Thank you for selecting our ๐๐๐๐ PPT
This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐๐๐
You can download our template by visiting our website:
https://www.rxslides.com/product/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd-powerpoint-template:
copy and paste this URL into the browser and download the full editable template.
This ๐๐๐๐ animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐๐๐
โข ๐๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฌ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐๐ ๐๐๐ฅ ๐ซ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฑ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฌ๐ (๐๐๐๐):
โข ๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
A chronic condition characterized by the pathologic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus.
โข ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐๐๐ฆ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
Global prevalence: 15% to 25%, with significant regional variations.
โข ๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐๐๐ก ๐๐ง๐๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฒ:
o Location: Left upper abdomen, below the diaphragm.
o Shape: J-shaped, with five distinct regions: cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus.
o Musculature: Three layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique.
o Mucosa: Highly folded lining containing specialized cells for secretion of hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus, and hormones.
โข ๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
o Incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
o Hiatal hernia
o Delayed gastric emptying
o Increased gastric acid production
o Lifestyle factors (obesity, smoking, diet, pregnancy, medications)
โข ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ:
o Loss of anti-reflux barrier
o Esophageal mucosal damage
o Impaired esophageal clearance mechanisms
o Visceral hypersensitivity
o Acid and non-acid reflux
โข ๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ:
o Heartburn
o Regurgitation
o Chest pain
o Dysphagia
o Respiratory symptoms
o Dental erosions
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
o Personal history (prior GERD, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia)
o Medications (aspirin, NSAIDs, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, bisphosphonates)
o Dietary habits (fatty, spicy, acidic foods, large meals, late-night eating, carbonated beverages, alcohol)
o Lifestyle factors (stress, anxiety, lack of physical activity, tight clothing)
o Genetic predisposition
โข ๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ:
o Upper endoscopy (EGD)
o Biopsy
o pH monitoring
โข ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
o Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - first-line
o H2 blockers - second-line
o Lifestyle modifications
โข ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐จ๐ง ๐๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฉ ๐๐ง๐ก๐ข๐๐ข๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ (๐๐๐๐ฌ)
โข Mechanism of Action: Inhibit H+/K+-ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells, leading to a significant and sustained reduction in acid production.
โข Indications:
o Erosive esophagitis and Barret's esophagus
o Moderate to severe GERD symptoms
o Prophylaxis for NSAID-induced ulcers
โข Dosage and Duration:
o Varied based on severity and response
o Typically, 4-8 weeks for healing esophagitis
o Long-term maintenance therapy may be necessary
Other information:
โข Normal digestion process
โข Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function
โข GERD complications (e.g., Barrett's esophagus)
๐ต๐๐๐ฝ๐://๐๐๐.๐ฟ๐ ๐๐น๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐.๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ
2. GERD Definition
Gastroesophageal
reflux disease
(GERD) is a
chronic condition
characterized by
the pathologic
reflux of gastric
contents into the
esophagus. This
occurs due to
incompetence of
the lower
esophageal
sphincter (LES),
allowing stomach
acid and other
contents to flow
back up into the
esophagus.
6. GERD Prevalence
โข Western Cultures:
Highest reported
prevalence,
reaching 20% in
adults.
โข North America:
18.1% to 27.8%.
โข Europe: 8.8% to
25.9%.
โข South America:
23.0%.
โข Middle East: 8.7%
to 33.1%.
โข East Asia: Lowest
reported
prevalence, ranging
from 2.5% to 7.8%.
7. Stomach anatomy
โข J-shaped organ in
the upper left
abdomen.
โข Composed of five
sections: Cardia,
Fundus, Body,
Antrum, and
Pylorus.
โข Three muscle
layers: Outer
longitudinal,
middle circular,
and inner oblique.
โข Highly folded
mucosa with
specialized cells:
Parietal (HCl),
Chief
(pepsinogen),
Mucous
(protection),
Enteroendocrine
(hormones).
8. GERD
โข Ingestion: Saliva
initiates food
breakdown with
salivary amylase and
lubricates for
swallowing.
โข Esophageal Transit:
Propelled by peristaltic
waves, food reaches
the stomach within 6-8
seconds.
โข Gastric Digestion:
Powerful muscular
contractions mix food
with gastric juices
containing
hydrochloric acid and
pepsinogen. Acid kills
bacteria and pepsin
begins protein
breakdown.
9. GERD Causes
โข Lower Esophageal
Sphincter (LES)
Dysfunction:
Weakened or
relaxed LES allows
stomach contents to
reflux into the
esophagus.
โข Hiatal Hernia: Upper
part of the stomach
pushes through the
diaphragm,
weakening the LES.
โข Delayed Gastric
Emptying: Slowed
stomach emptying
increases pressure,
leading to reflux.
โข Increased Gastric
Acid Production:
Hypersecretion of
acid can irritate the
esophageal lining.
โข
Lifest
yle Factors:
o
Obes
ity: Excess
abdominal
pressure weakens
the LES.
o
Smok
ing: Reduces LES
tone and increases
acid production.
o
**Die
t:**Fatty, spicy, and
acidic foods trigger
reflux.
o
Pregn
ancy: Progesterone
relaxes the LES and
displaces the
stomach
10. GERD Pathogenesis
โข Loss of Anti-Reflux
Barrier: Impaired
lower esophageal
sphincter function
and/or hiatal hernia
allow gastric contents
to reflux.
โข Esophageal Mucosal
Damage: Refluxate,
particularly acidic
stomach contents,
directly injures the
esophageal lining,
leading to
inflammation and
erosion.
โข Impaired Esophageal
Clearance
Mechanisms:
Reduced esophageal
motility and salivary
bicarbonate buffering
weaken the defense
against refluxate.
โข Visceral
Hypersensitivity:
Increased
sensitivity of
esophageal
sensory nerves
amplifies the
perception of
pain and
discomfort, even
with minimal
reflux.
โข Acid and Non-
Acid Reflux:
Both acidic and
non-acidic
stomach
contents can
trigger reflux
symptoms,
indicating a
complex
interplay beyond
solely acid
exposure.
11. GERD Symptoms
โขHeartburn: Most
common
symptom, described as a
burning sensation behind
the breastbone, often
worse after meals or
reclining.
โขRegurgitation: Backflow
of stomach contents into
the throat, often
accompanied by a sour
or bitter taste.
โขChest pain: Atypical
chest pain, often
localized to the lower
sternum or epigastric
region, can mimic
angina.
โขDysphagia: Difficulty
swallowing due to
esophageal inflammation
or stricture.
โขRespiratory
symptoms: Cough, whee
zing, and hoarseness can
occur due to aspiration
of refluxate.
โขDental erosions: Long-
standing GERD can lead
to erosion of tooth
enamel due to acid
exposure.
12. GERD Risk factors
โข Personal History:
o Prior history
of GERD or
esophageal
conditions
(e.g.,
Barrett's
esophagus)
o Obesity or
rapid weight
gain
o Pregnancy
o Smoking
o Hiatal hernia
13. GERD Risk factors
โข Dietary Habits:
o Fatty, spicy,
and acidic
foods
o Large meals
and late-night
eating
o Carbonated
beverages
o Excessive
alcohol
consumption
โข Lifestyle Factors:
o Stress and
anxiety
o Lack of
physical
activity
o Tight-fitting
clothing
โข Genetic
Predisposition:
o Family history
of GERD
14. GERD Diagnosis
Upper Endoscopy
(EGD): Visualizes the
esophagus,
stomach, and
duodenum for direct
assessment of:
Esophagitis:
Presence and
severity of
inflammation (LA
classification).
Barrett's esophagus:
Salmon-colored
mucosal change
indicating increased
cancer risk.
Erosions or ulcers:
Confirmation of
tissue damage.
Hiatal hernia:
Protrusion of the
stomach through the
diaphragm.
15. GERD treatment- PPIs
โข Mechanism of
Action: Inhibit H+/K+-
ATPase enzyme in
gastric parietal cells,
leading to significant
and sustained
reduction in acid
production.
โข Indications:
o Erosive
esophagitis
and Barret's
esophagus
o Moderate to
severe GERD
symptoms
o Prophylaxis for
NSAID-
induced ulcers
16. GERD treatment- H2 blockers
โข Mechanism of Action:
Inhibit histamine at
H2 receptors,
reducing gastric acid
production to a lesser
extent than PPIs.
โข Indications:
o Mild GERD
symptoms
o Short-term
therapy (e.g., 4-
8 weeks)
o Alternative to
PPIs in patients
with concerns
regarding long-
term PPI use
โข Dosage and Duration:
o Varied based
on individual
needs
o Typically, twice
daily
o Shorter
duration
compared to
PPIs
