Events to find: pure seismic, seismic/infrasound, and pure infrasound Historical events within the studied area Waveform cross correlation as a tool to find similar events Selection of master events Creation of XSEL with seismic and infrasound stations Results

1. Finding mining blasts in the USA and northern Eurasia
with waveform cross correlation at seismic and
infrasound IMS stations
Ivan Kitov, IDC/SA/SM, ivan.kitov@ctbto.org

2. Outline
• Events to find: pure seismic, seismic/infrasound, and pure infrasound
• Historical events within the studied area
• Waveform cross correlation as a tool to find similar events
• Selection of master events
• Creation of XSEL with seismic and infrasound stations
• Results
• Discussion

3. Repeating REB events with infrasound signals
There are mining areas with events having just 1 infrasound arrival, but two and three also possible. In Africa, there is an
open pit with blasts recorder by two infrasound stations I35NA and I47ZA and one 3-C seismic station BOSA. Such events
are also found in XSEL processing. Master events are collected to process pure infrasound mining events.

4. Repeating REB events with infrasound signals
The number of REB mining events with infrasound has been increasing since 2014. These events can hardly be
confused with non-mining events: narrow time slots and rare on weekends (except Eastern North America - Flinn-
Engdahl region 34 ). The most active region 28 – Lake Issyk-Kul to Lake Baykal – with total number of events
~2000 per year.

5. Repeating REB events without infrasound signals
There are mining areas with repeating events without infrasound arrivals. For some open mines, wind conditions make
infrasound detection seasonal and then pure seismic events are built. There are also areas with highly repeatable natural
seismic events within continents. All these areas are routinely processed by WCC-based methods using a large portion of
the REB as master events.

6. Repeating REB events without infrasound signals
The number of highly repeating seismic REB events within continents has also been increasing since 2010-2014.
These events can be mining blasts as well as shallow earthquakes: there are some events out of the narrow time slots
and they are more often on weekends. Many of these pure seismic events are from the same mines as the events with
infrasound.

7. Eventsto find: Scandinavia
Region: 62oN to 72oN: 16oE to 37oE
From 36 events 20 (not black in the Table) have less
than 3 primary seismic stations and need infrasound
arrival to match the REB EDC.
From these 20:
- 9 have at least one auxiliary station SPITS, HFS (blue)
- 3 are pure infrasound REB events (bold red)
# orid origine time lat, deg lon, deg nass mb Jdate Sreg Evid/SEL3
1 15460810 1518422405 63.93 28.20 5 -999.0 2018043 49 15460810
2 15460101 1518432181 67.71 33.84 10 -999.0 2018043 49 15416420
3 15460147 1518435351 63.03 28.01 8 -999.0 2018043 49 15416590
4 15464563 1518611392 63.87 28.90 6 -999.0 2018045 49 15452317
5 15461488 1518688804 64.70 30.93 6 -999.0 2018046 49 15461488
6 15461558 1518711867 67.76 26.85 4 -999.0 2018046 49 15461555
7 15446540 1518741690 67.80 20.61 12 3.4 2018047 36 15432230
8 15461785 1518782073 68.14 36.21 3 -999.0 2018047 49 15461785
9 15465072 1518784614 63.93 28.76 7 -999.0 2018047 49 15435172
10 15465075 1518804101 67.11 20.90 7 -999.0 2018047 36 15461560
11 15464346 1518835811 67.75 33.95 16 3.3 2018048 49 15437043
12 15477198 1518853414 67.89 20.43 9 -999.0 2018048 36 15477191
13 15479674 1518865668 67.71 29.83 6 -999.0 2018048 49 15438858
14 15464786 1518866839 67.65 30.17 6 -999.0 2018048 49 15456932
15 15478144 1518873754 67.83 36.58 4 -999.0 2018048 49 15478144
16 15479611 1518874264 68.13 36.71 3 -999.0 2018048 49 15439950
17 15478154 1518876626 68.00 32.64 6 -999.0 2018048 49 15478154
18 15478348 1518879206 67.65 20.95 9 -999.0 2018048 36 15440239
19 15463023 1518919307 67.14 20.90 9 -999.0 2018049 36 15442049
20 15997904 1530844569 67.12 21.18 10 -999.0 2018187 36 15987652
21 16001147 1530844747 67.82 20.61 11 -999.0 2018187 36 16001147
22 16002926 1530854864 67.32 20.72 5 -999.0 2018187 36 16002925
23 16011059 1530870324 67.64 21.34 6 -999.0 2018187 36 15989782
24 16001788 1530871783 67.72 26.71 4 -999.0 2018187 49 16001787
25 16010674 1530876561 63.84 27.74 5 -999.0 2018187 49 16010674
26 16007335 1530905854 67.76 33.61 10 -999.0 2018187 49 15990807
27 16006190 1530961668 67.63 30.34 8 -999.0 2018188 49 15991887
28 16006243 1530962474 67.67 33.58 8 -999.0 2018188 49 16006243
29 16011281 1531127203 64.35 25.00 7 -999.0 2018190 49 16011281
30 16015821 1531216818 64.61 31.44 8 -999.0 2018191 49 16002796
31 16015125 1531233197 62.61 22.90 7 -999.0 2018191 49 16015125
32 16014477 1531242059 67.10 21.14 7 -999.0 2018191 36 16004425
33 16024168 1531351746 67.85 20.58 7 -999.0 2018192 36 16024168
34 16032016 1531390277 64.58 31.07 7 -999.0 2018193 49 16026194
35 16026586 1531399184 68.11 32.36 5 -999.0 2018193 49 16026586
36 16031667 1531437704 67.82 20.41 12 -999.0 2018193 36 16013104
Pure infrasound

8. Eventsto find: Eastern North America
Region: 40oN to 46oN: 100oW to 110oW
From 23 events, 11 have less than 3 seismic
and at least 1 infrasound defining arrival
# orid origine time lat, deg lon, deg nass mb Jdate Sreg Evid/SEL3
1 15672162 1522869781 44.81 -106.65 5 -999.0 2018094 34 15672162
2 15668168 1522877668 43.73 -105.54 11 3.9 2018094 34 15645522
3 15677616 1523040923 43.83 -105.47 6 -999.0 2018096 34 15654668
4 15682212 1523210757 43.57 -105.34 11 3.7 2018098 34 15662320
5 15682288 1523213616 43.03 -105.05 5 -999.0 2018098 34 15661792
6 15681451 1523266427 41.42 -100.26 16 3.5 2018099 34 15665462
7 15693519 1523303087 44.83 -106.68 5 -999.0 2018099 34 15681548
8 15694154 1523304089 43.40 -105.30 7 4.0 2018099 34 15666258
9 15693452 1523305921 43.48 -105.31 5 -999.0 2018099 34 15666838
10 15693552 1523310220 43.51 -105.43 5 -999.0 2018099 34 15693552
11 15681453 1523360468 41.47 -100.49 19 4.0 2018100 34 15668862
12 15694447 1523375352 41.56 -100.48 9 2.7 2018100 34 15670599
13 15699901 1523386918 43.98 -105.59 13 4.0 2018100 34 15671054
14 16138713 1533687435 44.15 -105.39 6 -999.0 2018220 34 16125880
15 16137075 1533749757 45.64 -106.43 6 -999.0 2018220 34 16137075
16 16141739 1533846931 44.95 -106.73 5 -999.0 2018221 34 16141739
17 16141745 1533847238 43.79 -105.45 5 -999.0 2018221 34 16141745
18 16152603 1534014675 43.99 -105.37 11 -999.0 2018223 34 16130484
19 16152008 1534092652 44.72 -106.38 6 -999.0 2018224 34 16134994
20 16152895 1534179711 43.89 -105.55 5 -999.0 2018225 34 16152895
21 16153500 1534183290 43.79 -105.55 7 3.8 2018225 34 16152901
22 16152974 1534200979 43.60 -105.54 4 -999.0 2018225 34 16152974
23 16157491 1534278614 43.80 -105.71 9 -999.0 2018226 34 16157491

9. Eventsto find: overview
There are 59 events in the REB, which were found in two designated regions during
the studied period. The latter was selected as two different weeks having larger
number of events in 2018.
1. Many events have no mb magnitude and were found by 3-4 closest IMS stations:
seismic and infrasound
2. Events with the largest mb are likely not mining blasts (to be excluded?)
3. All events have zero depth
4. 31 from 59 events (52%) have 2 or less seismic stations with associated phases.
These events do not exist without infrasound detections
5. 3 events are pure infrasound (all in Scandinavia)
6. Only 17 from 59 events (29%) have SEL3 events with the same evid, i.e. they have
seed events for interactive analysis
7. 42 events have to be added by analysts and built from scratch, i.e. with highly
increased workload (specialized analysts)

10. Historicalevents: Eastern North America
There are many regions with mining events, including those detected by infrasound stations. We focus on the
region with the highest number of historical events. Green – REB events to find.

11. Historicalevents in the studied area
There are many mining events, including those detected by infrasound stations, near the events we have selected
for this study. Is the repeatability of signals from the historical events high or low? Can we find the selected
events (green) by cross correlation? Red circles – pure seismic events. Blue circles – REB events with
infrasound detections.

12. Historicalminingevents: Scandinavia
Pure infrasound
The events to find are within quarries with historical blasts. Some mines are detected by seismic and
infrasound stations (e.g., Aitic mine).There are underground mines with blasts detected only by seismic
stations (e.g., Kiruna). There are areas with repeating pure infrasound events. No masters are made for
such places yet.

13. Waveforms: Scandinavia
Stations/ phases
ARCES: Pg, Pn, Lg
FINES: Pn, Lg
I37NO: I
ARCES: 1-2 Hz
FINES: 1-4 Hz
ARCES: 3-6 Hz
FINES: 3-6 Hz
I37NO/H2: 1-4 Hz
I37NO/H6: 1-4 Hz
Impulsive and high-amplitude Pn and Pg arrivals at ARCES, weaker Pn arrival at FINES, clear signals at
I37NO. The Lg-wave is of the highest amplitude. It can be used for waveform cross correlation. Longer
cross correlation window can help to suppress side sensitivity.
Lg
Lg
Pn
Pn Pg

14. Waveforms: Scandinavia
Infrasound station
I37NO
Filter: 0.5 Hz – 2 Hz
9 channels
Infrasound signal associated with mining events in Scandinavia are different (previous
slide). This stresses the importance of proper choice of waveform templates.

15. Waveforms: Eastern North America
Seismic stations/
phases
PDAR: Pg, Pn
ULM: Pn
PDAR: 1-2 Hz
PDAR: 2-4 Hz
PDAR: 3-6 Hz
ULM: 2-4 Hz
Pn arrivals at both stations are rather emergent. Signals are seen at low and higher frequencies.
Lg wave is of the highest amplitude at lower frequencies and can be efefctively used for WCC.
Pn
Pn
Lg

16. Infrasound:Eastern North America
I10CA/H1: 0.5-2 Hz
I10CA/H2: 0.5-2 Hz
I10CA/H3: 0.5-2 Hz
I10CA/H4: 0.5-2 Hz
Infrasound station
I10CA: 4 channels
Infrasound signals at I10CA can have large amplitude. Appropriate choice of CC-
window is important.

17. Routine XSEL processing
WCC detection Local Association Conflict Resolution
1. Varying template length
2. Varying # of working
channels (arrays and 3C)
3. Frequency bands: 0.75 Hz to
8 Hz. Choice depends on
station: ARCES vs. CMAR
4. Adaptive detection
(SNRcc=STA/LTA) threshold
for CC traces
5. STA and LTA definition
6. STA and LTA length
7. FK using CC-traces
8. Standard detection and FK
for array stations (e.g., for
screening of CC-detections)
1. Area of master responsibility
2. Spacing between nodes of virtual
event locations
3. Minimum number of associated
stations (e.g., ndef=3)
4. Association window (e.g., 20 s)
5. Origin time residual for defining/
associated arrivals (e.g., ±3 s)
6. Weight of XSEL events > Wmin as
a sum of station probabilities
(from the REB empirical
statistics)
7. Quality of detections SNRcc
8. Quality of detections SNR
9. Residual of relative magnitude at
stations
When two XSEL events from the same of
different masters have detections at
the same station within tolerance
limit (LA tuning parameter), 20 s :
- Compare weights, Wi and Wj, of the
competing XSEL events and save
this detection with the bigger event.
- When Wi and Wj are equal – the
number of associated stations wins
- When both above equal - standard
deviation of the origin time
(scattering) of the competing XSEL
events
- Then remove events with parameters
below EDC

18. Multichannel
waveform
template
–
high
quality
signal
Continuous multichannel cross correlation. For arrays, only vertical or 3-C channels (e.g., ARCES) are used. For
3-C stations, all three channels can be used, but only vertical channel is preferable at teleseismic distances.
Searching for similar (repeating) signals in continuous waveforms. Matched signals have to be synchronized (in term
of arrival time difference) with those in the master event at many stations
Waveform Cross Correlation

19. Processing
1. Select an appropriate set of representative master events: # of
associated stations, SNR of signals, average SNR, etc.
2. Estimate/update the threshold for a valid event hypotheses weight in a
given region
3. Check availability and quality of waveform templates
4. Estimate mutual cross correlation quality of repeating events in the past
5. Optional: use dimensionality reduction techniques (e.g., PCA) to
improve cross correlation and suppress noise

20. Aitik and Kiruna
Aitik mine is an open pit with numerous
examples of infrasound detection at I37NO.
There is a benchmark set of blasts prepared
by NORSAR using nearby portable
infrasound sensor. The REB contains
examples of events from Aitik mine with
and without infrasound.
Kiruna mine is fully underground and can
be detected only by seismic stations.
ARCES, FINES, and NOA is a regular set
of primary stations with HFS adding a large
number of detections .
The overall scatter (>30 km) of REB
locations using a few regional stations
illustrates the problem of accurate onset
time estimation. In this region SSSCs are
applied to the Pn and Pg travel times, but it
does not reduce the scattering much.
Kiruna
Aitik
REB locations likely related to Kiruna and Aitik mines in Sweden.

21. Prototype routine processingof miningevents
../masteA/13140708ARCES.master
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Cross correlation is high between seismic signals
at ARCES (CC-values are shown in the above
figure. Red – no correlation).

22. Experience with infrasound
I
-I
DETECTION
MATRIX
(LAST
200
FROM
~7500
SINCE
2001)
Detection threshold SNRcc> 4.5. Distance to events
from 1 to 14 degrees.
I-I
DETECTION
MATRIX
(LAST
200
EVENTS
FROM
~1000
SINCE
2015)
Signals
at
station
I37NO:
0.5Hz
to
1.5
Hz
Detection (red dot) threshold SNRcc> 4.5. Distance to
REB events from 3 to 15 degrees. 9 sensors
Signals
at
station
I46RU:
0.5Hz
to
1.5
Hz
1. The observed repeatability of
infrasound signals from quarry
blasts together with high quality
seismic signals at regional
primary seismic stations allow
automatic finding and
identifying mining activity.
2. The performance of
infrasound IMS stations in
building REB events depends on
epicentral distance, seasonal
propagation efficiency and the
number of sensors in infrasound
arrays.
3. When seismic stations are not
available at regional distances or
have poor sensitivity due to high
seismic noise, infrasound
stations, which are very close to
mining areas (like I47ZA or
I46RU), can be used instead of
seismic stations and.

23. Aitik mine: 3-C waveformsat ARCES
Left: 3-component records at a single ARCES station. Bandpass
filter is 3-6 Hz. 160 (upper figure) and 27 (lower) second time
windows presented.
Seismic event (blast at
Aitik mine) recorded
at ARCES.

24. Prototype XSEL routine processingof miningevents
1. Areas with repeating mining blasts were defined by the number of zero-depth events in the #REB >30
within 0.5 degree on continents
2. The repeating mining blasts with infrasound detections were separated from other mining events in order to
process them separately as SI master events
3. Average traces of cross correlation coefficients of repeating signals were calculated and STA/LTA (SNR)
detection algorithm was applied with high threshold in order to assess the detection capability of each signal
from the same mining area. This procedure was applied to seismic and infrasound signals.
4. The best signals demonstrating the highest SNR with the largest number of events from the same set were
selected for further use in routine processing
5. Prototype routine processing is split into two lines – pure seismic master events and seismic/infrasound
master events.
6. Local association for pure seismic masters is the same as in routine XSEL processing aimed at natural
events and larger man-made events. The match window is the same – 10 s, but data show that the onset
time estimates in the REB might have larger measurement errors. The origin time difference between the
XSEL and REB events is tested as match parameter.
7. Local association with infrasound detections is similar, but the infrasound arrival time residual is weighted
with coefficient 0.2. No azimuth information is used as related to the fact that correlation is working well
for signals from the same direction. However, it is difficult to estimate azimuth with standard FK-analysis

25. Results:Scandinavia
Because of weak Pg/Pn arrivals at seismic stations
from mining events the measured arrival times are
subject to larger uncertainty and sometimes are
not matched by 10 s rule. We extend the match
rule by 60 s origin time difference well fit to the
time spacing between mining events.
From 36 events in the area we match 30 with
masters obtained from repeated (>30 within 0.5
degree) seismic/infrasound events. The XSEL
shows good results. From 3 pure infrasound
events no one was matched (I18DK templates are
not built yet), but there was one alternative event
close to the origin time of 15479611. Infrasound
IMS stations have significant input with 16 events
would not be matched (2 stations or origin time
within 60 s) without I-phase
# orid origine time lat, deg
lon,
deg nass mb Jdate Sreg evid infra match pure seismic 60 s
1 15460810 1518422405 63.93 28.20 5 -999.0 2018043 49 15460810 1 0 1
2 15460101 1518432181 67.71 33.84 10 -999.0 2018043 49 15416420 1 0 1
3 15460147 1518435351 63.03 28.01 8 -999.0 2018043 49 15416590 0 0 1
4 15464563 1518611392 63.87 28.90 6 -999.0 2018045 49 15452317 1 0 1
5 15461488 1518688804 64.70 30.93 6 -999.0 2018046 49 15461488 1 1 1
6 15461558 1518711867 67.76 26.85 4 -999.0 2018046 49 15461555 0 0 0
7 15446540 1518741690 67.80 20.61 12 3.4 2018047 36 15432230 1 1 1
8 15461785 1518782073 68.14 36.21 3 -999.0 2018047 49 15461785 0 0 0
9 15465072 1518784614 63.93 28.76 7 -999.0 2018047 49 15435172 0 1 1
10 15465075 1518804101 67.11 20.90 7 -999.0 2018047 36 15461560 1 1 1
11 15464346 1518835811 67.75 33.95 16 3.3 2018048 49 15437043 0 0 1
12 15477198 1518853414 67.89 20.43 9 -999.0 2018048 36 15477191 1 1 1
13 15479674 1518865668 67.71 29.83 6 -999.0 2018048 49 15438858 0 0 1
14 15464786 1518866839 67.65 30.17 6 -999.0 2018048 49 15456932 0 0 1
15 15478144 1518873754 67.83 36.58 4 -999.0 2018048 49 15478144 0 0 0
16 15479611 1518874264 68.13 36.71 3 -999.0 2018048 49 15439950 0 0 1
17 15478154 1518876626 68.00 32.64 6 -999.0 2018048 49 15478154 0 0 1
18 15478348 1518879206 67.65 20.95 9 -999.0 2018048 36 15440239 0 1 1
19 15463023 1518919307 67.14 20.90 9 -999.0 2018049 36 15442049 1 1 1
20 15997904 1530844569 67.12 21.18 10 -999.0 2018187 36 15987652 0 1 1
21 16001147 1530844747 67.82 20.61 11 -999.0 2018187 36 16001147 1 0 1
22 16002926 1530854864 67.32 20.72 5 -999.0 2018187 36 16002925 0 0 1
23 16011059 1530870324 67.64 21.34 6 -999.0 2018187 36 15989782 1 0 1
24 16001788 1530871783 67.72 26.71 4 -999.0 2018187 49 16001787 0 0 0
25 16010674 1530876561 63.84 27.74 5 -999.0 2018187 49 16010674 0 0 1
26 16007335 1530905854 67.76 33.61 10 -999.0 2018187 49 15990807 0 0 1
27 16006190 1530961668 67.63 30.34 8 -999.0 2018188 49 15991887 1 0 1
28 16006243 1530962474 67.67 33.58 8 -999.0 2018188 49 16006243 1 0 1
29 16011281 1531127203 64.35 25.00 7 -999.0 2018190 49 16011281 0 0 0
30 16015821 1531216818 64.61 31.44 8 -999.0 2018191 49 16002796 1 1 1
31 16015125 1531233197 62.61 22.90 7 -999.0 2018191 49 16015125 1 0 1
32 16014477 1531242059 67.10 21.14 7 -999.0 2018191 36 16004425 1 1 1
33 16024168 1531351746 67.85 20.58 7 -999.0 2018192 36 16024168 0 1 0
34 16032016 1531390277 64.58 31.07 7 -999.0 2018193 49 16026194 1 1 1
35 16026586 1531399184 68.11 32.36 5 -999.0 2018193 49 16026586 1 0 1
36 16031667 1531437704 67.82 20.41 12 -999.0 2018193 36 16013104 1 1 1

26. Results:Eastern North America
From 23 events in the area we match 22 with masters obtained from repeated (>30
within 0.5 degree) seismic/infrasound events. The XSEL shows good results.
# orid origine time lat, deg lon, deg nass mb Jdate Sreg evid infra match pure seismic 60 s
1 15672162 1522869781 44.81 -106.65 5 -999.0 2018094 34 15672162 0 0 1
2 15668168 1522877668 43.73 -105.54 11 3.9 2018094 34 15645522 1 1 1
3 15677616 1523040923 43.83 -105.47 6 -999.0 2018096 34 15654668 1 1 1
4 15682212 1523210757 43.57 -105.34 11 3.7 2018098 34 15662320 1 1 1
5 15682288 1523213616 43.03 -105.05 5 -999.0 2018098 34 15661792 0 1 1
6 15681451 1523266427 41.42 -100.26 16 3.5 2018099 34 15665462 0 1 0
7 15693519 1523303087 44.83 -106.68 5 -999.0 2018099 34 15681548 1 0 1
8 15694154 1523304089 43.40 -105.30 7 4.0 2018099 34 15666258 1 0 1
9 15693452 1523305921 43.48 -105.31 5 -999.0 2018099 34 15666838 1 0 1
10 15693552 1523310220 43.51 -105.43 5 -999.0 2018099 34 15693552 0 0 1
11 15681453 1523360468 41.47 -100.49 19 4.0 2018100 34 15668862 0 1 1
12 15694447 1523375352 41.56 -100.48 9 2.7 2018100 34 15670599 0 1 1
13 15699901 1523386918 43.98 -105.59 13 4.0 2018100 34 15671054 1 1 1
14 16138713 1533687435 44.15 -105.39 6 -999.0 2018220 34 16125880 0 0 1
15 16137075 1533749757 45.64 -106.43 6 -999.0 2018220 34 16137075 0 0 1
16 16141739 1533846931 44.95 -106.73 5 -999.0 2018221 34 16141739 0 1 1
17 16141745 1533847238 43.79 -105.45 5 -999.0 2018221 34 16141745 1 1 1
18 16152603 1534014675 43.99 -105.37 11 -999.0 2018223 34 16130484 1 1 1
19 16152008 1534092652 44.72 -106.38 6 -999.0 2018224 34 16134994 1 1 1
20 16152895 1534179711 43.89 -105.55 5 -999.0 2018225 34 16152895 0 1 1
21 16153500 1534183290 43.79 -105.55 7 3.8 2018225 34 16152901 1 1 1
22 16152974 1534200979 43.60 -105.54 4 -999.0 2018225 34 16152974 1 1 1
23 16157491 1534278614 43.80 -105.71 9 -999.0 2018226 34 16157491 1 1 1

27. Region 34: Lake Issyk-Kul – Lake Baikal
Region: 40oN to 70oN: 50oE to 120oE.

28. Results:Lake Issyk-Kul – Lake Baikal
period start end
# REB events
with infra
# of REB events
with >2 seismic
stations
Total
number of
events
# of REB events
matched by XSEL:
masters with infra
Infra events
% matched
Total events
% matched
week 1 2018043 2018049 95 94 104 85 0.89 0.82
week 2 2018094 2018100 33 34 37 29 0.88 0.78
week 3 2018187 2018193 55 57 59 47 0.85 0.80
week 4 2018200 2018226 50 47 50 44 0.88 0.88
- The number of events with infrasound stations is larger then in Scandinavia and Eastern North America
- Master events with infrasound are able to find from 85% to 89% of REB events with infrasound by two station
match. Infrasound station I46RU is very close to the mining area.
- When only master events with infrasound stations are used, the WCC method is able to find from 78% to 88%
of all REB events by two station match
- Auxiliary array stations KURK and BVAR are used as a primary station to calculate event weight

29. • Waveform cross correlation (WCC) is used to find seismic and seismic-infrasound events in
the current IMS data, which are similar to one or more events from the historical REB
(>600,000 events)
• Mining events (seismic and seismic-infrasound) and repeated events within continents are
processed separately in order to use the advantage of source similarity for the co-located
master events
• The XSEL match rate in all studied regions is between 85% and 96%
Discussion