop And Its Effects On African Society
Hip Hop In Africa
Hip Hop in Africa is used to spread awareness and evoke calls to action on sensitive subjects that
affect the majority of the people in Africa. Hip Hop influences many people in Africa because it is
meaningful and only tends to speak about the positives and negatives of African society.Hip Hop in
Africa is used as a method to spread awareness on HIV/Aids, create a call to action to tell people to
save themselves when tragedies hit, and change the way parents raise their children.
One way that Hip Hop improves African society is that it spreads important messages about family
values. Stating that young people in Senegal lose themselves as a result of parents enforcing
negative things to their kids.The song "Mariama" by Senegalese rapper Omzo Dollar gives a call to
action, warning people, youth in general, that young people in Senegal lose themselves as a result of
parents enforcing negative things to their kids. It starts off with a young girl, who is in a rush to
grow up. She meets the love of her life and all seem perfect. The love of the girl's life was nice and
promised to protect the girl from abuse.Her parents forced her to betray the man that she genuinely
loved. The girl's parents did not care or put any consideration into account, the girl's feelings. They
just wanted their daughter to marry a wealthy man. The girl and the man she loved slowly began to
grow distant, it was leading to an end. The man gave
Hip Hop

The Republic Of Hope For Sub Saharan Africa
Introduction: The Republic of Senegal is a small country on the tip of West Africa that has long been
a beacon of hope for Sub–Saharan Africa. Formerly a colony of France, this French–speaking nation
is one of the few countries in Africa to never have a coup d'état or establish an authoritarian
government. It is internationally recognized for its Islamic traditions, diverse ethnic groups, fishing,
dancing, baobab trees, and hospitality referred to as "la Teranga." With the population 90% Muslim,
Senegal's 10% Christian minority has long been accepted making their country an international
model for religious integration and tolerance. Despite such stability and glowing democratic
accomplishments, Senegal's sociopolitical progress has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This mortality statistic is intensified in children under age 5. The Research Center for Human
Development in Dakar constructed a program in order to estimate the nationwide burden of malaria
in all regions. They led the Senegalese survey effort to collect rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and
Blood smears of a representative random sample of 320 clusters and 9600 households throughout
Senegal (Giardina et al., 2012). Geographically, those from the Southeastern region possess the
greatest risk of contracting the malarial parasites (Figure 1). This is significant because this region is
extremely rural with the least accessibility to hospitals and clinics. This region also has the highest
amount of rainfall which facilitates reproduction in the mosquito population (Littrell et al., 2013).
The northern region of the country has the lowest rates. This is given its proximity to the dry Sahara
Desert whose climate is much less conducive to breeding mosquitos. Fortunately, much progress has
been made in reducing the burden of malaria since the early 2000's. In 2005, US President Bush
issued the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) which offered $1.265 billion to fight malaria (PMI,
2013). This has had a significant impact on the battle against malaria in Senegal. The Global
Malaria Action Plan has also contributed solutions in collaboration

Why Is Child Hunger Really Bad For Children
Veledio Model Un Essay Senegal Why is child hunger really bad for children? In senegal it is a big
problem Because most women don't have jobs to help their family. Globally 161 million under five
year olds were estimated to be stunted in 2013. Senegal is suffering from child hunger. In order to
help stop it we want women to have jobs to help their family. Senegal borders Guinea–Bissau and
Mauritania. The language Senegal speaks French in Wolof, Jola, Pulaar, Madinka. The population of
Senegal is 13,975,834. There are only 57.7% of people that can read and write. Kids only stay in
school for 8 years. 46.7% of people are poor.Senegal buys food and beverages, capital goods, and
fuels from other countries.Senegal has 2 conflicts

Severe Acute Malnutrition Management Of Children
Severe Acute Malnutrition Management of Children Under Five in Senegal, a Multi–Sectoral
Government Supported Approach
Keren Isaev
999548789
NFS490
1.Introduction:
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is defined by a weight for height ratio below –3z scores of the
median WHO growth standards, through visible severe wasting or through the presence of
nutritional oedema 1 . SAM affects twenty million children under the age of five worldwide where
one million of these children die every year1. Senegal, a country in West Africa with an estimated
population of 13 million people experiences a 20% mortality rate in children affected by SAM 2.
This report will outline the current state of SAM in Senegal, programs and policies presented in
Senegal in efforts to reduce the prevalence of SAM, evident gaps in these programs with a
description of a suggested policy not currently employed and its implications.
Burden:
In 2014, 2.25 million people in Senegal suffered from insecurity of food with 340,000 children
under five suffering from acute malnutrition and 79,000 experiencing severe acute malnutrition 2.
Senegal is divided into fourteen regions, further divided into forty five departments. Nine of these
departments experienced critical levels of SAM in 2013 with an additional five departments
experiencing threshold SAM levels in addition to diarrhea and respiratory illnesses. Thus, fourteen
departments continue to require immediate attention to treating SAM 2.

Langston Hughes 'Poem Cubes'
Langston Hughes' poem "Cubes" concerns itself with the idea of young men bringing disease back
from France to Senegal. The layout of this poem is based on the French motto of "liberté, égalité,
fraternité" (or liberty, equality, fraternity) which is mentioned in the third stanza of the poem. The
first two stanzas of the poem refer to the lack of liberty for the people being discussed. The second
stanza then goes on to talk about the many ways equality is missing from the lives of the Senegalese
in France. Finally, the third stanza is about the fraternity that is present when they return to Senegal.
The poem shows that despite it being the French motto, these three things are not present in their
society. In fact, they are more present in Senegal. Liberty: "freedom from captivity, confinement, or
physical restraint". In the first stanza, we hear about characters who do not have liberty. They are not
free from these things; instead, they are held back by them. Hughes says that the men are "a little too
drunk to sing" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the fourth stanza, Hughes's narrative returns to Senegal. Here we are introduced to
brotherhood/sisterhood felt between these people. He refers to a collective group of them as "the
back girls in the palm huts" (34). He indicates a sense of community between the men returning and
the women who have remained there. However, this stanza also largely refers to the spread of
disease from the men who have been in France to the people who never left Senegal. While they are
sharing (which is a brotherly act in and of itself), they are sharing something from the French that is
wholly not something that is wanted. Though the men gained disease through negative relationship
with the French people, they go on to spread it to the Senegalese people through positive
interactions. It starts off being a gift from the boss to the bossed, to being a gift from neighbor to

Example Of Polygamy In America
Senegal is one of the Muslim countries, where people practice polygamy legally. Senegal is in West
Africa. It has a triangle culture that the French, Senegalese and Arabic culture play a big role in the
social activities. Senegal gained it independence from France in June 20, 1960. For centuries of
France controlling Senegal did not stop the Senegalese people from continuing certain examples
such as the practice of polygamy. Polygamy existed in Senegal for years before colonizers or
outsiders invaded the west African kingdom. Polygamy is a practice of a man having more than one
wife. Polygamy is one of the issue that Islamic scholars raise to talk about inequality in Islam.
Polygamy existed in Africa, before Islam or Christianity was introduce

No Left Hand Rule In Guatemalan Essay
I'm from Senegal, a country in West Africa, located in the westernmost point of the continent, and as
we may know, Africa is a land of culture and diversity. To that adds ethnic, religious and
superstitious beliefs. There are many things unique to the heritage of Senegal. One of the most
important one is the "no left hand rule", a superstition strongly influenced by religion.
The Senegalese people are very superstitious. As the vast majority of the population in Senegal is
Muslim, this means that traditional Islamic rules, lifestyles and beliefs are followed by many people.
Of these rules, it is considered very disrespectful and rude to use your left hand to eat or even greet
anyone with. For example, in a conventional Senegalese household, people share food on one big
bowl because they believe it betters the relationships of the ones eating it. However, the people
eating will feel very offended if anyone puts there left hand in the bowl and might refuse to keep
eating due to the negativity they believe it might bring. To them the left hand doesn't represent
anything positive; hence you shouldn't eat, drink or greet people with your left hand. Even when
cooking, it's advised to limit the use of the left hand. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the left hand is used in the toilet to wipe oneself, therefore making it unholy and unclean in
Islamic related cultures. The left hand is not used is many different cases due to the various stigmas
it carries. That particular superstition comes from religion as it states in the Holy Quran that the
prophet said: "O young boy, say the name of Allah and eat with your right hand, and eat from what
is nearest to you". Nevertheless, eating with your left hand might not be considered bad or unholy in
these following cases: not being able to use your right hand after an injury or when you're

Conservation Of Endemic Ruminant Livestock And Improve...
In a 6–point scale, the TE rated the project's outcome effectiveness as "Satisfactory". The TE only
briefly summarized the project results at the EOP (End of Project) without comparing them with
expected outcomes. In the same scale, this TER will rate the project's outcome as "Moderately
Satisfactory" based on the evidence presented by the Final PIR (PIR 2014), which shows that some
progress has been made for reaching all of the project targets, but majority of targets were not
achieved 100%. A comparison of the project's achievements against the targets of its indicators is
presented below: (PIR 2014, p.4–53)
The project's Immediate Objectives are:
(i) To conserve the biodiversity of endemic ruminant livestock and improve their productivity
(AfDB)
(ii) To establish effective models for community–based management of endemic ruminant livestock
and its habitats at project sites, and strengthen production, market, and policy environment in
support of theses breeds (GEF)
There are 7 indicators under the project immediate objectives. By the EOP all of the indicators
partly reached or were on the track for fully reaching their targets.
Indicator 1 was the levels of household food security as measured by a household dietary diversity
score (HDDS). The target was at least 20% increase by project end from baseline levels. The target
was 50% achieved. According to statistics available by the EOP: the level for Gambia declined
around 30%; the level for Mali increased 24.3%; the

Essay On Black Girl
Film is a series of artistic moving images that make up a story. In every film, the director visually
presents the storyline, different characters, the problems they encounter and how they were deal
with. There is a wide range of ways to study films of various genres. We focus on film language,
genre, mise–en–scene, representation, stereotypes, etc. In Black Girl, it was depicted as an allegory
and had a lot of mise–en–scene.
Some examples of mise–en–scene in Black Girl includes the mask, clothing and objects in the Dakar
and France homes. The mask is a very powerful symbol because it represents Diouana. In the
beginning of the film, Diouana was living happily with her boyfriend and had no troubles. She
wanted to seek for employment and was hired by a French couple to care for their children. When
Diouana finally found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Back in the 1900s, France colonized many countries. Senegal is one of those countries that France
controlled. The foreign government of France controlling Senegal is similar to the French couple
deciding everything for Diouana. An example is when the French couple receives a letter from
Diouana's mother and responds to the letter by writing what they want. The French couple holds a
dominant position in the household and does not allow Diouana to voice her opinion. At first,
Diouana was excited to go to France with the French couple because she imagined how her life
would change, but she was fooled. Diouana misunderstood that she would continue to care for the
children, but she was treated like a slave. It is like Diouana fell for the trap because she had to do
labor on a daily basis. Diouana had a low social status, accused of many things and treated poorly.
After a while, Diouana could not stand being mistreated all the time which ultimately led to her
committing suicide. The director of Black Girl wanted to tell the audience that Diouana suffered a
lot ever since she started working in

Red Cross Culture In America
Senegal, a culture filled country, suffers greatly from poverty, meaning that many families may not
be able to afford or have ways of getting knowledge of health care that could potentially save their
lives. The red cross is one of the many organizations that provide assistance throughout Senegal,
however, not everyone knows or has accesses to the Red Cross. Communication varies throughout
Senegal bringing with it several life threatening things happening in Senegal including, street
children, diseases, and cultural activities that is extremely dangerous for Senegalese citizens. Further
acts should be put into place to provide all Senegalese people with information and ways of health
care.
The health in Senegal varies throughout rural and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent graphs and charts, there has been results of decreased poverty, this is great news for
Senegal! Taalibe, or street children, Used to be found all over Senegal cities until recent bands that
have been placed to where adolescents can no longer do this. You may ask, What are street children?
When a children's parents cannot afford their child and their needs (especially education), they will
send them to ¨school¨. ¨Some parents in Senegal and neighboring countries who lack the money to
bring up their children, send them to Islamic schools, or daaras, in Dakar.¨ These schools send the
children to the streets and make them beg for money. They are also be abused, beaten, and even
killed. The conditions in which they stay in are horrendous and cause several of them to become
sick. Until a ban was put into place, this continue to happen and still does to this day. Only 12
teachers have been known of being prosecuted for doing this, and many more are said to be still
doing this to poor defenseless children. In order to have better health among Senegal there must be
better communication and watching on the citizens and the government. The government seems to
have little control over many things, like Taalibe´s and you can see the lack of communication
between the citizens and government in Senegal. Organizations like the, ¨PPDH¨ have tried to stop
this completely, some have gotten rather far. If further acts are put into place to ensure the safety of
the children and their health, there will be Less likability to have children on the streets.
Organizations like the Red Cross are here to help those parents, providing shelter for those children
and better health care, but without the proper knowledge of these organizations in rural cities there is
no way of these parents of knowing. Providing information on organizations here to help may be
better the chances of having the street children, less child

What Is the French Policy of Assimilation About, What Did...
Conflict Management and Resolution PLSC 872
What is the French policy of ASSIMILATION about, what did scholars like Leopold Senghor mean
by the term Negritude as a strategy for countering that French policy and what is the place of the
two in the methodology of ethnic conflict management?
INTRODUCTION
The trajectory of this paper is within the purview of Conflict Resolution and Management.
However, it traverses a historical path that takes us back to the era of colonialism in Africa, the
Afrocentric Movement leading to independent African states and how this all coalesces into a
formula of how to (or rather how not to) deal with differences that have the potential to dynamically
incinerate conflicts, both ethnical (or racial) and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The complacency gradually began to give way to dissatisfaction and to rising discontent and
eventually to an ideological retort known as Negritude.
NEGRITUDE
The term has been described as a revolt against colonialist values, glorification of the African past,
nostalgia for the beauty and harmony of traditional African society and, to quote Leopold Sedar
Senghor, "the sum total of the values of the civilization of the African world." Negritude was a
significant ideological and literary development that became a formative movement of African
literature aimed at breaking down established stereotypes of blacks propagated through centuries of
colonialism in Africa. Black intellectuals in the West, especially France, buoyed by the rise of Black
Renaissance in America in the 1920s began to reflect upon and express their increasing sense of
alienation occasioned by the hypocrisy of assimilation. These writers found solidarity in a common
black identity as a rejection of perceived French colonial racism and they believed that their shared
black heritage as members of the African diaspora was the best tool in fighting against French
political and intellectual hegemony and domination.
"Senghor (1906–2001) promotes a quest for the authentic self, knowledge of self, and a rediscovery
of African beliefs, values, institutions, and

The 's Mother, Kine Thiam
Born as Aliaune Damala Badara Thiam, "Akon" was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 16, 1973,
the son of Senegalese parents who traveled to the United States for his birth in order to ensure that
future immigration would not be a problem for them. His family returned to Dakar, Senegal, in West
Africa, when Akon was young and lived there until he was seven years old, when they moved back
to the United States. He had a difficult time adjusting to life in the United States. Akon's mother,
Kine Thiam, is a dancer; his father, Mor Thiam, whom is a well–known as a jazz percussionist.
From Akon's influence from his parent, Akon had a strong love for music from an early age.
After growing up in Jersey City, New Jersey, Akon began singing and performing as a teenager.
Surrounded by music at home, Akon developed an early appreciation of various types of music, and
he grasped influence from Stevie Wonder and Phil Collins to Steely Dan. As a teenager he grew to
love hip–hop music, and he began writing songs, blending R&B lyrics with hip–hop beat structures.
Though he showed an early musical talent, Akon did not believe he would succeed as a recording
artist, and at a young age he turned to crime to make ends meet such as: gang banging and drug
procession.
After dropping out of high school, Akon moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he specialized in stealing
high end automobiles, selling them, selling drugs, and gun activities. After multiple attempts of auto
theft, his criminal

Kingdom Of Ghana Essay
Toho went back to what back then was, the Kingdom of Ghana. The Kingdom of Ghana lasted from
750 C.E. to 1076 C.E. Throughout this time Toho saw many different changes.
As time began passing, Toho began to see how much the Kingdom of Ghana was changing. The
location of the Ancient kingdom of Ghana was dated back to the fourth century but was never
established as an empire until the Soninke people came. The Soninke called this empire Wagadugu.
However, we now call it Ghana because the Arabs. The capital of Ancient Ghana was Koumbi
Saleh. Toho began his adventures towards the west of Africa. The Kingdom of Ghana was located in
present day Mauritania, Senegal, and Mali. The Kingdom of Ghana was close to many rivers such as
the Gambia River, Niger River, and the Senegal River. Due to the location of this kingdom, trade
was very common. Ghana was known for the abundance of gold. Because of the abundance of gold,
they traded with others. The Kingdom of Ghana was also known for exporting ivory and salt. He
also saw that because of the resources Ghana had, they were a very wealthy empire. Daily life in the
Kingdom of Ghana included mining, and farming. The rivers near this empire provided water for
bathing, food, and drinking. The homes in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He saw that many of the people of the Ancient Ghana were either nude or had little clothing. He
noticed that this was because of the heat in Africa. Toho also saw that the people would wear more
clothing while trading. The people of Ancient Ghana wore clothing when they were met with people
of Islam. They wore clothing because it is against the law to be nude, so they do it out of respect.
The more higher and royal people of Ancient Ghana wore more clothing to show that they are
wealthy. Their clothing was even imported from Egypt to show how wealthy they were. Depending
on who you were, and what occupation you had would depend on what you wore from day to

Review Of ' The Great White Man '
Getting back to the idea of how music plays an important role in this film, however, we must see
how Schweitzer's authority is challenged. Schweitzer tries to drown out the African boy's drumming
with his organ, but the drumming persists. The African boy, Higginson argues, is trying to invite
Schweitzer to a musical dialogue. However, "the Great White Man refuses to hear the drum's
musical offering; yet, the drum responds to the rhythm of the keyboard." The part where the colonial
powers influenced this boy is when Schweitzer gives this boy a trumpet to play instead of the drum
as a Christmas present. On a more positive note, Higginson argues that on the day that Gabon
achieves independence, "the trumpet player frees himself from the Great ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Dieng, unable to read, signs contracts that he does not know for sure what exactly they entail. He
even needed to pay someone to read the letter from Abdou that said Abdou sent him a money order.
He also cannot cash in the money order without an identity card or "something with [his] picture on
it". And in order to get an identity card, according to Sarah L. Lincoln in her article titled
"Consumption and Dependency in Mandabi", he needs "he needs a birth certificate, three
photographs and fifty cents." Another impact of colonialism is that cities like Dakar have no
employment opportunities. Abdou has gone to Paris and picks up a working class job as a street
sweeper. He has also gone to Paris in order to be educated in trade. He works all day and studies at
night according to Lincoln. This is just one example of many in which Africans see Europe as a land
that has much more opportunities. Even when Africans do live in European countries, they are not
usually thriving so much, as evident by the fact that Abdou is working a modest, low paying job and
he is not having a very nice time in Paris. Still, like many, he is willing to sacrifice his enjoyment for
a while in order to have a better future. Senegal has also adopted a credit system that exists in the
western world. According to Lincoln, Sembene argues that paying on credit can ruin a family
financially, which is shown by the end of the film when Dieng's and his family lose even their
house.

Removal Of Subsides : The Economy Of Senegal Depends On...
Removal of subsides The economy of Senegal depends on agriculture, particularly the groundnut
and cotton farming, which accounts for about 50% of export income (World Bank, 1989). This is
due to the countries significance to this sector, after independence the government put in place
strategies to increase groundnut production, hence the introduction of a credit system to assist
farmers purchase seeds, farm equipment's and fertilizers at reduced price (Dembele, 2003). This
followed the setting up of boards of committees tasked with the responsibilities to set up prices at
which groundnut were sold at each season. Further to this, private traders were also prevented from
coming into the groundnut market. However, with the introduction of the structural adjustment
programme (SAF) the government was forced to remove subsides and abolish the credit scheme for
the farmers, also was the dissolution of the marketing board which set prices for the groundnut
farmer. While removal of subsides for farmers was imposed on the Senegalese government led to
price increase in food commodity, subsequent many people going hungry as they could not afford
basic food commodities, notwithstanding the human right abuse (Fonjong,2014). Thought–
provoking, during the same period the industrialised world including; United States of America
(USA) and Europe were subsidizing their farmers with billions of dollars. Furthermore, the
Senegalese government was asked to remove restrictions of importation

The Theme Of Cultural Alienation In 'The Belly Of The...
In the flat world of maps, sharp lines show where one country ends and another begins. The real
world is more fluid. Peoples do not have borders the way that parcels of land do. They seep from
place to place; they wander; they migrate.
– The Economist, 2011
Written by Fatou Diome, The Belly of the Atlantic is a story narrated by Salie, a legal Senegalese
migrant living in Paris, and her brother Madické who lives in Niodior, Senegal. Madické wants to
migrate to France to manifest his dream of becoming a football star, but Salie spends the novel
convincing him that this is not a good idea. The harsh realities that Madické fails to see are
illustrated through the stories of the narrator, Salie, as well as Ndétare, a Marxist schoolteacher who
was exiled to Niordior, and Moussa, a football player who set out on his dream to become a football
star but who's dream falls apart. In The Belly of the Atlantic, author Fatou Diome uses the stories of
Senegalese migrants to effectively illustrate complex factors that comprise diaspora. Diome does
this by and demonstrating cultural alienation, portraying the contradicting emotions experienced by
migrants, and creating a realistic image of the west.
First, Diome focuses on the theme of diaspora by exploring the issue of cultural alienation shown
through the confusion of identity felt by the narrator, Salie. Marginalized in Paris and Niordor, Salie
has lost her cultural identity. She says, "I go home as a tourist in my own country, for I have become
the other for the people I continue to call my family." (116) By leaving her homeland, Salie has lost
her sense of belonging within her community and is now seen as an outsider. However, the same is
found in Paris as Salie finds herself a marginalized outcast. She explains, "I am a hybrid, Africa and
Europe ask themselves confusedly which bit of me belongs to them... A permanent exile, I spend my
nights soldering the rails that lead to identity." (182) Diome effectively depicts the feeling of cultural
isolation and confusion of identity one may feel during diaspora.
Second, Diome exemplified an element of diaspora through the contradicting emotions felt by the
narrator. This was seen through Salie's discouragement towards

Sennibal Research Paper
Senegal, a republic which owes its name to the Senegal River which borders it to the east and north,
lies in West Africa and is rich in it's culture and diversity. It's land area of almost 197,000 square
kilometers is home to an estimated 13 million people and 11 national languages. One of the must–
see cities in Senegal is the bustling city of Dakar, the capital of the country. Dakar is the
westernmost mainland city, located on the Cap–Vert Peninsula. It has booming markets and the
IFAN Museum of West African culture, Darkar is also the home to the tallest statue in Africa, the
African Renaissance Monument, which stands at 160 Ft (49 m) tall. Dakar is home to a large
Lebanese community, as well as Mauritanian, Cape Verdean, and Guinean people. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They make their living herding cattle, and wealth is measured by the number of cattle in one's herd.
They follow a code known as the "Fulani Pathways" (pulaaku). These are passed down by older
generations and are considered the high moral values and what makes a person Fulani. In 1989
tensions between Senegal and Mauritana over water resources led to conflicts, in order to prevent
further violence the two governments organized repatriations of their citizens however, Mauritania
did not just remove Senegalese citizens, but an estimated 70,000 black Mauritanians as well (Stone).
There are many fascinating sights to visit in Senegal that are often filled with meaning and
significance. One of which is one of the venues for the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations football
championship located in Ziguinchor. Another is the African Renaissance Monument, located just
ouside of Dakar atop one of the gorgeous twin hills known as Collines des Mamelles. Completed in
2010 the monument represents the country's 50 year anniversary of it's separation from France. But
by far the most deeply meaningful monument is located on the island known as Gorée, one of this
island's oldest home's is the House of Slaves, originally used as a slave–shipping point, it is now a
museum dedicated to showing the horrors of the slave trade in the Atlantic. Some academics have
downplayed the

European Legacies Of Colonial Power
European colonialism has a lasting legacies on many African countries. European colonialism
started in the late 1900's and continued until after World War II. Colonialism is a system in which
one country takes control of the political and economic affairs of another nation, and imposes
policies to control another nation. In the 17th century colonizing parts of Africa became popular
European countries. In the year 1677, France colonized their first African country, Senegal.
Specifically, an area called Saint Louis. France was most interested in Senegal for their easy access
to the Gambia river to increase access to trade routes. During this time France and Britain were
fighting over African countries that had easy access the Gambia river.. Earlier, 1638 the french
established trade routes in Senegal. (historyworld.net). Later, 1677 France was able to seize Senegal
for the Dutch which made Senegal France 's first colonized county. European nations decided to
colonize the rest of Africa during the Berlin Conference that took place. Between 1884–1885
Europeans carved up part of Africa and claimed them as their own. Senegal has a reputation of being
one of the better treated legacies of colonial power. However, there are still legacies of colonial
power which shapes how Senegal is today.
There isn't much information about how the daily life of a Senegalese was like during the early
stages of French rule. During the early stages however, residents of Goree, Dakar, Rufisque

Wolof Research Paper
As the African proverb goes, "If you want people to understand you, speak their language." Such
was the case for the Wolof tribe when France colonized their native country of Senegal, located on
the northern West coast of Africa, in the early 20th century. Before the French arrived, Senegal had
been a constantly changing domain. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French fought back and
forth over outposts such as the small island of Gorée, part of modern–day Dakar, Senegal. It was
finally returned to the French by the British in 1815, after the Napoleonic wars, and the French
began their expansion into the mainland (Diallo). However, as the French ventured farther into
Africa, they encountered the Wolof, a people who had been denizens of Senegal ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The history of the Wolof people can be traced back to the great kingdoms of pre–colonial Senegal,
prior to 1946. Kayor and Baol, two of these empires, are often cited as "examples of the Wolof
resistance to French colonialism" due to the lasting of their culture and language (National African
Language Resource Center). Even after French was deemed the official language, people continued
to use Wolof. Since then, the term "Wolofization" has been coined to describe its spread. Wolof
people make up about 40% of the nine million Senegalese, representing the largest single ethnic
group at approximately 44.5% in the 2004 census ("Wolof"). In addition, Wolof is spoken as a first
or second language by more than 90% of the population (Diallo), by over 5.2 million speakers
(Thompson). French, however, doesn't even rank in the top six national languages, with only about
20% as a second language, and 1% as a first (Diallo). Strong Wolof presence can be seen not just
lingually, since independence, but the Wolof have played a leading role culturally, politically, and
economically in Senegal too. The Wolof people remain the single largest Ethnic group in Senegal,
and despite the country's weak economy, the Wolof have built a reputation for international
commerce and trading. In addition, Wolof businesspeople can be found throughout Africa, Europe,
and even on the streets of New York City and Washington, D.C. ("Wolof"). In resistance to the
French national language, Wolof has continued and maintained it's status as the 'lingua

Rearing Bilingual Children In A Monolingual Culture
The readings of last week deal mostly with bilingualism. As a multilingual myself, I have never
thought about all the obstacles that bilinguals are thought to face while growing up in a monolingual
society or everything that goes in the process of learning two languages whilst growing up. The
article Rearing Bilingual Children in a Monolingual Culture: A Louisiana Experience by Caldas and
Caron–Caldas is the first article I have read that provided empirical data on this phenomenon. The
article by Caldas and Caron–Caldas piqued my curiosity on this topic not only because I was
impressed by what they were able to achieve, but also because I might face the same dilemma in the
near future, so I started to read more about this topic; to my surprise, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The world has become a global village and that has brought a lot of changes and new work positions
into the market. Almost everywhere around the globe, bilingual professionals are in high demand.
Also, bilingualism opens up two worlds of experience, job opportunities, literature, resources, and
cultural heritage. Bilinguals have the privilege of getting their information from a wider variety of
resources. Besides, research has shown that it's easier for bilingual children to acquire other
languages later in life. A study conducted by professors of the Department of Special Education of
the University of Haifa, Israel showed that "students who know two languages would have an easier
time gaining command of a third language than would students who are fluent in only one
language."
In conclusion, the advantages of raising children to be bilingual greatly outweigh any disadvantage
it might have. Bilingual children can easily master both of the languages without any difficulties,
being bilingual help raise their self–esteem and makes them secure in their identities. Also, it will
open up many opportunities for them in all aspects of life. From a personal experience, I can
confirm that being bilingual opens up many doors and because of my exposure to different cultures,
I have developed a greater understanding of others and their

Women's Roles in God's Bits of Wood Essay
1) God's Bits of Wood is an historical novel—one based on actual events. From the novel, to what
extent and how did women drive events and what were the differences between their goals and those
of men? Why the differences?
The novel God's Bits of Wood by Sembene Ousmane is an account of the strike Senegalese
trainworkers underwent in pursuit of equal benefits and compensation from their French employers.
In an effort to coerce the workers into returning to their jobs, the French cut off the water and food
supply to the three villages wherein these events transpire: Thies, Dakar, and Bamako. Ousmane's
novel explores the way in which these hardships evolve the worker's and their families till the strike
is ultimately resolved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hunger visible in their children eyes did not cause them to despair and lose their resolve, rather
it helped to develop unity amongst them as they faced this hardship together. For instance, when
Ramatoulaye killed the ram Vendredi, the meat from its bones was distributed to all those in need.
So when the French soldiers came to collect her for breaking a law, they did not face one lone
woman but an army of women prepared to fight. Consequently, the soldiers were driven away. This
first victory showed the women the strength they had as long as they worked as a united front.
Women drove events in the novel because with the exception of the first fight between the workmen
and the soldiers, primarily all physical revolts by the Senegalese were the work of the women. There
were three reasons for this. First, whereas a man physically revolting would simply be killed, it was
highly distasteful to the French to kill a woman or child. Second, this was the most effective manner
for the women to aid the strike, since they were largely ignored and could not participate in the
union meetings. Third, the women tired of scavenging food without success and watching each other
waste away. Working actively to benefit the strike gave meaning to their lives. Also the French, who
viewed the African women as ignorant whores whose primary worth was for sexual pleasure, also
consistently acted to provoke them. Arresting Ramatoulaye, assaulting Ad'jibid'ji and her

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