PE-3-I M Module.docx

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CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
CERT. NO.: 50500643 QM15
Republic of the Philippines
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Rizal Street, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
Website: www.omsc.edu.ph E-mail address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457-0231
Compiled by:
FROILAN V. GASPAR
The compiler does not own any of the content of this module. Due credits and acknowledgement are given
to the authors, internet sources, and researchers listed on the reference page. Such as sources are reserved to
further explain concepts and cannot be credited to the compilers and the school. All diagrams, charts, and
images are used for educational purposes only. The sole objective of this instructional material is to
facilitate independent learning and not for monetary gains because this is NOT FOR SALE.
A Module
in
Physical Education 3
(Individual and Dual Sports)

iii
CERT. NO.: 50500643 QM15
Approved:
ELBERT C. EDANIOL, EdD
Vice President for Academic Affairs
The compiler would like to express his sincerest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to
the students of Occidental Mindoro State College who have served as his inspiration to
come up with this module that will enhance their knowledge, talents and potentials.
Also, for the colleagues who have expressed their trust and confidence to
complete this endeavor for the benefits of the learners.
To his family who supports him despite of everything.
Above all, his heartfelt thanks and praises to the beloved Heavenly Father for the
immeasurable blessing bestowed upon him and for the physical and spiritual strength to
overcome all the hindrances in the completion of this educational endeavor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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DEDICATION
This humble work is wholeheartedly dedicated to
ALMIGHTY GOD,
FAMILY
and to the
STUDENTS OF OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE

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PREFACE
A sport is consisted of physical and mental competitive activities carried out with
a recreational purpose or competition, or self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the
development of a skill, or some combination of these. A sport has physical activity, side-
by-side competition, self-motivation and a scoring system.
Sports such as badminton, table tennis and other individual sports have the
capacity to help students to promote youth to get an activity that will not just develop
their sportsmanship but to establish healthy and wealthy mind and body. Sport activities
like these will primarily help to reduce the risk of having any diseases and continue
healthy living. In this time of pandemic, it might help each student to focus not only on
social media but to practice simple sports while learning and resulting to have a healthy
life.
This book has three (3) major components such as:
 LESSON 1 – Badminton
 LESSON 2 – Table Tennis
 LESSON 3 – Track and Field
With this learning material, it is hoped that students as well as Physical Education
teachers will gain knowledge and skill of the integral approach in the study of Physical
Education III.
- The Compiler-

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CERT. NO.: 50500779 QM15
Republic of the Philippines
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
San Jose, Occidental Mindoro 5100
Website: www.omsc.edu.ph Email address: omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 491-1460
College of Teachers Education
San Jose Campus
OBE COURSE SYLLABUS
OMSC VISION
A premier higher education institution that develops globally competitive, locally responsive, innovative professionals and life-long learners.
OMSC MISSION
OMSC is committed to produce intellectual and human capital by developing excellent graduates through outcome-based instruction, relevant research, responsive technical
advisory services, community engagement, and sustainable production.
COLLEGE GOAL
The College of Teacher Education is committed to develop future teachers who will help to mold students into enlightened, efficient, and productive citizenry.
COURSE TITLE: Individual and Dual Sports (Racket Games and Athletics)
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Deals with the acquisition of sports specifics kills whereby the relevant rules are integrated in the instruction. Two different sports preferably any racket sports and athletics shall
constitute this single course.
COURSE CODE: MPE 03
CREDIT UNITS: 2
PREREQUISITES: None
PROGRAM GOAL:
The BPE degree program aims to develop highly motivated and competent teachers specializing in the content and pedagogy for physical education.
PROGRAM OU
TCOMES:
 Articulate the rootedness of education in philosophical, socio-cultural, historical, psychological and political contexts.
 Demonstrate mastery of subject matter discipline.
 Facilitate learning using a wide range of teaching methodologies and delivery modes appropriate to specific learners and their environments.
 Develop innovative curricula, instructional plans, teaching approaches and resources for diverse learners.
Reference No.: OMSC-Form-COL-13 Effectivity date: November 20, 2018 Revision No. 01

ii
 Apply skills in the development and utilization of ICT to promote quality, relevant and sustainable educational practices.
 Demonstrate a variety of thinking skills in planning, monitoring, assessing and reporting learning processes and outcomes.
 Practice professional and ethical teaching standards sensitive to the local, national and global realities.
 Pursue life-long learning for personal and professional growth through varied experiential and field-based opportunities.
 Movement Competence and Proficiency:
- Demonstrate skillful performance in a variety of physical activities.
 Communication:
- Communicate effectively with P.E. practitioners, other professionals and stakeholders.
- Use oral, written, and technology formats deftly.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
 Acquire knowledge in health and its importance to enhance cognitive development, affective development and physical fitness through motor skill development actively
participating in different physical education activities to improve the quality of life of everyone;
 Demonstrate proficiency and efficiency in all movement forms;
 Apply movement concepts and principles to the learning and development of physical/ motor activities;
 Demonstrate physical skills, leadership, and managerial capabilities in all activities and programs for both normal and differently abled individuals;
 Exhibit and promote active and healthy lifestyle, value of fitness and experience and lifelong activity
 Execute movement skills and identify body parts in relation to movements and applying the qualities of time, force and space.
 Analyze the axial and locomotor movements and understand the relationship of the body parts while moving.
COURSE OUTLINE
Week Desired Learning
Outcomes
Course Content Textbooks/ References Teaching/Learning
Activities
Resource Materials Assessment
1
1. Internalize the
Vision and
Mission of the
Institution, the
Goals and the
objectives of the
CTE as well as
the concepts
enclosed in
GAD, RA’s
9165, 7877,
9211 and 8049.
 OMSC Vision,
Mission, CTE
Goals and
Objectives.
GAD RA’s 9165,
7877, 9211 and 8049.
 Oral Recitation
thru video
presentation
 Share experiences
during the
pandemic
 CTE Manual
 OMSC
Handbook
 Recitation
 Short Quiz on OMSC VMGO
2-8
1. Recognize the
historical
Lesson 1: Badminton  Narang, P. (2016).
Teach Yourself
 Video Viewing
 Interactive
 Module
 Electronic
 Recitation
 Demonstration on how to execute the

iii
background and
development of
badminton.
2. Determine the
laws of
Badminton.
3. Identify and
explain the
equipment used
and
terminologies in
Badminton.
4. Demonstrate the
basic skills in
Badminton
5. Apply and
execute proper
footwork while
playing
6. Apply simple
game
scheduling
7. Perform
officiating and
scoring through
simple class
competition
 History and
development of
Badminton
 Laws of the Game
 Equipment
 Terminology
 Badminton Strokes
 Footwork
 Game Scheduling
 Events
Badminton. Sports
Publication, 2016
Edition
 Tulio et al.,
(2005). PE 3
Individual and
Dual Sports.
Katha Publishing
Co., Inc.
discussion
 Cooperative e-
learning
 Simulation
Teaching
 Individual
practice
 Individual
activity using
module
Dong activities about
Badminton in the
module
devices/equip
ment/gadget
 Social media
platform
terminologies
 Individual practical exam about
Badminton Strokes in the execution of
terminologies
 Actual demonstration on game
scheduling, scoring and officiating
 Rubric assessment for individual
performance-based tasks.
 Submission of narrative report and
documentation.
9-11
MIDTERM
PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
Conduct the
practicum (Single
elimination)
Rubrics assessment for individual
demonstration (as player, umpire and scorer)
12-15
1. State and
explain how
table tennis
developed
2. Distinguish
specify
Lesson 2: Table
Tennis
 History and
Development
 Narang, P. (2016).
Teach Yourself
Badminton. Sports
Publication,
(2016) Edition
 Tulio et al.,
 Skill
demonstration
 Individual
practice in
preparation for
 Module
 Electronic
devices/equip
ment/gadget
 Social media
platform
 Short quiz
Rubric assessment for individual performance-
based tasks.

iv
equipment from
other racket
sports
3. Apply different
strategies in
playing table
tennis
4. Use a variety of
styles in actual
play
 Facilities &
Equipment
 Game Play
 Styles of Play
(2005). PE 3
Individual and
Dual Sports.
Katha Publishing
Co., Inc.
simple class
competition as
player, spectator
and officials.
16-17
1. Discuss the
importance of
playing track
and field event.
2. Identify the
different
facilities and
equipment as
well as the
terminologies
used in Track
and Field.
3. Familiarize with
the different
officials in
Track and Field.
4. Discuss the
rules governing
Track and Field.
5. Perform how
officials
officiate the
game.
Lesson 3:
Introduction to Track
and Field
 History of Track
and Field
 Rules of Track and
Scoring of Track
and Field
 Track Events
 Field vents
 Athletics by The
Royal Marines
 Carr, G. (1999).
Fundamentals of
Track and Field.
Human Kinetics.
 Skill
demonstration
 Individual
practice in
preparation for
simple class
competition as
player, spectator
and officials.
 Group
assignment for
additional
reading/researche
s.
 Module
 Electronic
devices/equip
ment/gadget
 Social media
platform
 Short Quiz
 Rubric assessment for individual and
group performance-based tasks.
 Submit documents done during the calls
session.
18
FINAL
PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
Conduct the
Practicum/
Culminating Activity
 Rubric assessment for individual and
group performance-based tasks.
 Practicum

v
(Intersection
Competition)
SUGGESTED LEARNING RESOURCES:
 Jones, B. (2007). Badminton
 Tulio et al., (2005). PE 3 Individual and Dual Sports. Katha Publishing
 Athletics by The Royal Marines.
 Carr, G. (1999). Fundamentals of Track and Field. Human Kinetics
COURSE
REQUIREMENTS
 Module
 Practical examination
 Output (Documentation)
GRADING SYSTEM
Modular and online activities = 60%
Major Examination = 40%
100%
*Final Rating = Midterm (40%) + Final Term (60%)
COURSE POLICIES
Incomplete Grade:
1. Students who were not able to take the midterm/final practical examinations will receive an incomplete grade.
2. Incomplete grade should be complied within one year.
Prepared by:
FROILAN V. GASPAR,
DPE/MA
Faculty
_______________________
Date
Noted:
JENNYLYN G. FRANCISCO
Program Head, BPEd
Recommending Approval:
JOANNE D. GOROSPE, EdD
Dean, College of Teacher Education
Approved:
ELBERT C. EDANIOL, EdD
Vice President for Academic Affairs
_________________
Date

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Lesson 1: Badminton 1
 History and Development of Badminton 1
 Facilities and Equipment 2
 Laws of the game 4
 Terminology 5
 Badminton strokes 6
 Footwork 7
 Events 8
Lesson 2: Table Tennis 14
 Table Tennis History and Development 14
 Equipment 18
 Styles of Play 24
Lesson 3: Track and Field 32
 Introduction and History of Track and Field 32
 Rules and Scoring 34
 Track Events 34
 Field Events 42
REFERENCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LESSON 1
Badminton
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The game developed from the ancient pastime known as battledore and
shuttlecock. The game was learned in India as ‘poona’, it was brought to England about
1870 by British army officers stationed in India. The Duke of Beaufort introduces the
game at his country place, Badminton, in Gloucestershire. Not having a name at that
time, the Game was referred to as “that Badminton game.”
The oldest badminton club in the world is the Badminton Club of the City of New
York, which was founded in 1878, however, the game did not become widely popular in
the United States until the middle 1930’s. The US Badminton Association was formed in
1936.
The International Badminton Federation, the world governing body for the sport,
was founded in1934. The premier international men’s team is the “Thomas Cup,” which
was established in1948 and its counterpart in the women’s competition is the “uber
Cup,” which was founded in 1956.
In 1977, the World Badminton Federation (WBF) was founded. It sponsored the
first World Championship in the same year in Malmo Sweden. This was the start of
several international competitions all over the world. The “Suderman Cup” in 1989 was
established in memory of the former IBF Vice President Dick Suderman. He was also
considered the “Father of Indonesian Badminton.
TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BADMINTON
TOPICS:
1. History and Development of Badminton
2. Facilities and Equipment
3. Laws of the Game
4. Terminology
5. Badminton Strokes
6. Footwork
7. Events
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. recognize the historical background and development of badminton;
2. determine the laws of badminton;
3. identify and explain the equipment used and terminologies in
badminton;
4. demonstrate the basic skills in badminton;
5. apply and execute proper footwork while playing;
6. apply simple game scheduling; and
7. perform officiating and scoring through simple class competition.

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COURT
The official court measures 44 ft. long by 22ft. wide for doubles game and 44 ft.
long and 17 ft. wide for singles game. A 1 ½ ft. alley on each side is commonly referred
to as double alleys. There is also space 2 ½ ft. wide at both ends of the court, which are
the back alleys. There are two service areas on each side of the net, the right and left
service court bounded by a line running parallel to the net, called the short- service line.
The ceiling height should be 30 ft. for official game, and 24 ft. for instructional
game. Floor surface is traditionally wood, but many synthetics is traditionally wood, but
many synthetic and plastic courts have been developed.
Singles 44 feet long and 17 feet wide
Doubles 44 feet long and 20 feet wide
NET
The net should be made of a dark- colored mosh, 2 ½ feet deep, with a 1 ½ inch
white tape extending across the top. The top of the net should be 5 feet above the floor
at a point equidistant from the sidelines; and 5 feet and 1 inch in height at point above
the double’s sidelines.
POST
5 feet and 1 inch in height from the floor.
TOPIC 2: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

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RACKET
It is light and can be made of wood, aluminum metal or synthetic material such
a graphic or carbon. It can be up to 68 cm long and it is usually weighing about
100grams. Most strings are made of synthetic such as nylon but world-class players use
lamb.
Gut is more expensive than synthetic and has disadvantages of a short lifespan
when strung tightly or not protected from moisture. String diameter ranges from 19-22
gauge. Most competitive players prefer 21 to 22-gauge strung string at 14 to 15 pounds
of tension, that provides power and control. For school and recreational use, with 20-
gauge string at a tension of 12 to 13 pounds is adequate.
SHUTTLECOCKS
It is made from 14-16
goose feathers that are placed in a
leather- covered cork head, made
of either plastic or nylon. Synthetic
shuttles are suitable for
recreational games but feathered
or official shuttlecock weighs from
4.74 to 5.50 grams.
BASIC RULES AND REGULATIONS
1. Tossing for Serve
Before a match begins, opponents can toss a coin, spin a racket, or toss a shuttle
to determine who shall get the choice of “serve” or “side”.
TOPIC 3: LAWS OF THE GAME

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2. Scoring
The rally point system is used in scoring the badminton game which means any
fault committed by the serving or receiving team gains point.
Love – designates a score of zero
Love- all – is called when both opponents or teams have a score of zero.
In side – is called for the serving player or team
Out Side – is called for the receiving player or team
Game Point – is the point that a server won which results to the server’s winning
the match
3. Setting the score
How to Set the Score
POINTS IN GAME SCORE TIED AT GAME MAY BE SET TO
21 20 – all 2 points advantage
4. Change of Ends
Players change ends of the court at the beginning of the second game and at the
beginning of the third game if the third game is necessary. In the third game,
players change ends when either player first reaches 8 in a game of 15 points or
6 in an 11 – point game. If players forget to change ends as prescribed by the
rules, they should do so as soon as the mistakes is discovered.
5. Service Rotation for Singles and Doubles
 Singles serve and receive in the right service court when the server’s
score is an even number. When the server’s score is an odd number, the
players serve from the receive in the left service court.
 In doubles, the service is determined by the serving team’s score and by
the court position of each player at the beginning of the game.
 In the first half inning, the first team to serve is entitled for only one
service or simply called as “one down initial service.” Thereafter the
initial serve, the partners will change service each after they lose a rally.
 The first service in each half-inning is always from the right service court,
to the opponent’s right service court.
 The server changes courts after every point his team wins. The receiving
side does not change courts.
 When the score is even at the beginning of a half- inning, the players who
started the game in the right court should be in the right court and
should serve first in that half- inning.
 The winning team serves first in the next game. In double matches, either
player of the winning side may serve first in the next game and either
player of the losing side may be positioned in the right court to receive.
6. Faults
 A team that violates the rules is charged with a fault. If the serving team
faults, a side – out results; if the receiving team faults, points are for the
serving team.

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 It is the fault (loss of service “hand out” for the serving, or loss of point
for the receiving side) when:
a. Service is illegal (not correct);
b. If the server, in an attempt to serve, misses the shuttle;
c. If on a serve, the shuttle is caught in or on the net, either before
or after passing over the net;
d. If in play, shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes
through or under the net, fails to pass the net, touches the roof,
ceiling, or outside walls, touches a player or dress of a player,
touches any objects or person outside the immediate
surroundings of the court, is caught and held on the racket during
the execution of a stroke.
e. If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker’s
side of the net.
f. If when the shuttle is in play, a player touches the net or its
support with racket, or body except on follow- through.
g. If, during a game, a player deliberately distracts an opponent by
an action, such as shouting or making gestures.
h. If a player is guilty of flagrant or repeated misconduct violations,
such as deliberately causing a suspension of play, interfering with
the speed of the shuttle, or behaving in an offensive manner.
7. Lets
When lets occurs, players who served serves again. The following are considered
lets:
a. A shuttle or player from an adjacent court encroaches, thus, interfering
with play or concentration.
b. A shuttle, after passing over the net, becomes caught in or on the net
except during service;
c. A shuttle hits an obstruction that hangs over the court and is lower than
the recommended 24-foot ceiling height;
d. During service, the receiver and server both fault at the same time;
e. The server serves before the receiver is ready, and
f. A line judge is not present and the umpire is unable to make decisions
1. Alley – an extension of the width of the court on both sides to be used in
doubles play.
2. Backhand – any stroke made on the side of the body opposite the racket side.
3. Baseline – back boundary line.
4. Bird – the object that flies over the net, officially known as a shuttlecock.
5. Block – placing the racket in front of the bird and letting it rebound into the
opponent’s court. Carry – momentarily holding the bird on the racket during the
execution of a stroke.
6. Clear – a high shot that falls close to the baseline.
7. Double hit – contacting the bird twice in succession on the same stroke.
TOPIC 4: TERMINOLOGIES

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TOPIC 5: BADMINTON STROKES
8. Doubles – a game of four players, two on each team.
9. Drive – a hard stroke that just clears the net on a horizontal plane.
10. Drop – a shot made that barely clears the net with little speed.
11. Fault – any violation of the rules whose penalty is loss of serve or the point.
12. Forehand – any stroke made on the racket side of the body.
13. Hairpin (net) stroke – shot made from below and very close to the net with the
bird just clearing the net and dropping sharply downward.
14. Home position – the ideal spot for awaiting the opponent’s return.
15. Let – a play allowed to be replayed.
16. Match – best two out of three games.
17. Odd and even courts – in singles, the right half of the court is “even” and the left
half of the court is the “odd.” When the even player is serving from the right the
score is even, and odd when serving from the left.
18. Rally – rapid returns made by players.
19. Ready position – an alert body position enabling quick movement in any
direction.
20. Receiver – the player to whom the bird is served.
21. Server – the player who puts the bird in play.
22. Shuttlecock – the feathered/plastic object that is hit back and forth in
badminton.
23. Singles – a game involving one player on each end of the court.
24. Sling – an untrue hit, usually because of the bird momentarily resting on the
racket.
25. Smash – a powerful overhand stroke that sends the bird downward over the net.
26. Stroke – the action of striking the bird with the racket.
27. Toss/spin – the method of deciding which side will serve first at the beginning of
the match.
Forehand Stroke – refers to any shock struck on the racket side of the body.
Backhand Stroke – these are hosts on the side away from the racket / left side of right-
handed, right side for left-handed.
Three Parts of Backhand of Forehand Stroke
 Backswing – involves all movements of the racket away from the target.
 Hitting action – includes all forward motions until the racket contacts the shuttle.
 Follow- Through – involves all movements from control contact until the player is
back in a position to wait the opponent’s next shot.
Underhand Stroke – when the approaching shuttle is low in front of the player.
Steps in executing the underhand stroke
 In a backswing position, drop the racket hand down and back
 Move the right foot forward in the direction of the spot where the shuttle will hit
the floor, weight will transfer to front foot.

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TOPIC 6 : FOOTWORK
 The wrist cocks back during the backswing, hyperextension on the forehand side
but flexing on the backhand side.
 Move forward the arm while the wrist remains cocked.
 Hit the target shuttle combining the three movements in accelerating with full
and rapid upward movement of the hand toward the target, including a vigorous
uncocking of the wrist.
Overhand Stroke – used to return the shuttle with a high trajectory coming from the
opponent’s court when the shuttle gets behind you.
Steps in executing the overhand stroke
 Lift both arms overhead. Sharply bend the elbow of the racket arm and move the
racket foot in the direction of the area where the shuttle would hit the floor.
 The non-racket hand provides balance. It should be higher than the head and
points toward the incoming shuttle when you are hitting a forehand, and it will
be nearer shoulder level and behind the shuttle when you are hitting a
backhand.
 During the execution of a smash (overhead shot sharply hit forcefully at a
steeper downward angle), the wrist sometimes moves fast extending to a flex
position during the follow-through.
Sidearm Stroke – if the opponent uses a drive (fast low shot with flat trajectory) to hit
the shuttle parallel to either sidelines and you reach it at a height between your waist
and your shoulder, return it with a sidearm stride.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUjFMxH-HfM)
Ready Position the stance you assume while waiting for the opponent.
 Establish both feet at the moment the opponent is hitting the shuttle.
 Feet should be apart, one slightly ahead of the other for better balance.
 Knees remain flexed at all times, to move fast around the court.
 Remember to position yourself at the center court to reach any return.
Moving into hitting position the steps you take in getting into position to stroke
the shuttle.
 Consider to take a long first step with the racket foot when moving forward in
the court for effective technique
 Pivot your left or right when moving to the rear of the court. If the shuttle is hit
to your backhand side, pivot is followed by crossover step with right foot.
 Use shuttle or short steps to reach the shuttle, avoiding further crossover steps.
Footwork during the hitting action the relationship of the feet during the hitting
action.
Forehand:
 When the shuttle is behind you on the forehand side or directly overhead, faces
the forehand sideline or front corner.
 During the hitting action, transfer your weight to your front foot, raising the heel
of yor back foot well off the floor.

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Topic 6: EVENTS
 Powerful hitting could be displayed through hitch kick or scissors kick, in which
both feet come off the floor at the same time.
Backhand:
 When the shuttle is behind you, pivot and cross over so that you face the
backhand sideline or back corner.
 Transfer your weight onto the foot closest to your target as you stroke the
shuttle.
 Back heel will come high off the floor, and the toe of your back foot may drag
across the surface.
Footwork during the recovery returning to base before your opponent hits
again.
 If in front court, it is efficient to recover with long step with the racket foot,
followed by the shuffle steps as needed.
 When you have hit from the back 8 feet of the court, or your backcourt the first
recovery step will also be with the racket foot.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UIhKZCPMYM)
TOURNAMENT/BADMINTON COMPETITION
Events Played in Badminton Competitions:
Mens Singles-1
Womens Singles-1
Mens Doubles- 2 regulars
-1 alternate player
Womens Doubles- 2 regular player
1 alternate player
Mixed Doubles 2 regular players
1 alternate player
Mode of Tournament
Knock out system
Double Elimination
Single Round Robin
Direction: Open the link below and take a screen shot to prove that you already watch it
and send the screenshot to your subject teacher. After watching, it is now your turn to
do the shuttle control and control the shuttle base on the level indicated below.
ACTIVITY 1.1: Shuttle Control
t of badminton
ASSESSMENT

9
ACTIVITY 1.2: Service
t of badminton
(FOREHAND, BACKHAND and COMBINATION). Take a video of yourself at least 1 to 2
minutes then submit it to your subject teacher through email or messenger.
Equipment:
 Racket
 Shuttlecock
1st Level: From the waist level up to head
2nd Level: From waist level to 3 meters high
3rd Level: From waist level up to ceiling
Link: https://youtu.be/3kRvce9ql40
Note: Watch the link on Youtube, comment down the name of your instructor,
your name and section, to know that you watched the video.
Direction: Open the link below and take a screen shot to prove that you already
watch it and send the screenshot to your subject teacher. After watching, it is
now your turn to do the Service and use the Forehand and Backhand in serving
the shuttlecock to the opponent’s court. Take a video of yourself at least 1 to 2
minutes then submit it to your subject teacher through email or messenger.
 Forehand/Backhand serving ------- right to right service court and left to left
service court
Note:
If you are right-handed that is your forehand and once you extend your right arm
towards your left side that is backhand.
If you are left-handed that is your backhand and once you extend your left arm towards
your right side that is forehand.
Link: https://youtube/b7gy7c0uJ8k
Note: Watch the link on Youtube, comment down the name of your instructor, your
name and section to know that you watched the video.

10
Evaluation: The skill will be graded using to the rubrics below.
Novice
(2 pts)
Beginner
(3 pts)
Good
(4 pts)
Excellent
(5 pts)
GRIP
Forehand and
backhand
Head of the
racket
perpendicular
to the floor
when it is held
straight out in
front.
Racquet
gripped in a
way that
resembles
Correct grip
used
sometimes
Correct grip
used majority
of the time
Correct grip
used every
time
STANCE
Side on - Non
racquet foot
forward -
weight mostly
on back foot
Standing front
on to net
Non racquet
foot slightly
forward - not
all the time -
no real weight
transfer
Correct stance
used majority
of time - non
racquet foot
forward - more
focus on
shifting weight
required
Correct stance
always used -
non racquet
foot forward -
shifts weight
from back foot
to front foot
SHUTTLE CONTACT
Shuttle
dropped -
contact made
in front/side of
body - below
waist - smooth
racquet action
No consistency
in shuttle drop
and racquet
swing - varying
heights and
wild swing
Point of
contact
generally in
front of body -
inconsistent
shuttle height -
poor follow
through
Point of
contact always
in front of
body and to the
side - shuttle
contacted
around waist
level most
times - short
follow through
Point of
contact always
in front of
body and to the
side -
consistently
contacts shuttle
below the waist
- smooth
racquet action
and follow
through
SERVE
Shuttle clears
net and lands
in the correct
part of court
Struggles to
clear the net
and no
accuracy of
shuttle
Clears the net
most of the
time - landing
anywhere in
the court
Clears the net
every time -
most shuttles
landing in
correct part of
court
Always clears
the net and
shuttle always
lands in correct
part of the
court
SHUTTLE TRAJECTORY
Shuttle travels Shuttle only Shuttle lands in Shuttle travels Shuttle always

11
high and long
to the back of
the court
clears the net
sometimes -
not long
enough or high
enough
the middle of
the box - needs
to be higher
to the back of
the court but
could be higher
travels very
high and lands
right at the
back of the
court - lots of
air time
Total
Direction: Master the badminton footwork. We provided instructional video on how to
do it. Open the link below and take a screen shot to prove that you already watch it and
send the screenshot to your subject teacher. After watching, it is now your turn to do
the Footworks. Take a video of yourself at least 1 to 2 minutes then submit it to your
subject teacher through email or messenger.
 V Front
 Side to side (for defense)
 V Back
 Moving forward and backward
For more information, check the link: https://youtu.be/mAsM7ZOhbLs
Note: Watch the link on Youtube, comment down the name of your instructor, your
name and section to know that you watched the video.
Evaluation: The skill will be graded according to the rubrics below:
Criteria Points
1 2 3 4
Moving
forewords
Running foreword in
a game
Using the footwork to
move forewords only
when you have lots of
time, and when you
are prepared in a
game
Now you can use
the footwork to
move foreword in a
game all the time
but still not to fast
Now you can use
the footwork in a
game to move
foreword, and
also you are very
fast
____
Moving back
Running back in a
game
move back when you
have lots of time, and
when you are
prepared in a game
Using the footwork
to move back in a
game all the time
Using the
footwork in a
game to move
back and also you
are very fast
____
ACTIVITY 1.3: Footwork

12
Moving to the
right
Just running to the
right in a game
move right when you
have lots of time, and
when you are
prepared in a game
Use the footwork
to move to the right
in a game all the
time but still not
that fast
using the
footwork in a
game to move
right and also
very fast
____
Moving to the
left
Running to the left
in a game
move to the left when
you have lots of time,
and when you are
prepared in a game
Using the footwork
to move to the left
all time in a game
Using the
footwork to move
left in a game and
also very fast
____
____
Total----> ____

13
TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TABLE TENNIS
TABLE TENNIS
Table tennis is very popular, especially in East Asia and is among the most
popular sports in the world in terms of player numbers, as well as one of the newest of
the major sports.
Ping Pang Qiu- is the official name of the sport in Mainland China, Hong Kong,
Taiwan and Macau.
Takkyu is the official name of the sport in Japan.
Tak-gu is the name of the sport in Korea
The game is controlled by the International Table Federation (ITTF), founded in
1926.
HISTORY
The history of table tennis (or ping-pong as it is also commonly known) is a long
and interesting sequence of events, which would require a book to do it justice. This
article provides a brief overview of the origins of the game, as well as what are generally
acknowledged as many of the important highlights of the game's development.
There is often conflicting information available regarding the early days of table
tennis and all differing opinions are presented here for completeness.
LESSON 2
Table Tennis
TOPICS:
1. Table Tennis History and Development
2. Facilities and Equipment
3. Game Play
4. Styles of Play
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. state and explain how table tennis developed;
2. distinguish specify equipment from other racket sports;
3. apply different strategies in playing table tennis; and
4. use a variety of styles in actual play.

14
Early Origins of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong
 12th Century AD: The game of table tennis probably descended from the the
game of "Royal Tennis" (also known as Real Tennis or Court Tennis), which was
played in the medieval era.
 1880's: Some sources claim that the sport was once known as indoor tennis, and
was played in the early 1880's by British army officers stationed in India and
South Africa. These officers are supposed to have used cigar box lids as paddles,
rounded wine bottle corks as balls, and books for an improvised net.
 1880's: The game had become fashionable among the upper classes in England.
 1887: According to the ITTF website, the first use of the name "Table Tennis"
appeared on a board and dice game made by J.H.Singer of New York.
 1890: The earliest existing evidence of a table tennis game is a set made by David
Foster, patented in England, which included table versions of Lawn
Tennis, Cricket and Football.
 1891: John Jacques of London introduce their "Gossima" game, which used
drum-type paddles, a 50mm web wrapped cork ball, and a 30cm high net.
 1890's: By this time, several patents with basic rules had been registered.
 1890's: Parker Brothers begin making an indoor tennis kit which included a
portable net, a small ball covered in netting, and paddles.
 1900: Englishman James Gibb is credited with bringing hollow celluloid balls back
to England from the USA, although some other sources claim they were plastic
balls. Previously most balls were solid rubber or cork, often covered in material.
Some sources also credit Gibb with inventing the name "ping pong", which was
supposed to have been derived from the sound of the ball bouncing off the drum
battledores (paddles), each of which had a different sound.
 1901: John Jacques register "Ping Pong" as a trade name in England. The
American rights to the name are sold to Parker Brothers.
 1901: On the 12th December 1901, "The Table Tennis Association" is formed in
England. Four days later, "The Ping Pong Association" is also formed in England.
 1901: Table tennis is first brought to China via western settlements.
 1902: Englishman E.C.Goode is credited with putting pebbled rubber on his
wooden blade, allowing him to put more spin on the ball. This is the forerunner
of the ordinary pimpled rubber racket, which will dominate table tennis until
1952.
 1903: On the 1st May 1903, "The Table Tennis Association" and "The Ping Pong
Association" amalgamate, forming "The United Table Tennis and Ping Pong
Association". This association will later revert its name to "The Table Tennis
Association", before becoming defunct in 1904.
 1920's-1950's: Classic Hard Bat Era / Europe Dominates the Sport
 1920's: In the early 1920's the game began to revive in England and Europe.
 1922: "The Table Tennis Association" is reconstituted, with the name "English
Table Tennis Association" being adopted in 1927.
 1926: The International Table Tennis Federation is formed.
 1926-1931: Maria Mednyanszky of Hungary wins the Women's Singles event at
the World Championships five times in a row.
 1930-1935: Victor Barna of Hungary wins five of the six Men's Singles events at
the World Championships (and was runner up in 1931).

15
 1935: The American Ping Pong Association, US Amateur Table Tennis
Association, and National Table Tennis Association merge to form the US Table
Tennis Association (which was renamed USA Table Tennis in 1994).
 1936: Repainted tables (which made the playing surface very slow) and a high
net (6¾ inches high) combine to make attacking play very difficult at the World
Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. This results in the longest rally ever in
a World Championships taking place, lasting over two hours.
 1938: The ITTF lowers the net from 6¾ inches to 6 inches, and bans the
fingerspin serves which had been used with devasting effect by American
players.
 1940-1946: No World Championships held due to World War II.
 1950-1955: Angelica Rozeanu-Adelstein of Romania wins six Women's Singles
titles in a row at the World Championships. Since her last title win in 1955, every
World Champion in Women's Singles has been an Asian player.
 1950's-1970's: Sponge Bat Era / Rise of Japan and China
 1952: Hiroji Satoh of Japan becomes notorious for his use of a wooden racket
covered in thick foam sponge rubber, which produces much more speed and
spin than conventional pimpled rubber rackets. He wins the 1952 World
Championships over Jozsef Koczian of Hungary, and begins a period of Asian
male domination in the sport which will last until Sweden rises to supremacy
from 1989 into the early 1990's.
 1957: The World Championships changes to a biennial event (once every two
years), due to the logistics of hosting an event of such size, and difficulty in
finding suitable venues.
 1958: The first European Championships is conducted in Budapest, Hungary, and
sees the USSR's debut in international table tennis.
 1959-1960: The ITTF standardizes the thickness of ordinary pimpled rubber
and sponge rubber.
 1960's: In the early 1960's, the loop drive was invented and become popular
around the world.
 1960's: From around 1965 to 1971, China under the rule of Ma Tse-Tung
disappears from world table tennis events.
 1961-1965: Zhuang Zedong of China wins 3 Men's Singles titles in a row at the
World Championships, each time over compatriot Li Furong.
 1960's: In the early 1960's, Xhang Xi Lin of China uses a "Yin-Yan" bat with
normal rubber on one side, and long pimples on the other—the first recorded
instance of successful combination bat play.
 1971: China returns to International Competition at the 1971 World
Championships.
 1971: The US Table Tennis Team takes a "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" trip to China, in
a world first effort to use sport to establish and improve diplomatic relations.
 1971: Jean-Paul Weber of France uses the first anti-spin rubber in the World
Championships in Nagoya, Japan, and enjoys some success with its use.
 1971: The first Commonwealth Championships are held in Singapore.
 1970's-2000's: The Age of Speed Glue & Technology
 1970's: Table tennis players discover that using bicycle tyre repair glue to put
rubber on a blade dramatically increases the speed and spin that can be
produced. This discovery is often credited to Dragutin Surbek of Yugoslavia, and
Tibor Klampar of Hungary. This discovery is called speed glue.

16
 1970's-1989: China is the dominant force in both men's and women's events on
the world scene, winning multiple events at all world championships.
 1980: John Hilton of England wins the European Championships using a
combination bat of normal rubber and antispin, twiddling the racket and playing
aggressively.
 1980: The first World Cup event is held in Hong Kong.
 1982: The initial World Veteran's Championships is conducted in Gothenburg,
Sweden.
 1980's: In 1985, the two-color rule is adopted to reduce the effectiveness of
combination rackets.
 1988: Table Tennis becomes an Olympic sport, in Seoul, South Korea.
 1989-1993: Sweden breaks the Chinese stranglehold in Men's World
Championships, winning the 1989, 1991, and 1993 Teams Events, and producing
the 1989 and 1991 World Men's Champions (Jan-Ove Waldner and Jorgen
Persson respectively). China continues its dominance in female ranks.
 1995-present: China reasserts its control over the Mens Team and Mens Singles
events at the World Championships.
 1997: Jan-Ove Waldner wins the Mens Singles title at the World Championships
for the second time, this time without the loss of a single game!
 2000: A brief blip in the Chinese men's dominance occurs when the aging
Swedish trio of Jan-Ove Waldner, Jorgen Persson and Peter Karlsson combine to
steal the Mens Team title in a thrilling final.
 2000: The ITTF increases increases the ball diameter to 40mm.
 2001: The ITTF changes the scoring system, moving to 11 point games, and using
a best of 5 games or best of 7 games match.
 2002: Table Tennis becomes a Commonwealth Games Sport, at Manchester,
England.
 2003: Werner Schlager of Austria breaks the Chinese stranglehold on the Men's
Singles World Championship title, saving several match points along the way
against opponents in Wang Liqin and Kong Linghui. He meets Joo Se Hyuk of
South Korea in the final - Joo is the first defensive player to make the Mens
Singles final since the Eberhard Scholer of Germany in 1969 (Scholer also lost in
his final, to Japan's Shigeo Itoh).
 2000's: In the early 2000's, frictionless long pimples become popular among
many players, in an attempt to negate the the power and spin produced by
modern technology and speed glue.
 2006: The intended banning of frictionless long pips and speed glues with toxic
organic solvents is announced by the ITTF.
 2007: The ITTF withdraws its approval of all table tennis glues, following a health
incident involving a speed glue user in Japan.
 2008: The use of speed glues with illegal VOCs is banned for all ITTF junior
competitions as of January 1. Machines that test for illegal VOCs are introduced
to check for rules infractions.

17
THE TABLE
It the table shall be made of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of
not less than 220mm, and not more than 250mm, when a standard ball is dropped from
a height of 305 mm, above its surface. The playing surface shall be dark-colored,
preferably dark green and matt, with a white line of 20mm, broad along each edge. The
line at the 1.525m. edges, or ends, shall be termed as end lines and the lines at the
2.74m. edges or side, shall be termed as side lines.
For doubles, the playing surface shall be termed center line, divided into halves
by a white line 3mm, broad, running parallel to the side lines. The center line may, for
convenience, be permanently marked in full length on the table and this in no way
invalidates the table for singles play.
The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, shall be rectangular
9 feet (2.74m) in length and 5 feet (1.52mm) in width. The playing surface shall be in a
horizontal plane 2 ft. 6 inches (76cm.) above the floor.
The playing surface shall include the top below the edges. The playing surface
shall be made of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of about 23cm, when a
standard ball is dropped to it from a height of 30cm. The playing surface shall be divided
into 2 equal courts by a vertical net running parallel with the end lines and shall be
continuous over the whole area of each court; For doubles, each court by a white center
line 3mm wide running parallel with the side lines. The centerline shall be the part of
each right half court.
TOPIC 2: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

18
THE NET
The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post
15.25cm high, the outside units of a post being 15.25 cm outside the side line. The top
of the net along its whole length shall be 15.25 cm above the playing surface and
bottom of the net shall be as close as
possible to the playing surface along
its whole length and the net shall be
as close as possible to the playing
surface along its whole length and the ends of the
net shall be as close as possible to the supporting
posts.
THE BALL
The International rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40
mm (formerly 38mm) diameter ball. The ball is required to have a coefficient of
restitution of 0.94. the 40mm ball was introduced at the 2003 Work Table Tennis
Championship.
Balls are usually white, but some are orange. They vary in price from cheap 10-
cent balls that break on contact with a racket to three-star quality balls that cost nearly
a dollar each. A poorly made ball tends to be lopsided, with soft spots, so that it not only
breaks easily, it doesn't bounce the same way
each time. You should probably go for the
expensive three-stars. They bounce better, and
in the long run they're cheaper because they last
much longer. Balls are usually marked either
one, two, or three-star. Get the three-stars. If
there are no stars, avoid them.
THE RACKET
Players are equipped with a wooden blade covered with rubber on one or two
sides depending on the grip of the player. This is called either a paddle, racket or bat
depending on where in the world the game is being played. In the USA the term
“paddle” is common, in Europe the term is “bat,” and the official ITTF term is “racket.”
This section will use the ITTF term.
Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the racket. The
different types of surface provide various levels of spin or speed, or in some cases,
nullify spin. For example, a player may have a rubber that provide much spin on one side
of his racket, and no spin on the other side of the racket. By flipping the racket in play,
different types of returns are possible. To help a player distinguish between different
types of rubber used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side
must be red while the other side must be black. The player the right to inspect his
opponent’s racket before a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is.

19
Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the
racket was used to hit the ball.
Racket construction and new rubber technology (skilled elite players typically
select and attach the rubber to their own rackets and glue them before every match)
contribute significantly to the amount of deviation from the expected ball flight path.
The fairly recent development of speed glue speeds up the departure of the ball from
the rubber considerably, through at the cost of some ball control.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RUBBER SHEETS
 Inverted (non-Chinese): This is the most widely used rubber type. The surface is
smooth, with the pimpled side facing inwards toward the blade. This enables the
player to generate high level of spin and speed. Spin is mainly generated not by
the action of the top sheet alone, but also by the ball sinking into the sponge and
allowing greater surface area to contact the ball.
 Inverted (Chinese): Chinese rubbers typically have sticker (or “tackier”) top
sheets. Spin is generated mainly by the top sheet, as opposed to the sponge,
which is relatively more condensed and firmer. The result is usually a far better
short game and potential power capabilities than normal inverted.
 Short pimples (or “pips”): Short pimples-out rubbers are usually used by close-
to-the-table hitters (for example, Liu Guoliang). They do not generate as much
spin as inverted rubbers, but also make the user less susceptible to the
opponent’s spin. Speed generated from a short pip rubber is generally faster
than the inverted with the same sponge. Depending on the thickness of the
sponge it is also possible to play a chopping game with short pimples by varying
the spin of the return. While blocking and attacking a “dead ball” effect is often
noticed. Ding Song is an exponent of this style.
 Long pimples (or “pips”): Long pimples- out rubbers carry relatively long and soft
pips. They do not have the ability to generate any real spin of their own, but feed
off the opponent’s spin back upon impact as the pips bend and slide. They are
usually used by closed-to-the-table blockers or choppers. They are usually only
used on the backhand side, as they offer very limited attacking capabilities.
Depending on the grip of the pimples and the thickness of the sponge it is also

20
possible to play an aggressive game with long pips, though with not much spin
capability.
 Anti-spin: Anti-spin rubbers may look similar to inverted ones, but the surface is
really slick. Like long pimples, they cannot generate much real spin, but just
allows the user to produce a non-spin ball. Anti-spin in also not very susceptible
to the opponents incoming spin, due to the low coefficient of friction of the
rubber’s surface. This is also used to confuse the opponent, and is not widely
used at international level.
STARTING THE GAME
In top-flight competition, service is decided by a coin toss, at lower levels it is
common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the other hand
(usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball
is in. the correct or incorrect guess gives the “winner” the option to choose to serve, or
to choose which side of the table to use. In recreational games, the players may have a
rally for a minimum set number of 10 hits, after which the rally is played out, with the
winner either choosing to serve or choosing the table side. Others use the “P-O-N-G” or
“P-I-N-G” method rallying back and forth spelling a letter of P-O-N-G or P-I-N-G after
every hit. After P-O-N-G or P-I-N-G is spelled the person to win the rally also wins the
serve.
Service
In game play, the player serving the ball commences a point. Standing behind
the end game of the table, with the ball in the palm of one hand- over the table’s height
–and the paddle in the other, the server tosses the ball without spin, upward, at least
sixteen centimeters (approximately 6 inches).
He or she then must hit the ball such that it bounces once on his or her half of
the table, and then bounces at least one time on the opponent’s half. If the ball strikes
the net but does not strike the opponent’s half of the table, then a point is awarded to
the opponent. However, if the ball hits the net, but nevertheless goes over and bounces
on the other side, it is called a let (or net-in). Play stops, and the ball must be served
again with no penalty. Unlike the old service rules, where a player may only commit
three lets, now a players may commit any number of lets without penalty.
If the service is “good” return- by returning the ball before it bounces on his or
her side of the table a second time. Returning the serve is one of the most difficult parts
of the game, as the server’s first move is often the least predictable.
Hitting the Ball
Any hitting of the ball must be done such that the ball passes over or around the
net. If the ball is struck such that it travels around the net, but still lands on the
opponents cannot return it over (or around) the net and make it bounce on your side,
then win the point.
TOPIC 3: GAME PLAY

21
Scoring
Points are awarded to the opponent for any of several errors in play:
 Allowing the ball to bounce on one’s own side twice
 Not hitting the ball after it has bounced on one’s own side
 Having the ball bounce on one’s own side after hitting it
 Hitting the ball before it has bounced on one’s own side of the table
 Double hitting the ball. Note that the hand below the wrist is considered part of
the bat and making a good return of one’s hand or fingers is allowed, but hitting
one’s hand or fingers and subsequently hitting the bat is a double strike and an
error.
 Allowing the ball to strike anything other than the bat (see above for definition
of the bat)
 Causing the ball not to bounce on the opponent’s half (i.e., not making a”good
return”)
 Placing one’s free hand on the playing surface or moving the playing surface
 Offering and failing to make a good serve (i.e., making a service toss and failing
to strike the ball fairly into play)
 Making an illegal serve (e.g., one preceded by a player’s hiding the bail or his
failing to toss the ball at least 16 centimeters (six inches) in the air).
 Hitting the net with bat or any body part, or moving the table.
Alternative Service
Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of
the rally) until a player reaches 11 points with at least a two-point lead, or until both
player have 10 points apiece. If both players reach 10 points, then service alternatives
after each point, until one player gains a two-point advantage.
In doubles, service alternates every two points between sides, but also rotates
between players on the same team. At the end of every points, the receiving player
becomes the server, and the partner of the serving player becomes the receiver.
In the older 21-point game system, service would alternate every 5 points. If
both players reached a score of 20, then service would alternate each point until one
player gains a two- point advantage. When a match point occurs, the server is allowed
three attempts at serving and 2 lets before he loses the point.
Series of Games
After each game, players switch sides of the table and in the fifth or seventh,
game “for the match”, players switch sides when the first player scores 5 points,
regardless of whose turn is to serve. In competition play, matches are typically best of
five or seven games.
RECREATIONAL VARIATIONS
Some recreational players may choose to use a volleyball style system of scoring
and play. Such variations include, but are not limited to, allowing the let serve, not

22
TOPIC 4: STYLES OF PLAY
requiring the server to hit the ball on his half of the table first (but still allowing it),
allowing the volleying of returns and relaxing other small rules in doubles to make the
game easier to play. Common recreational scoring styles includes best of three game
side out scoring to 15, 21, 25, or 30 points per game with a third game being played rally
style to 15; best of five game rally style play with each game, save the fifth (to 15),
played to 30 points; and traditional tennis scoring.
DOUBLES GAME
In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis.
In doubles, all the rules of single play apply except for the following. A line painted along
the long axis of the table to create double courts bisects the table: this line’s only
purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate
from the right hand “box” in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once
in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponents side’s right
hand box (far left box for server). Play then continues normally with the exception that
players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, after a player serves the receiving
player make his or her return, the server’s partner returns the ball and then the service
receiver’s partner would play the ball. In wheelchair doubles side. The point proceeds
this way until one side fails to make a legal return and point is the point is then awarded
to the other team. Also, when the game reaches the final set, the teams must switch
side and the team that receives the service must switch server when one of the teams
reach 5 points. Singles the doubles are both played in international competition,
including the Olympics Games since 1988 and the commonwealth Games since 2002.
In 2005, the ITTF has announced that doubles table tennis will be featured only
as a part of teams’ events in the 2008 Olympics.
GRIP
Competitive table tennis players grip their bats in a variety of ways. The manner
in which competitive players grip their bats can be classified into two major families of
styles. One is described as pen hold, and the other shake hand. The Laws of the Table
Tennis do not prescribe the manner in which one must grip the bat, and numerous
variations on gripping styles exist.
PENHOLD
The penhold grip is so-named because one grips
the bat to the way one holds a writing instrument. The
style of play among penhold players can vary greatly
from player to player. The style usually referred to as
the Chinese penhold style, involves curling the middle,
ring, and fourth finger back. In contrast, another styles,
sometimes referred to as the Japanese penhold,
involves splaying those three fingers out across the back
of the bat. Penhold styles are popular among players
originating from Asian nations such as China, Taiwan,

23
Japan and South Korea.
Traditionally, penhold players use only one side of the bat to hit the ball during
normal play. The side which is in contact with the last three fingers is generally not use.
However, the Chinese have developed a new technique in which a penholder utilizes
both sides of the bat. This is referred to as the Reverse penhold backhand (RPB).
SHAKEHAND
The Shakehand grip is so-named because
one grips the way one performs a handshake. The
grip is sometimes colloquially referred to as a
“tennis grip” or a “Western grip.” The shakehand
grip is most popular among players originating in
Western nations. Today, though, there are many
Asian players using the shakehand grip.
UNSUAL GRIPS
V-GRIP
As an experimental style being developed in
China, it is held by forming a “V for victory” sign
and gripping the blade between the forefinger and
middle finger, while having the other fingers rest
under and on top of the handle; it requires a
modified blade to grip successfully. A noticeable
spin benefit is noticed due to the longer lever and
mechanics utilized in the forehand and backhand
(much like those found in the Western grip in
tennis).
SEEMLIER GRIP
A grip that was made famous by Danny
Seemiller, an American champion. This grip is a
variation of the shakehand grip. In this grip, the
forefinger and thumb are placed on the same side of
the bat , which allows the backhand and forehand
shots to use the same side of the rubber. This grip also

24
has the nickname “windshield wiper” due to the motion of the backhand and forehand.
TYPES OF SHOTS
In table tennis, the strokes break down into generally offensive (producing
topspin) and defensive (producing backspin). Spin exceptions are the smash, block, and
lob. The types of strokes include backhand and forehand.
OFFENSIVE STROKES
Speed Drive
In table tennis it is not similar to strokes of a racket sport like tennis. The bat is
primarily perpendicular to the direction of the direction of the stroke, and most of the
energy applied to the ball results in speed rather than spin, creating a shot that does not
are much, but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A speed drive is used
mostly for keeping the ball in play, applying pressure on the opponent and potentially
opening up an opportunity for a more powerful attack.
Loop Drive
It is essentially the reverse of the speed drive. The bat is much more parallel to
the direction of the stroke (“closed”) and the bat thus grazes the ball, resulting in a large
amount of topspin. A good loop drive will arc quite a bit, and once striking the
opponent’s side of the table will jump forward much like a kick serve in tennis. A loop
drive is dangerous because of its topspin- while not as difficult to return as a drive, it is
more likely to rebound off the opponent’s bat At a very high angle, setting up an easy
smash on the follow up. As the loop drive requires a lot of topspin, players generally use
their entire body to generate the movement required. Variations in spin and speed adds
to effectiveness of this shot.
CHINESE PLAYERS CATEGORIZED LOOP-DRIVES IN 3 VARIATIONS BASED ON
TRAJECTORIES:
 The “Loop”
(or is called the “ultra-topspin”) Produces a more pronounced loopy arc, with a
higher trajectory and extreme topspin, but is typically slower.
 The “Rush”
Produces a flatter trajectory than a typical “Loop” but carries much stronger
topspin than a regular speed-drive. It can be as fast as a speed-drive ,and in
modern table tennis has come to replace it in virtually all cases. The ball seems
to ”rush ” forward and downward upon hitting the table, and hence the
nickname. (Compared to the “kicking” or “jumping” actions resulted from the
high-arc “Loop”).
 The “Hook”

25
Similar to a rectangular Loop, but carries a titled topspin (or is referred as the
‘’top-side” spin ), it bounces sideways and downward upon hitting the table.
Similar but stronger than the defensive “side-drive” described below.
Counter Drive
Usually a counter attack against drives (normally high loop drives). You have to
close the bat and stay close to the ball (try to predict its path). The bat is held closed and
near to the ball, which is hit with a short movement “off the bounce” (before reaching
the highest point) so that the ball travels faster to the other side. If performed correctly,
a well-timed , accurate counter-drive can be as effective as a smash.
FLIP (OR FLICK IN EUROPE)
When a player tries to attack a ball that has not bounced beyond the edge of the
table, he/she does not have the room to wind up in a backswing. The ball may still be
attacked, however, and the resulting shot is called flip because the backswing is
compressed into a quick wrist action. A flip is not a single stroke and can resemble
either a drive or a loop in its characteristics. What identifies the stroke is instead
whether the backswing is compressed into a short wrist flick. Also known as ”harai” in
Japanese.
Smash
The offensive trump card in table tennis. A player will typically execute a smash
when his or her opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high and/or too close to
the net. Smashing is essentially self-explanatory – large backswing and rapid
acceleration imparting as much speed on the ball as possible. The goal for a smash is to
get the ball to move so quickly that the opponent simply cannot return it. Because the
ball speed is the main aim of this shot, often the spin on a smash to alter the ball’s
trajectory significantly, although most intermediate players will smash the ball with little
or no spin. An offensive table-tennis player will think of rally as a build-up to a winning
smash; only a calculated series of smashes can guarantee a point against a good
opponent. However, most players will be able to return at most one or two smashes
consistently. Provided that the opponent is not too close to the table or too far away
from the ball, a smash can be lobbed, chopped, blocked or even counter-looped, albeit
with some difficulty. A player who smashes generally works out a series of smashes (and
possibly drop-shots) to rush the opponent out of position out him off balance, or both.
Smashers who fail to do this find it difficult to win a point against an excellent defense.
DEFENSIVE STROKES
Slice
The slice is analogous to the speed drive in some respects- it is very simple,
usually used for keeping the point alive and creating offensive opportunities. A-Slice
resembles a tennis slice; the bat cuts underneath the ball, imparting backspin and
causing the ball to float slowly to the other side of the table. While not obvious, a slice
can be difficult to attack because the backspin on the ball causes it to drop toward the

26
table upon striking the opponent’s bat- in order to attack a slice a player must lift the
back over the net.
Chop
A Chop or cut is the defensive, backspin counterpart of the offensive loop drive.
A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier slice, taken well back from the table. The bat face
points primarily horizontally, perhaps a little bit upward and the direction of the stroke
is straight down.
Block
The block or short is a simple shot, barely worthy of being called a “stroke,” but
nonetheless can be devastating against an attacking opponent. A block is executed by
simple putting the bat in front of the ball- the ball rebounds back toward the opponent
with nearly as much energy as it came in with.
Push-Block
High level players may use what is called push block or block, adding speed to
the ball (with a small topspin movement). When playing in the Penhold Grip, Many
players use push blocks when being pressured on the backhand. Chinese pen-hold
players refer it as push-block as they literally “push” their backhand forward, instead of
simply blocking it.
Side Drive
This Spin is alternately used as a defensive and offensive maneuver. The premise
of this move is to put a spin on the ball either to the right or the left of the bat. The
execution of this move is similar to a slice, but to the right or left instead of down.
Lob
The defensive lob is possibly the most visually-impressive shot in the sport of
table tennis, and it is deceptive in its simplicity. To execute a lob, a defensive player first
back of the table 8-10 feet (2.5 to 3m, advanced players sometimes go 20 feet or 6m or
more); then the stroke itself consists of simply lifting the ball to an enormous height
before it falls back to the opponent’s side of the table.
Stop
Stop (or drop shot) is a high level stroke, used as another variation for close to
table strokes (like harai and slice). You have to position the body close to the ball and
just let the ball touch the bat (without any hand movement) in a way that the ball stays
close to net with almost no speed and spin and touches the other side of the table
more than twice if the opponent doesn’t reach it.

27
Direction: After watching the video clip, do the service using any table at home or any
available that you can use to play. Take a video of yourself while doing the service at
least 1 to 2 minutes. Send the video clip to your subject teacher through email or
messenger. This will be assessed using the rubric below.
See the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfmPcpi4sfc
Direction: See the link below: After watching the video clip, do the service using any
table at home or any available that you can use to play. Take a video of yourself while
doing the footworks atleast 1 to 2 minutes. Send the video clip to your subject teacher
through email or messenger. This will be assessed by the rubric below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0v5SvlD1oQ
Direction: See the link below: Do the service using any table, after watching the video
clip at home or any available that you can use to play. Take a video of yourself while
doing the grip at least 1 to 2 minutes. Send the video clip to your subject teacher through
email or messenger. This will be assessed by the rubric below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zq-OHCNx7o
Evaluation:
5 4 3 2
Body
Control/Footwork
Excellent
body in low
athletic stance,
weight on balls
of feet, knees
bent, called
mine, hands
together, ball
went towards
target, control
of the ball, pass
had a purpose
Good
body in low
athletic stance,
weight on balls
of feet, knees
bent, called
mine, hands
together, ball
went towards
target, control
of the ball
Fair
weight on heels,
elbows were
bent, ball was
playable for
teammates,
some control of
ball
Poor
hands were apart, body
in upright position, did
not call, lift, ball was
total
points
Strokes Excellent
body in athletic
position, made a
triangle for
hands, called
mine, weight on
balls of feet,
Good
body in athletic
position, made a
triangle for
hands, called
mine, weight on
balls of feet,
Fair
made a triangle,
hit ball off of
palms (not
fingers), some
control of ball
Poor
not in athletic position,
lift, no control of ball
total
points
ACTIVITY 2.1: Service
t of badminton
ACTIVITY 2.2: Footwork
t of badminton
ACTIVITY 2.3: Grip
t of badminton
ASSESSMENT

28
good follow
through, control
of ball to target,
pass could
spiked, pass had
a purpose
good follow
through, control
of ball to target
Service Excellent
serve was over
the net and in
bounds, arm
correct, weight
transfer, control
of the ball, ball
was placed in a
difficult area to
return
Good
serve was over
the net and in
bounds, arm
correct, weight
transfer, control
of the ball
Fair
serve was over
and in or close.
Had some
control of ball,
arm was too
low, not proper
weight transfer
Poor
Ball not over and in or
close, no control of
ball, ball hit off of wrist
or fingers
total
points
Body
Control/Footwork
Excellent
body in low
athletic stance,
weight on balls
of feet, knees
bent, called
mine, hands
together, ball
went towards
target, control
of the ball, pass
had a purpose
Good
body in low
athletic stance,
weight on balls
of feet, knees
bent, called
mine, hands
together, ball
went towards
target, control
of the ball
Fair
weight on heels,
elbows were
bent, ball was
playable for
teammates,
some control of
ball
Poor
in upright position, did
not call, lift, ball was
total
points
T O T A L

29
Track and field, or athletics as it called in
many countries, is the designation. Separate but
related sports are often considered to be part of
the track and field family. Cross country is a fall and
winter activity for distance runners, with races of
3.3 – 19.3 km (2-12 mi) being run over pastoral
terrain – often golf courses in the United States
and rugged farmland in other countries.
Road running, especially of the marathon
distance (26 mi 385 yd/42.3 km) is an increasingly
popular activity, with races taking place over a
measured course on city streets or country roads. Road races may be of any length, up
to beyond 160 km (99.4 mi). Long distance walking events are usually held on road
courses as well.
The outdoor track season is usually March to June in the United States and
through September in Europe and Asia. The cross- country season is generally from
September until early December in the United States, although in Europe meets are
often held throughout the winter months, December through March. Road races are
held throughout the tear, regardless of weather conditions given to contest for men and
women that involve running, jumping for height and distance, and throwing for distance
using implements of standardized design. Competitions in track and field are called
meets and are usually held outdoors, with the running events taking place on a portion
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF TRACK AND FIELD
LESSON 3
Track and Field
TOPICS:
1. History of Track and Field
2. Rules and Scoring
3. Track Events
4. Field Events
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. discuss the importance of playing track and field event;
2. identify the different facilities and equipment as well as the
terminologies used in Track and Field; and
3. discuss the rules governing Track and Field.
Source: Track and Field Wikipedia

30
of or around a 400-m (4337.2 yd) or 440-yd (402.3-m) oval made out of cinders, clay, or
synthetic compounds.
The field events – those disciplines involving jumping and throwing – generally
take place at the same time as the running events, on the area within the track’s
circumference, or nearby.
Meets are held indoors during the winter months on smaller ovals, which vary
from 5 to 12 laps to the mile in size. Races of differing lengths from those held outdoors
are often run, and several of the field events that require a large space are not held.
Indoor tracks are generally made of wood and are often banked to offset the sharp
turns of the smaller ovals.
Track and field is one of the oldest of sports. Athletic contest were often held in
conjunction with religious festivals, as with the Olympic Games of ancient Greece.
For 11 centuries, starting in 776 B.C., these affairs – for men only – were
enormously popular and prestigious events. The romans continued the Olympic
tradition until the time of the Emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, who banned the
Games, in A.D. 394. During the middle Ages, except for a short-lived revival in 12th-
century England, organized track and field all but disappeared. The true development of
track and field as a modern sports started in England during the 19th century. English
public school and university students gave the sport impetus through their interclass
meets, or meetings as they are still called in Britain, and in 1849 the Royal Military
Academy at Sandhurst held the first organized track and field meet modern times.
Not until the 1860s, however, did the sport flourish. In 1866 the first English
championship were held by the newly formed Amateur Athletic Club, which opened the
competition to all “gentlemen amateurs” specifically, athletes who receive no financial
compensation for their efforts. This code has lasted to the present day and is basis of
the rules governing the sport. The Amateur Athletic Club gave way to the Amateur
Athletic Association in 1880, which has conducted the annual national championship
since the date. Although meets were held on the North American continent as early as
1839, track and field first gained popularity in the late 1860s, after the formation of the
New York Athletic Club in 1868. The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (AAU),
an association of track and field clubs, was formed in 1887 and has governed the sport
in the United States since then.
In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games were staged. Although initially of
limited appeal, the Olympics captured the imagination of athletes and grew steadily,
making track and field an international sport for the first time. In 1913 the International
Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was formed by representatives from 16 countries.
The IAAF was charged with establishing standard rules for the sport, approving world
records, and ensuring that the amateur code was adhered to; it continues to carry out
these duties today.
The participation of women in track and field is a relatively recent development.
In 1921 representatives from six countries formed an athletic federation for women,
which merged with the IAAF in 1936. Participation by women has grown rapidly in many
countries in recent years, particularly in the United States, where many schools have
added women’s track and field to their athletic programs.

31
All races are started by the firing of a gun by an official at the starting line. For
race up to and including one lap of an outdoor track, the runners must stay for the
entire distance within lanes marked on the
track. There may be six to eight lanes, with
each lane usually measuring 1.2m (4 ft) in
width.
The winner in each race is the runner
whose torso first breaks the vertical plane of
the finish line. Races are timed either by mechanical watches or by more sophisticated,
electronic photo-timers that can measure finishes to the hundredth of a second.
Sometimes, owing to the number of contestants down to the fastest runners.
Athletes in the field events also have qualifying rounds. In the horizontal jumps
and throws athletes are allowed three preliminary attempts if the field numbers more
than eight participants. Then the best performers are allowed three more attempts. In
the vertical jumps the high jump – and pole vault – the participants are allowed to
continue until they have three successive failures. If two or more contestants tie, if still
tied, the total number of jump considered. Scoring differs according to the meet. Many
national competitions are scored on the basis of 10 points for first place, 8 for second,
on down to 1 point for sixth. In international meets, the scoring is 5 for first place, 3 for
second, 2 for third, and 1 for fourth. The team with the highest total wins.
For road races, cross-country meets, and walking competitions , the winner is
give 1 point, the second-place finisher 2 points, and so on; the finish positions are
totalled, and the team with the lowest score is the winner.
The sprints are all-out efforts over the entire distance run. Outdoors the sprints
are 100- 440 yd (91.4 – 402.3 m) or the metric distances of 100,200, and 400m (109.3,
218.6, and 437.2 yd). Indoor sprints are often as short as 50 yd (45.7m), or as long as
500m (546.8 yd).
Sprinters use a crouch start in which, after being commanded to get “on your
marks” by the starter, the contestant kneels with one knee on the ground and both
hands resting behind the starting line. On the “get set” command, the sprinter raises the
knee from the ground in anticipation of the gun. When it fires, the runner will accelerate
as quickly as possible from the starting line. To facilitate a quick start by giving the
runner something to push off against, device known as starting blocks are used.
In the longer sprints – 200 m and 229 yd, 400 yd – the races are run in assigned
lanes for the entire circumference of the track. To ensure fairness for all participants,
the start is staggered so that the runners farther out from the inside lane start farther
ahead of the contestants to their left, who have a smaller circumference to run around;
as a result all runners travel the same distance.
TOPIC 2: RULES AND SCORING
TOPIC 3: TRACK EVENTS
https://cw.ua.edu/40554/sports/alabama-track-and-
field-athletes-head-to-london-for-world-championships/

32
The middle distance races range from 800 to 2,000 m (874.4 to 2,187.2 yd),
although by far the most popular of these events has been mile (1.6km); top runners
often complete the mile in less than four minutes. Such is the popularity of the mile that
is the only event of English measure still recognized by the IAAF for record purposes.
While the 880-yd (804.7-m), 2-mi (3.2 –km), and other English distances are still run,
only metric marks are now ratifiable as world records. In the middle distances, fatigue
becomes an increasingly important factor, requiring the competitors to pace themselves
so that they can finish the race in the shortest possible time; or, if the race is a tactical
one, to be able to summon a sprint at the end in order to defeat the other contestants.
The long distance range from 3,000 to 30,000 m (1.9 to 18.6 mi) and the
marathon. Also recognize by the IAAF is the one-hour run, in which the participants run
as far as they can within one hour’s time. Rather, the endurance fitness of the athletes
and their use of various strategies play a more important role.
Besides the distance races on the track, which usually are no farther than 10,000
m (6.2 mi), many of longer races are run on the roads. Because of the varying venues
and conditions, no world records are kept by the IAAF for these road races. Similarly, no
records are kept for cross-country races, which, at the international level, are often
12,000 m (7.4 mi). Perhaps the most unusual of the distance track events is the 3,000-m
(1.9-mi) steeplechase, in which the contestants must negotiate 28 sturdy wooden
barriers and 7 water jumps.
The hurdle races require an athlete to possess the speed of a sprinter and the
ability to clear 10 barriers 106.7 cm (42 in) high in the men’s 110-m (120.3-yd) hurdles,
and 10 barriers of 91.4 cm (35 in) in the 400-m hurdles. In the United States, equivalent
distances of 120 yd (109.7 m) and 440 yd (402.3 m) are sometimes run. Women race
over 100 m and 8 barriers 84 cm (33 in) are men’s and women’s races, no penalty is
assessed for knocking down hurdles, unless done deliberately with the hand.
In the relay races teams of four athletes run separate distances, or legs. They
exchange a hollow tube called a baton within designated exchange zones. The most
common relay events are the 4 x 100-m (109.3-yd) relay and the 4 x 400-m (437.2-yd)
relay.
Competitors in the high jump attempt
to clear crossbar. The contestant may make
the takeoff for the high jump using only one
foot, not two. Over the past half-century
jumping styles have change dramatically, from
the “scissors” technique, to the “straddle”, to
the now-predominant “Fosbury flop”. In the
scissors competitor kept the body upright
over the bar. In the straddle, still used by
some, the athlete approaches the bar and
TOPIC 4: Field Events
https://fitpeople.com/cardio/others/the-most-popular-track-
and-field-events/

33
kicks the lead leg upward, then contours the body over the bar, facedown. The flop was
popularized by Dick Fosbury, an American who developed the style and used it to win
the 1968 Olympic gold medal. The athlete approaches the bar almost straight on, then
twists his or her body so that the back is facing the bar before landing in the pit. These
landing areas, which at one time were recesses filled with sawdust, are now well-
padded foam-rubber.
In the pole vault, as in the high jump, the object is for the athlete to pass over a
bar without
knocking it off, in this case with the aid of a pole. In the vault, too, a foam-
rubber pit is employed to break the athlete’s fall. Because the IAAF rules place no
restrictions on the composition of the pole, it has undergone dramatic changes as new
materials have become available. Bamboo and heavy metal models have given way to
the fiberglass pole, which has a high degree of flexibility and allows the athlete adept
in its use to catapult over the bar. Most vaulters use an approach run of approximately
40 m (131 ft) while carrying the pole nearly parallel to the ground. The athlete then
plants the pole in a sunken box, which is positioned immediately in front of the pit,
and rides the pole during the catapulting phase, before twisting the body facedown to
the bar and arcing over while releasing the pole.
In the long jump, or broad jump, as it once called, the contestants run at full
speed down a cinder or synthetic runway to a takeoff board. This board marks the
point where the athlete must leave the ground. He or she may step on the board but
must not allow any portion of the foot to go over it; otherwise, he or she is charged
with foul, and the jump is invalidated. After a legal jump the contestant’s mark is
measured from the front edge of the takeoff board to the nearest point of contact in
the sand-filled pit.
The triple jump requires its contestants to hop, step, and jump into pit. When
the athlete reaches the board, he or she takes off and lands on the same foot; then,
while attempting to maintain momentum, the athlete takes an exaggerated step,
landing on the opposite foot, and then continues into the pit with a third jump, landing
with both feet.
In the shot put, as in the other
throwing events, the competitors
perform from a circular base constructed
of concrete or synthetic material. The
short circle is 7 ft (2.2m) in diameter and
has a toeboard at the front of it. In the
“O’ Brien” technique, the most popular
style, the athlete is positioned at the
back of the
ring, with 16-lb (7.26-kg) metal ball – 8 lb 13 oz (4 kg) for women – tucked under the
chin. The contestant then crouches low one foot and with the back to the toeboard
thrusts to the front of the ring. As the shotputter reaches toeboard, the body must be
torqued in order to provide the impulse to shove the shot forward. The athlete may
touch but not go beyond or touch the top of the toeboard.
https://hipwallpaper.com/shotput-wallpapers/

34
The discus throw employs a plate-like implement weighing 2 kg (4 lb 6.55 oz) for
men and 1 kg (2 lb 3.27 oz) for women. It is one of the oldest of events; it was popular
in the ancient Greek Olympics. The thrower enters a ring 2.5 m (8ft 2.5 in) in diameter
and takes up a position at the back. The athlete rests the discus usually made of wood,
with a metal rim – in the throwing hand. He or she then makes one-and-a-half quick
turns and releases the discus at shoulder level.
The implement in the hammer throw is a metal ball similar to the shot but with
a 3-ft 11.75-in-long (1.21-m) steel wire and handle attached. The entire hammer
weighs 16 lb (7.26 kg). The athlete grips the handle of the hammer with both hands,
turns several times in the circle, and attempts to release at the moment of maximum
centrifugal force. Indoors, a short-handled version, weighing 35 lb (15.9 kg), is used.
The javelin is a spear-like shaft of wood or metal at least 260 cm (8 ft 6.62 in)
long for men and 220 cm ( 7 ft 2.61 in ) for women, with a metal tip at one end and a
grip bound around the shaft at the approximate center of gravity. After a short but
rapid approach run, the 800-g ( 1lb 12.2-oz) javelin – 600 g ( 1 lb 5.16 oz) for women –
is thrown overhand. The javelin point must come down first throw to be legal.
RELAYS
Relay races are where teams of runners compete against each other. There are
typically 4 runners and 4 legs to the race. The first runner starts with the baton and runs
the first leg handing off to the second runner. The hand off must typically take a place
within a given area of a track. The second then hands off to the third to the fourth. The
further runner runs the final, or anchor, leg to the finish line. Common relay races are
the 4x100m and the 4x400m.
RUNNING
Running events include:
1. Sprints (100m, 200m, 400m),
2. Middle distance ( 800m, 1500m)
3. Long Distance ( 3000m Steeplechase, 5000m, 10,000m)
4. Hurdles ( 110/100m, 400m)
5. Relays (4x100m, 4x400m).
JUMPING
Jumping events include:
1. Long jump
2. High Jump
3. Triple Jump
4. Pole Vault

35
THROWING
Throwing events include:
 Discus
 Shot Put
 Javelin
 Hammer Throw
TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
 Sports
 The Sport
 Track & Field
THE EVENTS
This section will first list the standard events in the Olympic Games since the
events and rules establish by the IAAF (International Association of Athletics
Federations), the international governing body for Track& Field, usually trickle down to
the national, collegiate, and with some modifications, to the age-group level. We will
then go over the differences in events for indoor track & field, as well as differences one
would see for high school age and younger kids.
There are 44 events in the Track & Field competition of an Olympic Games
making the sport, by far, the most contested of all Olympic Games. These 44 events can
be divided in to their different event areas beginning by separating track events (all of
the running and walking events), from field events (all of the throwing and vaulting
events). There are also two multi-events, the decathlon and heptathlon, which combine
disciplines from both track & field.
THE TRACK EVENTS
Sprints: 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters
Middle Distance: 800 meters, 1500 meters
Distance: 3,000 meter Steeplechase, 5,000 meters (5k), 10,000 meters (10k),
Marathon (26.2 miles)
Hurdles: 100 meter hurdles (women), 110 meter hurdles (men), 400 meter
hurdles
Relays: 4 x 100 meters relay, 4 x 400 meters relay.
Walks: 20 Kilometer race walk, 50 kilometer walk.
100M
This event is essentially an all-out sprint from the gun to the finish line.
Perfecting the start is essential as is learning to run at top speed while staying relaxed. It
is run on the straightaway of the track.

36
200M
Very similar to the 100m, but success in this event requires additional strength to
enable the athlete to maintain a fast pace over the entire 200 meter distance. The
majority of short sprinters compete in both events. It covers ½ of the oval.
400M
The long sprint. This event requires combination of speed, strength and
tolerance for pain. The fast pace the athletes run usually results in the formation of
lactic by the 300 meter mark, which causes a sensation of burning and fatigue in the
muscles. It is one full lap of standard size outdoor track.
800M
A “tweener” event. There are 800m specialists but athletes in this event usually
either are good sprinters who can run both the 400m and 800m, or they have good
endurance and can run both the 800m and 1500m well. This event requires excellent
natural endurance, as well as good speed for a strong finish. It is two laps around a
standard outdoor track.
1500m
The “metric mile.” The relationship between the 1500m and the 800m is very
similar to that between the 200m and 100m. It requires the same basic skill set with
some added strength and endurance to maintain a demanding pace for nearly a full
mile, but must be prepared to sprint home with a strong finish over the final lap of this 3
¾ lap race.
3000m Steeplechase
This is one of the most interesting events in Track & Field-a distance race with
hurdles. While covering this 7 ½ lap distance, the athletes must traverse four barriers
placed on the track. One of the barriers is placed in front of water pit that must also be
negotiated on each lap. Unlike the lightweight hurdles used for the hurdling events,
these heavy wooden barriers will not budge if hit. Some steeplechasers hurdle the
barriers cleanly, but most step on them with one foot to clear them. Steeplechasers are
usually also very capable 5000m runners.
500m
12 ½ lap race is equivalent to 3.1 miles running at a hard pace. Exceptional
endurance is required, as is a healthy amount of speed for the intense race to the finish
line frequently seen in 5k races.
10000m
This is the longest event contested solely on the track. It is for those have the
strongest cardio-pulmonary systems capable of keeping enough oxygen flowing to the
muscles while maintaining a punishing pace for 6.2 miles or 25 laps around the track.
100mh/110mh
An all-out sprint while traversing 10 hurdles placed between the start and the
finish. The men’s event 10 meters longer and the hurdles are higher. The men’s event is
sometimes called the high hurdles.

37
400mh
Also known as the intermediate hurdles, this event requires the speed of a
sprinter, the strength of an 800 meter runner and the technical skill of a 100 or 110
meter hurdler. This race also involves ten hurdles, but unlike the short hurdle race
where runners will use the same lead leg and trail leg over each hurdle, in the
intermediate hurdles they must be able to use either leg as their lead leg.
4 x 100m Relay/ 400m Relay
Four athletes each run approximately 100m or one quarter of the track. It is not
just the speed of the runners, but the precision of their baton passes that determines
how well the team does. Each baton exchange must be made within a marked zone on
the track. Failure to exchange the baton in the zone results in disqualification. For the 4
x 100m, the baton pass is usually “blind” meaning that the outgoing runner does not
look at the baton but extends her hand back to receive it while running close to
maximum speed and facing forward.
4 x 400 Relay/ 1600m
Relay traditionally, this is the last event contested at most track meets. Each
athlete runs one full lap and exchanges the baton in zone near the finish line. For this
relay the outgoing athlete generally turns his face and watches the baton exchange. The
incoming athlete, who is finishing the final meters of a tough 400m, is usually quite tired
so the outgoing athlete has to accelerate to racing speed while being cautious not to go
too fast before getting the baton.
20 Kilometer Race Walk
Both race walking events are endurance events and usually contested on road
course. Race walk requires a complex physical motion involving the feet, legs, hips, back
and arms. A primary rule of race walking is that at no time can both feet be in the air at
the same time. Judges watch for this running motion and disqualify athletes who
accidentally allow one foot to leave the ground before the other has landed. 20
kilometers is 12.4 miles.
Triple Jump
Similar the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a
sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the
pit, but this was changed to the current “hop, step and jump” pattern from 1900
onwards. These is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient
Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient
Games, others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the
belief stems from a mythologized account of Phayllus of Croton having jump 55
ancient feet (around 16.3m). The Book of Leinster, a 12th-century Irish manuscript,
rcords the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the b Tailteann Games.
The men’s triple jump competition has been ever present at the modern
Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women’s version gained world.

38
Long Jump
The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one
of the events within the ancient Greek pentathlon contest. The athletes would take a
short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who
jump farthest. Small weights (Halteres) were held in each hand during the jump the
swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The
modern long jump, standardized in England and the United States around 1860, bears
along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit.
High Jump
The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in
the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865
the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run
up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a
cushioned landing area. The men’s high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a
women’s competition followed in 1928.
Pole Vault
In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in
Fierljeppen contest in the Frisian area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at
gymnastics competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole
vault competitions was in Cumbria, England in 1843. Bamboo poles were introduced in
the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard.
Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who
were clearing increasingly greater heights.
Throwing Event
Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports, and the
four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic
Games.
Shot Put
The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks.
In the middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was
recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within
the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport.
Discus Throw
In the discus throw, athletes compete to throw heavy disc the farthest. In
standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set of circular arc and take turns
in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the vents
within the ancient penthalon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In
ancient times a heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small
pedestal, and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics.
Javelin Throw
As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times.
Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic

39
pantahlon. Records from 708BC show two javelin competition types co-existing;
throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from
which the modern event derives. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an
ankyle (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra
distance. The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 19th
century and the athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in
men’s competitions. The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the
thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.
Hammer Throw
The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem from tha
Tilteann Games of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a
weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a chariot wheel on
a wooden axle. Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached
to a wooden handle- the root of the term “hammer throw” due to their resemblance to
the tools. In 16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual Blacksmith’s
Sledgehammers were recorded. The hammer implement was standardized in1887 and
the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball
was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while the attached wire had to measure between 1.1`75
m and 1.215m.
The men’s hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women’s
event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally
featuring on the women’s Olympic program in 2000. The distances thrown by male
athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as a result of improved equipment
using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced
training techniques. Professional hammer throwers as historically large, strong, sturdy
athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have
become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been
reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four
controlled rotations.
Direction: Execute the following track and field events. Use improvised equipment.
Event Time (s)
100M
200M
400M
800M
Throwing Event Distance (m)
Activity 3.1. Running
t of badminton
Activity 3.1. Throwing
t of badminton
ASSESSMENT

40
Javelin
Discus
Shotput
Event Height and Distance (m)
Long Jump
High Jump
Activity 3.1. Jumping
t of badminton

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