Live Sound Setup Guide for Centrestage Concert

Live Sound Setup
Introduction
A PA system that is installed correctly and operates at its optimum level will allow a sound signal to
travel from one or more microphones to a mixing console. At the mixing console all signals will be
mixed together in the right balance and levels and sent out to an amplifier. The signals are then
converted into much larger signals and sent to the speakers creating sound waves for the audience to
hear. (Fry, 2005)
The aim of this report is to analyse by way of reference books, government occupational health and
safety guidelines and various sound websites, the installation and operation of a PA system for a one
night concert at Centrestage, Invercargill. The concert consists of a seven–piece funk band. While ...
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Installation of PA System
Centre Stage has AC power available and before any equipment is set up it needs to be remembered
that all the power that is used must be on the same circuit. On the stage there should be a power box
that has all amps, keyboards etc running from it. Keep any leads away from any lighting. By staying
within this rule it will eliminate any Hum.
Place all the equipment where you want it to go. Make sure all the volumes are down on the
equipment and once all equipment has been turned on, lastly turn the amps on. This will avoid any
spiking of the speakers and possible damage. The following list is of equipment to be used and a
diagram showing the routing.
Mackie CFX20 – As this mixer has been purpose built for use in small to medium live sound PA
systems it is an ideal option for Centre Stage. The unit offers low noise and the console is coloured
well giving clarity to the placement of its various knobs and functions. The band needs to have a
minimum of ten mic inputs and this console has sixteen. It has the useful option of a desklamp for
ease of viewing the dark and a cd player for playing at break times. Lab Gruppen fb6400 amp is
used in the PA system and has the power rating of 2x 1300 watts @ 8 ohms
Dbx 260 is added to the PA system because it has been designed to be an all in one signal processor
with all the key essentials that is needed for a live sound system. Some of the key essentials are
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Lab 2: Stimulus Presentation Procedure
Lab 2 – Stimulus presentation Procedure The subject had experienced a 60–minute habituation
session in an operant chamber, but was otherwise naïve to the chamber. The subject was water
deprived for 23 hours prior to the study. This created an establishing operation for water as a
positive reinforcer. 0.1ml of water was delivered using a solenoid delivery system into the water
reservoir on a variable temporal schedule of 90 seconds. Reinforcement delivery was accompanied
by the sound of water dropping. The study was terminated following 11 reinforcements. The latency
between delivery of the reinforcer and subsequent drinking of the reinforcer was recorded. If the
subject failed to drink before the succeeding reinforcer was delivered, this delivery ... Show more
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The data points in trials 9 and 10 show a change in trend. Ideally a further data point would have
been taken in baseline to establish whether this sudden decrease in latency was due to random
variability. A moderate to high latency is displayed overall. Following classical conditioning the
data show a decrease in variability and in the latency between stimulus presentation and the
response. There is also a change in trend from increasing to no trend. The data paths in each phase
of Figure 10 appear different due to the principles of classical conditioning. Prior to conditioning,
the sound that accompanied delivery of reinforcement was a neutral stimulus. As such, it could not
yet elicit a drinking response from the subject. The behaviour of the subject was therefore
influenced by its phylogeny and previous learning history and not the presentation of the sound of a
water droplet. The unconditional probabilities graph in Figure 1 demonstrates that dipper activity is
part of the subject's existing behavioural repertoire. It therefore has a chance of happening at some
point during the session. The first instance of dipper activity following delivery of reinforcement
will increase the future frequency of dipper activity, due to the establishing operation for water as a
positive reinforcer. Cyberrat

Floor Systems
01 floor system
BuildingConstruction151
The idea of a Floor System
FLOORS
Floor system are a building's primary element supports both loads: a) Live load– I.e people,
movable equipment) b) Dead loads–(weight of floor construction itself)
Floor system transfers loads to: beam column or bearing walls.
A construction, on ground level or at an upper level of a building or structure, on which people walk
or place furniture or appliances.
It is part of a room or space that forms it's lower enclosing surface.
01 floor system
A floor system may composed of: series of linear beams and joist overlaid with a plane of sheathing
OR Homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete To distinct components of the floor are: 1. A sub–
floor / base course 2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A gap is built into the slab and a flexible filling material or strip that allows the slab to move in a
controlled manner is installed in this gap.
01 floor system
Concrete floor
Factors of difficulties
These interesting factors are as follows; 2.Slabs may be loaded with large point loads When we have
a large point load applied to our slab from perhaps a piece of large machinery or a large wall or
perhaps a column, we make the slab stronger to take this load. The may be the form of increasing
the thickness of the slab or even providing a separate footing.
3. As we engaged a site we may have to deal with a site that is not flat and so the slab will have to
deal with this in some way If the site is sloping we know that a slab does not really enjoy being on a
slope, we stepped the slab to accommodate this.

01 floor system
Concrete floor
Factors of difficulties
These interesting factors are as follows; 4.We may have to put a hole in the slab Openings in slabs
are best dealt with by treating the edge of the slab as a beam to give it extra strength as concrete
does not support itself all that well.
01 floor system Concrete floor
How do we make a concrete slab?
The basic principle to remember is that concrete is a sloppy God–awful mess when we first look at
it but then we turn it into something wonderful. We take the sloppy mud like concoction and

Operant Conditioning And Video Game Addiction
An analysis of Operant Conditioning and its Relationship with Video Game Addiction
A report published by the Entertainment Software Association revealed that in 2015, 155 million
Americans play video games with an average of two gamers in each game–playing household
(Entertainment Software Association, "Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game
Industry"). With this massive popularity that has come alongside video games in mind, the question
is raised: how are video games affecting today's people? With the current way video games are
structured, the game rewards players for achieving certain accomplishments e.g. competitive video
games reward players who achieve victories with a higher ranking. With this in mind, some gamers
may place more emphasis on their gaming achievements rather than their happiness or success in
the real life. This in turn might cause a gamer to become addicted; however, a distinction must be
set between video game addiction and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning towards a gamer
can be one of the factors contributing towards video game addiction; they are not the same thing.
Before one talks about video games, they must first know what a game is. Games are "closed,formal
systems that engages players in structured conflict and resolves its uncertainty in an unequal
outcome" (Fullerton,47). Games are closed in the fact that once engaged in the game, the player sets
asides their rules for their daily life and accepts the rules of

The Importance Of Communication In The Classroom
One of the most important things that a teacher must have in the classroom is great communication
skills. Not only in the classroom, but with the rest of the school, parents, and the community. The
text defines communication as the act by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages
that are distorted by noise, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback (DeVito,
2005 pg. 108). Teachers not only have to ensure effective communication within the class, but they
also have to turn the classroom into a motivating place where students want to learn. I believe that
teachers should love what they do and should be positive every time they enter the class. I also
believe that in order to have a successful classroom, students must be rewarded for their
accomplishments. Teachers should put some type of reward system in place. As I continue this
writing I will discuss different types of communication, listening as it pertains to the classroom,
motivation, reinforcement and rewards. I will address are the numerous types of communication that
can be used in the classroom. The first type of communication is verbal communication. This
communication comes in many different forms. One example is the vocal component. The vocal
component is how teachers say different words. The text says that the voice brings words to life, and
that is so true when it comes to world of teaching (Moore, 2015 pg. 110). Changes in tone, voice
loudness or strength, rate, inflection,

Classical And Instrumental Conditioning And Classical...
In order to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning, it is required to first define the content
from which they are derived from, that is learning. According to Domjan, learning is a long lasting
change in the process of behaviour involving particular stimuli with or alternately responses that
result from previous experiences with those or almost the same stimuli and responses (2009). There
are several learning paradigms which take the behaviourist approach, but as previously mentioned
this essay will focus on only two, which are classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a utilisation of a neutral stimulus to signal the fast approaching conveyance
of a biologically significant event. This teaching brings about an adjustment in the animal's response
to the neutral stimulus. Instrumental conditioning, however, is a method in which a reward is
conveyed after an animal has made a response. It brings about the animal being more likely to
reiterate the response (Pearce., 2008). This essay will aim to analyse classical and instrumental
conditioning and also consider the similarities and differences between these two learning
paradigms.
Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus, with an unconditioned stimulus to
elicit a response. One of the most prominent experiments conducted to define classical conditioning
is the behavioural psychology study of Pavlov's Dogs, devised by Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov

Essay On Reinforcement
Procedure 1: utilize the best Backup of All A full reinforcement is precisely what the name infers. It
is a full duplicate of your whole informational collection. Albeit full reinforcements apparently give
the best assurance, most associations just utilize them on an occasional premise since they are
tedious, and regularly require an expansive number of tapes or plate Useful for Your archives,
application learning, and media documents, and furthermore the framework as a whole Recurrence:
Daily Recuperation highlights: Versioning and full–framework reestablish Programmed off–site
stockpiling: No You purchase a USB drive, you connect it to your PC, and furthermore, the
reinforcement begins. You don't need to introduce PC code on your drive ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since Rebit goes down everything, you'll have the capacity to recuperate your whole framework
when a hard–drive crash or option calamity just by booting from an exceptional CD.Rebit makes
recovering a specific document basic. Right–click ago into Windows soul, pick My Rebit and pick
an adaptation of the document from your reinforcement. Or, then again double tap the Rebit
framework repository symbol for the Windows Explorer–like Rebit Browser. Rebit is planned for
the period, persistent reinforcement. The program moves down a document as directly as you alter
it, hence you ne'er got the opportunity to have certainty going down. Obviously, unendingly
influencing reinforcements to can moderate the pc recognizably. What's more, keeping
reinforcement media hindered into your PC every minute of every day places it in peril of energy
surges, malware, and cheats because of your reinforcement is as presented to those dangers as your
essential framework is.Fortunately, you don't need to keep the Rebit drive deterred in. On the off
chance that you'll have the capacity to shoulder as a primary concern to connect it to once
consistently, it'll duplicate everything that has adjusted since you last had it snared. Rebit moveable
and desktop drives square measure realistic in changed capacity limits. The corporate prescribes
looking for a drive that is at least twenty–five

Sources and Implications of Different Perspectives of...
Biological perspective assumes that behavior is cause by that of the nervous system. So everything
we say, do and think are due to brain activity between neutrons. Since our brain is determine
somewhat by our genes we get from our parents, our behavior may be predetermined by these
genetic factors. Since our genes are part of the evolutionary theory, psychologists think that
behavior may have evolutionary explanations as to why we act the way we do. Genetic influences,
in some behaviors like hallucinations and other disorders are the effect of faulty inherited genes.
These genes are said to be the cause of malfunctioning within the nervous system thus explaining
our behaviors. This perspective supports that nurture has more to do with ... Show more content on
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After the consuming of the drugs, the brain and body feels dependent of this substance. This
dependency could be due to many factors like the way one feels when it's one drugs. The happiness
the brain is tricked into thinking it likes and therefore needs more of. Since the first time the drug is
introduce into the body, neurotransmitters will have different effects of the body. Therefore if the
effect is positive, one will continue to use drugs and if it's negative then the opposite will occur
because of the feelings and reactions that were caused within the body. So if no pleasure is gain
from consumption then it's likely that the person will not continue to consume drugs. In addition,
drug addiction may actually be the basis of genetics. Although no research proves this, drug
addiction may be actually an inherited gene from the parent.
Behavioral perspective, focuses on the fact that we are controlled by our environment and from
what we learn from it. Environmental factors affect how we respond to different situations. This
could be due to a bad experience or maybe something they were told would happen if they were
involved in certain situations. The approach takes two main paths one from their environment
through classical conditioning and the other through operant conditioning. Classical conditioning
involves learning through association as for operant involves learning through consequences of our
actions. Behaviorism takes in account

The Theories And Processes Of Learning
Introduction
In this training manual we will cover;
Background Information on the influential theories and processes of learning
A step–by–step guide of how these theories can be used to allow your pet to learn a desired behavior
The effectiveness of these training methods through their strengths and limitations
Classical Conditioning
Definition–The learning of desired behavior through repeated association between two events which
are as such the stimuli
This theory of learning was founded and created by Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) a Russian scientist
interested in studying how digestion works in animals. Through this study he had the ... Show more
– This experiment that modified a reflex behavior (salivating at the sight of food) showed how
learning can take place.
Operant Conditioning
Definition– The learning of behavior through association with a punishment and reward system. As
such the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through the association between
negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. (There is also positive punishment and negative
punishment but they haven't been studied and are harder to grasp for learning techniques so will not
be discussed)
This theory of learning had some of its origins in the previously stated classical conditioning
theories as well as some roots in American animal psychology. Much of this work was tested on
animals and then generalized to humans as testing this was highly unethical

Learning For Building A Personalized Intelligent Tutoring...
Abstract– Many intelligent tutoring systems have been developed using different artificial
intelligence techniques.
In this paper, we propose the use of reinforcement learning for building a personalized intelligent
tutoring system to teach skating to an autistic student who can 't communicate well with others. We
make use of personalized intelligent tutoring system that uses
Reinforcement learning techniques to teach autistic basic rules regarding skating and provide
instruction to a student based on their needs. The proposed system also gives the test to assess his
learning.
Keywords: Intelligent Tutoring System, Reinforcement
Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Autistic
1. INTRODUCTION n intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is a computer system that aims to provide
immediate and customized instruction or feedback to learners, usually without intervention of a
human teacher. An ITS have a common goal of enabling learning in a meaningful and effective
manner by using variety of computing technologies. ITS is a system which adapts to what is need of
learner and it takes care of learner 's sense and also presents input based on students learning
behavior and needs.[1]
In this paper, we propose to use Reinforcement Learning for building an intelligent tutoring system
to teach Skating to autistic students, who can 't communicate well with others or they may have
exceptional learning skill of unknown origin.
The main purpose behind the use of Reinforcement Learning is that it

Reflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology
Reflection Paper #2 In this second unit of Psychology, it was fascinating to focus in on how we as
humans learn behaviors, and what can cause us to each function differently in similar situations.
Many scientists from the early 20th century have contributed to what we know today about the brain
and how it responds to sensations, perceptions, hearing, and conditioning. Some concepts that were
most applicable to my everyday life and that I enjoyed learning about were the sensory systems,
associated learning, and what Pavlov did for the field of Psychology. What struck me about the
sensory systems was all the different things that went into it. There are so many different moving
parts: stimuli, absolute and difference threshold, and transduction. I find this particularly interesting
because different people, even though they are experiencing the "same" situation, have stimuli that
respond differently. I have always had a high tolerance for spicy foods, and while some of my
family members pour gallons upon gallons of milk down their throat, I'm asking for a second
serving. This is due to different people having more active tastebuds that are more sensitive to heat
than my own, therefore sending more stimuli to the brain. It is also interesting that some people
have stronger receptors in the olfactory bulb than others, called "hyperosmia." Both of my parents
have this, and I know understand why they can not handle hardly any air freshener, perfume, or
cologne. Even if we happen

Behaviorism And Emergent Literacy
Behaviorism and Emergent Literacy Emergent literacy is the knowledge of reading and writing,
before being formally taught how to read and write. After birth children are already in the process of
becoming literate. Children learn literacy in many ways. For example, children learn from their
parents through modeling when reading to them at bedtime, reading signs, and making list. Children
also learn about literacy from own their interactions and experiences. Currently, there are four main
theoretical perspectives on language acquisition: Behaviorist Perspective, Nativist Perspective,
Social–Interactionist Perspective, and Neurobiological Perspective. Each theory has merit and is
observable in certain situation throughout langue learning. However, no one theory can describe
emergent literacy in all situations. It is now believed that each theory is more prevalent at different
stages of learning. Researchers believe that the theories replace each other in some form throughout
emergent literacy. (Vukelich, Christie & Enz, 2012). The behaviorist view suggests that nurture, not
nature, is the dominant role in learning language. The main theorist for the behaviorist perspective is
B.F. Skinner. Behaviorists believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A positive reinforcer likely increases the likelihood of a behavior whereas as negative reinforces
will likely decrease the behavior. In regard to positive reinforcement there are internal and external
positive reinforcements. Internal refinforcers refer to things like food, water , and smiling . External
reinforcers are things like the satisfaction of discovering new idea, following the rules, doing what
you like, etc. Likewise, it is necessary to understand that punishment and negative reinforcement is
not the same thing. Punishment works only temporarily or produces unwanted side effects, such as;
avoidance or

How Small Children Learn Their First Language Essay
How do small children learn their first language? Discuss some environmental factors and internal
factors involved in language acquisition. "Children are extremely perceptive and absorb what goes
on around them long before they can talk or even comprehend the language". –Theodore Isaac
Rubin, psychiatrist and author. But, have you ever thought about how children learn their first
language. Do they certainly learn by absorbing what they hear around them or is there more to that?
Maybe we do not give enough credit to the brain and how it functions when it comes to learning a
native language. Children learn by imitation, analogy, reinforcement, and structure input. However,
are these factors enough to explain how kids learn their native language? As we all know language
can be extremely complicated, still young children are able to master this skill at a very young age.
They might not speak it or express themselves like an adult would but by the age of five they are
completely understandable. However, if children do not memorize sentences and no one teaches
them the language grammar how are they able to learn the language in such a short period of time?
There are theories that try to explain how this is possible. Some think that children extract the rules
of the language they hear around them. Therefore, no matter the language a kid is exposed to they
will be able to learn the language until puberty. Meanwhile, other linguists believe that children are
born with a brain

Black Men In The Prison System Essay
"We ain't thugs for the sake of just bein' thugs. Nobody do that where we grew at N___, duh! The
poverty line we not above. So I come in the mask and gloves 'cause we ain't feelin' the love. We ain't
doin' crime for the sake of doin' crimes. We movin' dimes 'cause we ain't doin' fine. One out of three
of us is locked up doin' time. You know what this could do to a N___ mind? My mind on my
money, money on my mind. If you owe me ten dollars you ain't givin' me nine! Ya'll ain't give me
40 acres and a mule. So I got my glock 40 now I'm cool." Jay–Z Imagine waking up every morning
hungry, except rather than just driving down to your local fast food spot, you can not even afford a
dollar hamburger from McDonald's. Imagine falling asleep to ... Show more content on
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Black youths are admitted to state correctional facilities for drug offenses at 48 times the rate of
white youths, according to a report by the Building Blocks for Youth Initiative. (CITATION) There
is obviously a problem in the programming of the successful African American youth. If a shortage
can be created in the circuit of this problem, then the rate at which these young men are straying can
be decreased.
In a much simpler time, humans roamed the earth just living and reproducing. The quote, "So easy a
caveman can do it" has implied that humans were pretty much illogical at one time. As logic and
sheer discovery came into play, we evolved into a purposeful race. "A boat without a paddle" just
does not make sense anymore. Would you walk your dog if it did not have accidents inside of your
home as a puppy? Would soldiers continue to fight in Iraq if their freedom and liberties were not
threatened? From walking a dog to fighting for freedom, the common denominator is motivation.
Motivation is defined by the U.S. Army as, "the will to accomplish a mission". (CITATION) It is
safe to assume that throughout our lives, the will, not necessarily the want, is essential for change.
With that said, the logical answer to my questions is 'no'. Without some kind of motivation, whether
positive or negative, even the simplest task is

The Structure Of The Company's Expansion
6.4 Growth Planning
The company's expansion consists of platforms in two objectives: (1) provide in–house services
such as publishing, manufacturing, merchandising, tour promotion and recording; and (2) sell
products in new geographical markets. Grow is based on expanding operations to territories outside
the Twin Cities area; the number of finished products is increased as we enter new areas.
Determining when to expand depends on the condition of the business and the economic conditions
of the market, outlined below. Before growth is considered, operations must function firmly, and the
needs of customers and clients must be met before, during and after transitions.
Condition of the Business Objections
When any of these factors are met, Devotion will open proposals for growth platforms.
Devotion is recognized by the community and/or a threat in the industry.
Devotion has a customer base that regularly buys our products and employs our services.
Devotions needs extra office, storage, floor, packaging and/or manufacturing space.
Devotion has sales that are rising with steady marketing campaigns.
Artist's begin to form a following in major territories.
Devotion needs to hire new employees and divide operations in management departments with
directors, managers and staff.
Devotion is netting further merchandise and/or manufacturing orders that need fulfillment.
Devotion is trafficking increasing songwriters, producers and talents alike.

Child Directed Speech Essay
Child Directed Speech
What is Child Directed Speech? It is the theory of language development of young children aged
between 1 year old and 4 years old. There are three key features in the development of child speech:
Phonological:
Â· Speak slower, clearer pronunciation
Â· More pauses, especially between phrases and sentences
Â· Higher pitch
Â· Exaggerated intonation and stress
Lexis:
Â· Simpler, more restricted vocabulary
Â· Diminutive forms (e.g. 'doggie')
Â· Concrete language, referring to objects in the child's immediate environment
Grammar:
Â· Simpler constructions
Â· Frequent use of imperatives
Â· High degree of repetition
Â· ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pointing to a picture.
2) Query: e.g. ask to identify picture.

3) Label: e.g. tell what object is.
4) Feedback: e.g. Repetition and reinforcement.
Repetition and reinforcement:
Skinner, B.F (1957), Behaviourist:
Suggests that parents should play on the role of: Stimulus> Reward.
However, its noted that all children pass through the stages of development, regardless of the types
of reinforcement given. Also, there is a gap between performance (speaking) and competence
(understanding). Finally, consistent application – create original sentences (not imitating – creating).
Innateness:
Noam Chomsky (1959 + 1965) }
} Biological Molecule.
Lennenberg }
Lennenberg's theory (L.A.D.) – Language Acquisition Device.
Linguistic Universals
Â· Deepstructure
Â· Surface Structure
However, there are criticisms behind this theory:
1) Suggests that language can only be learned by exposure to it – neglects interactive aspects.
2) Bard and Sachs (1977) – Jim – Son of deaf parents, – The parents used very little sign language
to communicate with him, instead, exposed him to television and radio, to develop and understand
language, however, very little language at all was developed until, he was sent to a speech therapist
where a gradual progress of speech was accomplished.
So how is speech is developed?
Speech

Pavlov 's Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Bhavika D. Patel
Atlantic Community College
Abstract
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on
different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two
stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is
conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov's studies learned to associate
countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli
were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as
conditioning. While the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The assistant's footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start
salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of
learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of
footsteps with the coming of food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds
with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs' salivation
(which he termed "psychic secretions") in these types of scenarios (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012, p.
248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov's examinations led to the development of classical conditioning.
Conditioned Response Experiment
To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had
followed up to his observation and examining the connection between stimulus and response.
Pavlov has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive
salivating when there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and
salivating is learned. Pavlov basically states that the sound of footsteps is the stimulus and salivation
is the response, which occur during learning.
Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog's cheek to allow a proper
collection of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly
how much the

Audio Engineering Career
As audio engineers it is our duty to bring the highest quality audio to all of our projects. These can
range from studio recording, radio, TV, movies, games, forensic audio and what we will be going
through in detail, live sound. Any form of live event, be it a rock band's concert, orchestral
performance, stage play or even live sports events will need some form of sound reinforcement.
Sound reinforcement consists of an arrangement of microphones, signal processing, mixing, amps
and loud speakers to reinforce the sound of an event, ensuring that all members of the audience have
the best auditory experience and can clearly and adequately hear all audio evolved in the event.
These systems are overseen by a single or team of live sound engineers ... Show more content on
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Being able to communicate well is vital as there are many people involved in a live performance
and the audio has to work in conjunction with many other aspects of the the show. The engineer has
to communicate with not only the auido team but also the managers of the venue, the musicians,
punters, lighting teams and security. By having the ability to engage and communicate each of their
specific needs can be met. Does a musician have a specific instrument set–up that they desire? Are
the certain venue regulations that have to be upheld? Clear communication means that questions
such as these get answered and

Define Psychophysics and Summarize the Contributions of...
Define psychophysics and summarize the contributions of Fechner and Weber.
Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the behavior or mental
experiences the stimuli evoke. Gustav Fechner was the most significant figure in history of
psychophysics. He provided a set of procedures to relate the intensity of a physical stimulus
(measured in physical units) to the magnitude of the sensory experience ( measured in psychological
units). It has been determined that there are different thresholds. Absolute threshold is the smallest
detectable level of stimulus. I can speak personally on this topic because I have taken many hearing
tests, which is absolute threshold test. An issue that occurs is that at these ... Show more content on
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Simple cells respond to bars of light in the "favorite" orientation (Psychology and Life). Complex
cells are the same as simple except complex cells like to keep moving. Hypercomplex cells require
moving bars of a particular length, moving corners or angles. The cells provide types of information
to higher visual centers in the brain that ultimately allow the brain to recognize objects (Psychology
and Life).
Describe classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning was introduced by famous Physiologist Ivan Pavlov. It involves presentation
of neutral stimulus along with another significant stimulus "unconditional stimulus". Pavlov came
upon this theory because he was initially conducting another expirement were he put meat powder
in the dogs mouth so he could measure digestive secretions and saliva. But with this he noticed that
the dog would start salivating just by the site of the meat powder, the by the site of the assistant
taking the meat powder, then as time went on anything that associated itself with the meat powder
produced salivation in the dog. Pavlov went on to conduct his classical conditioning which was
were he chained a dog to a machine that measured the quantity the dog salivated. At regular
intervals a tone was sounded that was followed with a bit of food. The tone itself had no importance
to the dog except for an orientating response that had the dog curious to find were the tone came
from. Combining the tone with a bit of food

The Theory Of The Client 's Language Development Essay
THEORETICAL APPROACH
Upon further analysis of the client's CELF–4 scores and the client's weaknesses, it has been
determined that the Behaviorist Theory will exemplify the client's language development. The
Behaviorist Theory believes that language is learned, just like everything else. Behaviorism is
having to do with the emphasis in the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the
near exclusion of innate of inherited factors, Mcleod (2007). Those who follow this theory see
language as a verbal behavior, which is essentially under the control of consequences mediated by
others, Nelson, N. (2010). This theory believes in classical and operant conditioning. This theory
believes children learn oral language through a process involving imitation, practice, and
reinforcement. Skinner believed behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated or strengthened,
and in contrast behavior that never gets reinforced tends to be extinct or weakened.
Reinforcement can be either positive or negative, where positive strengthens the behavior, and
negative tends to weakened it. Skinner showed how positive and negative reinforcement work by
conducting a study on rats. Positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in a box, which
contained a button on the side and as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the
lever. As a consequence of knocking down that level, a piece of food would drop into a container
next to the lever. Thus, rats quickly learned

Life Course And Human Development
According to Crawford and Walker(2010), the life course is defined in literature as, "The
progression and path an individual takes from conception to death." (Crawford and walker, 2012,
p.3). The study of the life course and human development is extremely complex and could be
described as interdisciplinary as it encompasses many fields of study. When examining the life
course of individuals it is necessary to consider all of the various factors that affect human
behaviour. These may include; psychological, biological, social, behavioural, cognitive or culture
factors. Age can also be considered as a factor that influences lifespan development. In the early
19th century, the term "age related change" was regarded as only applicable to the early childhood
stage but in recent years, psychologists have come to accept that age related changes occur
throughout the entire life span. According to Boyd and Bee (2014), other earlier theories included
Charles Darwin's suggestion that, "the wide variety of life forms that exist on earth evolved
gradually as a result of the interplay between environmental factors and genetic process." (Boyd and
Bee, 2014, p.3) Therefore Darwin proposed that it was either solely, "nature" or "nurture" that
influenced the human development, but instead, a combination of both. In this assignment, I am
going to focus on the specific psychological factors that influence human behaviour during the life
course. I will compare two different psychological

Essay on Digital Steerable Line Array
Loudspeakers and Line Arrays play a vital role in live sound reinforcement. The main goal of line
arrays is to evenly distribute the full range of frequencies and 'loudness' of the performance to the
audience, no matter where the people are standing. Stage hands and audio technicians work together
before a live performance in order to achieve the optimum sound quality for the audience's
satisfaction during their experience of the live event. Typically, traditional line arrays are set up by
technicians on ground level. With the help of motorized hoists, the speakers are hanged or "flown"
to be rigged at a specific height and achieve its J shaped curve– provided that the stage or venue is
able to properly accommodate the speakers' weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, each high frequency driver consists of several movable components in order to
optimize the "aim" of high frequencies. While ICONYX is supposedly one of, if not the first of its
kind, Renkus–Heinz is not the only company to develop digitally steerable speakers. Martin Audio's
version of digitally controlled line arrays is called the "Multi–Cellular Loudspeaker Array" or MLA.
Aesthetically, the MLA is more like the line arrays flown on big concerts and stadiums most people
are familiar with. Simply put, by using the provided software, the specifications of venues or
audience space is detected and analyzed by the array itself. Additionally, each of the 72 to 144
"cells" or parts of the line array is capable of having its own phase, level, and EQ individually and
independently set. All of this is controlled electronically, by further use of digital signal processing.
Due to the sheer amount of moving components, the MLA has the ability to constantly change its
directionality and arrangement in order to adjust the loudspeakers' coverage, or accommodate to
weather changes, or rigging height modifications; in real time. Unfortunately, further in–depth
scientific data and proof presented by Martin Audio is far beyond my understanding of physics and
acoustics, so I will not attempt to rehash the information and instead cite the source. Suffice to say,
MLA uses

Diploma in Audio Production Level 3
Diploma in Audio Production Level 3
The Soundcraft Vi4 is a state of the art professional live sound mixing console by Harman. The Vi4
is made up of multiple components that if used proficiently, can benefit any live sound
reinforcement situation. With 48 mono inputs of concurrent mixing channels, which can be coupled
to form stereo sound and direct outputs for each and every input, this is the ideal industry standard
sound desk for live sound reinforcement by Soundcraft.
The Soundcraft unit consists of a local rack and a stage box, each with its own input and output
quantity. There are 16 analogue line inputs and outputs not inclusive of the 3 adaptable analogue
microphone/line inputs on the local rack itself. The digital inputs and outputs on the local rack
supports 8 pairs (16 channels) of Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting Union
(AES/EBU) inputs and outputs as well as 64 channel Multichannel Audio Digital Interface (MADI)
in and out via optical SC connectors. Additionally, a talkback microphone input and line output can
also be located on the local rack.
The Vi4 stage box houses 48 analogue microphone/line inputs and 24 analogue line outputs with
remote gain control, phantom power (+48V), PAD and 80 Hz High Pass Filter (HPF) available only
at the stage box inputs.
The entire Soundcraft Vi4 structure is linked together via standard fit, shielded Cat 5E Ethernet
cables and is controlled by a control surface. The Soundcraft control surface is an

Testing Conditioning Methods Through Sniffy Simulation
Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation
Amir Ayoub
Fordham University
Abstract
This lab tests different forms of conditioning on a virtual rat named Sniffy. In this experiment we
began with the virtual rat completely unconditioned and then worked towards getting Sniffy to pull
the lever and get food on his own. We went through many steps to complete this task starting with
getting Sniffy to notice the food chamber, the lever, and finally having Sniffy realize he can obtain
food whenever he wanted by pressing the lever. Then, pushing it further, we made him press the
level two, three, four and then five times to receive one pellet. All of these steps tested the idea that
receiving the food as a reward will allow Sniffy to realize the benefits of learning and conditioning
himself to do things that have a positive outcome more.
Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation
This lab is focused on the ideas of classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is when
a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response. In
time this turns the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus that causes a conditioned response.
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments
for behavior and encourages associating desirable or undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors.
The most famous research on this would be

The Behavior Is A Learned Habit
Have you ever heard a young child say something way beyond their age, or, watched a child
preform an action–good or bad–that is far too advanced for them to be doing at their age? Have you
ever stopped to wonder why? Children are like sponges, absorbing everything around them whether
it is positive or negative. According to American behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, "all behavior is a learned
habit". As an aspiring teacher and (someday!) mother, that statement can be scary because I know
none of my behaviors are golden. Fortunately, Skinner created an operant conditioning chart (also
known as the "Skinner Box") which consists of three consequences: positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement, and punishment. Biographical Background of B. F. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
After having children, accepting a new job in Indiana, returning to Harvard, and all the while
watching his children grow, Skinner's focus shifted from studying the behavior of animals to
studying the behavior of children. This shift is important in the field of education, having created
what we know as "classroom management," where a teacher either rewards or punishes the
student(s) for their behavior. Skinner's belief behind his idea was that "positive [and negative]
reinforcement was a great tool for shaping behavior". In 1989, Skinner was diagnosed with
leukemia and passed away the following year at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Today, his
work lives on thanks to his daughter, Julie, who is head of the B.F. Skinner Foundation
(Biography.com Editors, 2016). Key Points of Behaviorism Skinner and his work are monumental
to the field of education. Skinner's entire theory is based off of the fact that behaviors are learned,
and in order to learn an acceptable behavior, a consequence must be given as a way of praising the
behavior, or condemning it. In Skinner's book, About Behaviorism (1974), he says: "we cannot
anticipate what a person will do by looking directly at his feelings or his nervous system, nor can we
change his behavior by changing his mind or his brain". Just as others cannot see how I feel, which
drives my behavior, I cannot see how they feel, which will drive their behavior. This is why
Skinner's operant

Biological Perspective Of Psychology Essay
The biological perspective of psychology is focused on the biology of the human mind and its
effects on the psyche of the individual. Also called biopsychology or physiological psychology, it
takes the view that human behavior can be understood based on the natural driving forces found in
the brain itself, as well as the nervous system, and is also influenced by the hormones produced by
an individual's endocrine system and the effects of the immune system, in combination with the
genetics residing in the individual's DNA and the resulting physical characteristics they cause to be
expressed. Psychologists from the biological perspective also study how different stimuli on the
endocrine or nervous system can cause changes in an individual's behavior. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is commonly accepted that many illegal drugs are so addictive because of the effects they have on
an individual's dopamine levels. Dopamine is the chemical in the brain that is responsible for
feelings of pleasure. Drugs like cocaine, meth, and heroin release up to ten times the body's normal
amounts of dopamine, causing the euphoria referred to as "being high". As dopamine levels drop
back to normal, an individual will use again to re–experience the "high". The brain, meanwhile,
develops a need for the higher than normal levels of dopamine, leading to addiction. There is often
also a genetic predisposition of an individual to abuse a substance, whether it is alcohol, street
drugs, or legal substances like tobacco or prescription drugs.
Like Rene' Descartes, the biological perspective of psychology approaches the study of human
nature based on scientific and mathematical facts, with methodical and rational research. This is
both a strength and weakness. While a strictly scientific and fact–driven approach makes for reliable
studies and some good medical outcomes, it doesn't take into account all the emotional and social
variables that can also influence an individual's behavior and are unique to that

Stimulus And Response Prompt
Prompting: "The purpose of the prompt is to transfer stimulus control from a stimulus that will
reliably evoke the response to a stimulus which will ultimately control the response when no prompt
is provided" (Algonquin, 2017). Of the two main types of prompting, stimulus and response,
response prompting would be the most suitable type of prompting for this scenario as it is best used
when trying to encourage a new behaviour. There are four types of response prompts, physical,
modeling, gestural and verbal. "It is best to choose the least intrusive prompt that will be effective"
(Algonquin, 2017), then move up the prompting levels to determine which prompt would be most
appropriate for your learner. With Alex I will use verbal prompting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
184). Since Alex's behaviour is under stimulus control of the prompt, it is important to eliminate the
prompt through prompt fading so he doesn't become prompt dependent. Token Economies are
contrived reinforcement system, consequently it is necessary to fade them to a naturally occurring
system of reinforcement. The prompt fading strategy I will use will be most to least, prompts will
gradually be removed across trials until I no longer deliver them. Since we are using verbal prompts
I will fade them (verbally) in the following manner. The verbal prompt "running" should it be
required, will be faded to part of the word, or to the beginning letter sound if necessary as is
outlined by Miltenberger (Miltenberger, 2014, p. 190). When Alex can reply to the, "What is the boy
doing?" by saying, "running" without the echoic prompt, the verbal stimulus is dropped and the
reinforcing consequence is again applied. As well any physical reinforcer such as 'high fives' would
be faded at this step. Finally on later attempts when Alex is presented only with the discriminative
stimulus, "What is the boy doing?" and correctly relies, "running", I would just praise and give him
the token. Gradually in later sessions I would start to increase the number of tokens required for the
backup reinforcer until Alex is independently engaging in the desired behavior. Of course this
change of schedule would be explained to him and he would understand that tokens would be given
only after two (three...) correct answers. In the long term the token system would be faded out. It is
important that Alex become as independent as possible and learn to generalize

Classical Conditioning Vs Operant Conditioning Research Paper
Although conditioning techniques can be used for other purposes such as treatment of phobias in
humans (Wolpe 1969), many of the experiments and uses of these particular techniques involve
animals and animal training. This essay will argue that operant conditioning is a more effective
method of animal training than classical conditioning, although neither method is completely
effective, by examining the differences between the two methods, and their benefits and limitations
when used in animal training.
To understand the differences between these two methods of conditioning, they must be explained.
Ivan Pavlov is credited with the first experiment to demonstrate classical conditioning (Pavlov
1927) in which dogs were trained to salivate at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operant conditioning has the added benefit of having several options for reinforcement schedules
allowing a trainer to produce the fastest possible acquisition rate with the slowest possible extinction
rate, producing an animal which is trained faster to perform the desired action, while performing
this action for longer after reinforcement is no longer given. However, neither operant nor classical
conditioning can be completely effective in animal training as there are biological constraints
produced by evolution which produce

What Is Information Reinforcement?
Normally, any kind of data backup is superior to no reinforcements by any means. In any case,
extraordinary reinforcement systems differ by security, time spent and financial cost. How about we
investigate straightforward standards you have to remember while making a reinforcement system
for your dataset. There is no "the best" information reinforcement methodology that would
flawlessly fit with completely everybody's needs. You have to remember that the measure of
information, stockpiling gadgets, the estimation of information and the requirement for security
differ in an extensive territory. Rather than duplicating some instant information reinforcement
methodology one by one, the best arrangement is to comprehend the most imperative ... Show more
Figuring a point by point recuperation design is the primary point of the whole IT disaster recovery
(DR) arranging venture. It is in these plans that you will set out the nitty gritty advances expected to
recuperate your IT frameworks to a state in which they can bolster the business after a disaster.
Regarding debacle recuperation methodologies, ISO/IEC 27031, the worldwide standard for IT
catastrophe recuperation, states: "Procedures ought to characterize the ways to deal with actualize
the required strength so the standards of occurrence counteractive action, discovery, reaction,
recuperation and rebuilding are set up." Strategies characterize what you intend to do when reacting
to an episode, while plans depict how you will do it. "The backup and recovery should be simple to
perform and complete as quickly as possible using all available tape drives." (Amundson, Halley,
Koeller, Koser & Smith, 2000) "While disaster preparedness focuses on the steps of what a
company should do in the event of a crisis, disaster recovery focuses on the continuation and
restoration of essential systems within the information technology infrastructure." (Kendall, Kendall
& Lee, 2005). When you have distinguished your basic frameworks, RTOs and RPOs, for instance,
make a table to enable you to detail the fiasco recuperation techniques you will use to secure them.
You'll need to consider issues,

Language And Development Of Language, Experience,...
Language plays a significant role in the process of transmitting knowledge and culture among
mankind. Everyone learns a language at the early stages of life. From birth to seven years, a
tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various
developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist
and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also
throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of
theories laid by Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget.
Language is explained as the communication among human beings. Human communication can be
either spoken or written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this stage a child even begins to grasp the
meaning of short phrases such as 'give me', do not touch' and the like. In the next
phase of language
development, the child articulates words. The child picks up simple words from its surroundings
and that which may be taught him. He associates the words with its meaning (Kuhl et al., 2016).
The development of semantic skills take place here. In the later phase, sentence formation begins. In
the beginning, grammar and the conventional way of sentence structure is lacked. From here
commences the syntactic development in an individual. Through experiences and expressions, the
child unknowingly adapts to the accepted grammar and conventional sentence construction rules of
its language ((Bloom, 1993). By the age of four a child speaks and understands his language clearly.

A child is inspired by surroundings to develop its language skills. He or she imitates and reacts to
the sounds around them. B. F. Skinner, one of the pioneers of behaviourism, emphasizes the role of
environment in language development (Sommerville, 2006). He argues that a child learns words by
associating it with meanings. The word 'cat' brings the idea of that particular animal in
the child's
mind. Children imitate words and sentences used by parents and elders. According to him, children
learn language on the basis of reinforcement principles. Adults surrounding them, especially parents
and siblings, correct and

Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay
While many people may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable
of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to
survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of
learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific
patterns of behavior in the presence of well–defined stimuli.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural
response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is
achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the
likelihood of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organisms will be inclined to comply to the desired response if they are rewarded for doing so. If an
organism is punished for a certain behavior they will not risk the same punishment recurring.
In operant conditioning, it is possible to strengthen responses by either presenting positive
reinforcement or by the removal of negative reinforces. "New responses can be learned by
organisms by gradually reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response"
(Weiten p. 238). This is what is meant by shaping, It is the gradual use of reinforcement until the
desired response has been reached.
Reinforcement is the main contributing factor in operant conditioning. There is more than one way
to go about establishing reinforcement, if a delay occurs between the response and the
reinforcement the response may not become strengthened. It is likely that if the reinforcement
occurs immediately after the response that there will be a definite strengthening of the response.
Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement occurs at every instance of the desired response.
Intermittent reinforcement occurs when a response is reinforced some of the time. The different
schedules of reinforcement influence patterns of response. Intermittent schedules offer greater
resistance to extinction than continuous schedules.

The Methods Of Decreasing Stressful Behaviors
Sally, a 38 year, old European–American female lesbian is seeking therapy. Her relationship with
her partner, Jessica is under threat of dissolution. Jessica is complaining of Sally's lackadaisical
attitude towards working and behaving like an adult. The latter remarked that everyone expect much
from her and her acceptance based on "what I am." Her partner not convinced by her defense and
argued that she has been "crying wolf" in most part of their 15 years' marital affairs. Greenberg's
view on methods of decreasing stressful behaviors, behavior change techniques, and working with
job burnout specific to Sally with particular reference to clinical, cultural and diversity factors will
be useful in discussing her experiences. There is no doubt that Sally is experiencing stressful
situation. Her stressful behaviors classified under lifestyle behaviors. This behavior covers activities
which people are engaging and include daily activities: doing domestic chores, going to work or
school, and enjoying leisure activities 9Greenberg, 2013). One of the methods for decreasing
stressful behaviors is by self–monitoring. This is a process of observing and recording of one
individual behavior. Sally can be able to monitor her job performance and deficiencies affecting her
adulthood. As a method to increase aware ness of personal behavior, Sally will be able to be aware
of why she is underperforming at work, her constant complaining and "crying wolf" and the
relationship differences

Example Of Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is one kind of learning process demonstrated by B.F. Skinner that changes the
behavior through the use of reinforcement and punishment. A behavior can change as a result of the
individual response to stimuli that occur in the environment. According to Staddon and Cerutti
(2003), operant behavior described by Skinner as a behavior that "controlled by its consequences is
in practice little different from what had previously been termed instrumental learning and what
most people would call habit" (p.115). Basically, in this conditioning, the term reinforcement will be
used to refer to any event that strengthen the behavior, meanwhile the term punishment used in any
event that weaken the behavior. To emphasize, there are two ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This hearing test typically applied for children who aged between 2 to 4 years old in the form of
game through conditioning. Sabo (1999) stated "play audiometry involves conditioning the child to
respond to sound using an activity such as placing a peg in a pegboard, placing blocks in a
container, stacking rings on a stick or placing puzzle pieces into a puzzle" (p.53). The children are
believed to be captivated with these games, and the games also can be used to point out a specific
behavior in order to signify a response every time he or she hear the signal (Folsom and Diefendorf,
1999). Apart from that, clapping hands or praising the child are considered as social reinforcer that
assist to exhibit the conditioning (Sabo, 1999). Thus, the social praise in this conditioning is
considered as reinforcer meanwhile the activities represented as response. Through this
conditioning, frequency and ear specific information can be acquired to both air and bone
conduction stimulation. Even so, in order to obtain the necessary information to identify the level of
hearing loss for very young children or uncooperative children, the sequence of frequencies should
be presented optimized. Moreover, the opposite ear cannot be tested until the other ear side undergo
complete testing (Sabo,

Ivan Pavlov, Classical Conditioning And Instrumental...
Learning is defined as a process which leads to permanent change in behaviour or knowledge which
occurs through experience. It is known as an adaptive function carried out by the nervous system in
relation to the environment. The process of learning allows the neural pathways can be activated,
rerouted and strengthened, and all of this causes the changes in behaviour. There are two main types
of learning: classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning process which occurs through associations between an
environmental and natural stimulus. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was
a Russian physiologist. Pavlov was initially studying the digestive process of dogs when he
accidentally observed a gripping behavioural phenomenon. Pavlov noticed that the dogs started
salivating as soon as it saw the technicians who fed it entering the room, even though there was no
food in sight. This response demonstrated the basic principle of classical conditioning which made
Pavlov question why the dogs reacted in this way, therefore he decided to research the concept in
depth.
In Pavlov's further study, he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs, later on this constant action
made the dogs to salivate when just ringing the bell. Pavlov's main intention of carrying out this
experiment was to find out whether the dogs could be trained to salivate at other stimulus like the
light or the sound of a bell. During the study,

Example Of Classical Conditioning
Something that we have all been exposed to in our lifetimes is classical conditioning, or an
association between different stimuli that elicits a new learned behavior. Classical conditioning
consists of an unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR),
and an unconditioned response (UR). The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits an
unconditioned response that is not based on any prior experiences. Salivating when you smell food
is an example of an unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. Adversely, ringing a bell
before dinner would create an association between food and the bell and cause salivating. This is an
example of a conditioned stimulus (the bell) and a conditioned response (salivating). Perhaps the
most well–known example of classical conditioning can be evidenced in Ivan Pavlov's experiments
with the salivating dogs. Ironically, Pavlov was researching digestion in dogs, when he observed
that the dogs began to salivate when the researchers who normally fed the dogs were present. This
reaction, was caused by the dogs associating being fed, with the presence of the researchers, who
inadvertently became the conditioned stimuli. Pavlov validated his findings by using sound as a
stimulus while feeding the dogs. After several repetitions, the dogs began to salivate when they
heard the sound without the presence of food (McLeod, 2014). The example for this assignment is
Antonio feeling sick to his stomach

Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and...
Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and One–Trial Learning
Option 2:Psychology Literature Review
Psych 635
06/15/2015
Environmental and Evolutionary
Teaching new tasks to organisms can be a difficult process for any individual to undertake.
Psychologists, parents, teachers, and a wealth of other individuals attempt to teach new tasks
through a variety of methods such as by shaping the new desired task, through reinforcement of it,
or even through one–trail learning. The different methods that are used each have their benefits
depending on what a person is attempting to teach and can be better suited for different tasks
dependent on what the tasks are. The paper is going to cover the concepts of shaping and chaining,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this way the researcher is still providing rewards to the rat as the responses get the rat closer to
pressing the button and the rat learns that it is not always getting a reward if it does not do what it
needs to do.
One–trial learning
One–trial learning is a theory much like the name sounds, learning that takes place in one pairing of
a response and a stimulus but is not strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus
("One–Trial Learning", 2014). This theory was developed by American psychology Edwin Guthrie
that believed individuals learned from cues which tell a person to do a behavior rather than from
being conditioned through rewards that followed the behaviors. Many conditioned responses occur
as a result of the one–trial learning such as taste aversion to certain foods. The response happens
through a single pairing of the stimulus and response with no need for repetition. Taking the rat
pressing the button Guthrie would believe that rat would learn through cues that told the rat to press
the button and no reward would be given to the rat in order to get the rat to press the button. In the
case of the rat, the rat may be shown about pressing the button and then would be expected to be
able to do the behavior, thus learning from the single showing or one–trial.
Development Psychologists
Development

The Various Language Skill Development
Being social animals, human beings experience an innate drive to communicate and share their
thoughts and feelings with others. The essay discusses the various language skill development
stages among the children from zero to seven years. It analyses the importance of nature and nurture
with the aid of behaviourist and nativist perspectives. In the light of the explanations by Vygotsky
and Jean Piaget, the essay attempts to discuss the role of culture, experience, maturation and
willingness to learn. Cambridge dictionary defines language as 'a system of
communication' among human beings. This communication system consists of sounds and
words. The element of grammar makes communication meaningful (Cambridge Dictionary 2016).
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gradually the child imitates the words from its environment. Children are more used to the words,
like mom, milk, dad, no, that are recited to them frequently. At this stage, the child associates these
words to their meanings. After the age of two, there is a tremendous exploration of vocabulary
(Clarke, 2009). Children accumulate thousands of words till the age of six. Initially they go for
replacement of difficult terms with simple ones. This is due to their struggle with complex
vocabulary. This tendency changes after six. The conventional word order, tense and grammar are
grasped during these ages. By the age of four, children would be good conversationalist. At this
stage the syntactic and semantic developments occur in children (Choice2099, 2014). Children, in
their early years, imitate sounds and words that are produced by adults. B.F. Skinner employs his
theory of behaviourism to explain this mental process (Nellie, 2013). Skinner argues that language
development like any other behaviour or habit, can be imbibed through repetition and
reinforcement. He uses the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to explain
this phenomenon. Children associates the frequently used terms with its meanings. The word
'mom' brings the mental image of their mother. They tend to use correct words and
pronunciation to experience positive

Black Men in the Prison System Essays
"We ain't thugs for the sake of just bein' thugs. Nobody do that where we grew at N___, duh! The
poverty line we not above. So I come in the mask and gloves 'cause we ain't feelin' the love. We ain't
doin' crime for the sake of doin' crimes. We movin' dimes 'cause we ain't doin' fine. One out of three
of us is locked up doin' time. You know what this could do to a N___ mind? My mind on my
money, money on my mind. If you owe me ten dollars you ain't givin' me nine! Ya'll ain't give me
40 acres and a mule. So I got my glock 40 now I'm cool." –Jay–Z Imagine waking up every morning
hungry, except rather than just driving down to your local fast food spot, you can not even afford a
dollar hamburger from McDonald's. Imagine falling asleep to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Extinction is removing something in order to decrease a behavior. Restriction is the most obvious
form of extinction. Punishment is "adding something aversive in order to decrease a behavior".
(CITATION) Most have experienced punishment either as a receiver or a giver. Corporal
punishment is considered to be a form of punishment. As a result of a certain behavior, a spanking is
added to the situation in order to decrease that behavior. It is thought that black families are known
for using corporal punishment in excess. Besides the fact that by the time they reach the age of 13
spankings become redundant, this does not seem to be the answer. "Punishment can also invoke
other negative responses such as anger and resentment." (CITATION)So this tells us that solely
using one of the four approaches to learning is not the answer to this particular issue. Perhaps a
more enhanced prevention of criminal behavior should be put in place. Rather than just using a
punishment or extinction mechanism such as incarceration, the utilization of some sort of positive
reinforcement in conjunction, or in some cases in replacement of the lone punishment and
extinction, will decrease the cycle of African–American males ending up in the prison system.
Reparation plans have been an ongoing debate for over 100 years. Albeit a lot of the debate is
relating the hardships the Native Americans of the "Manifest Destiny" as a direct result of white
immigration west,

Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Analysis
Internet Activity #8
Each of us learn in different ways. I for one am a hands on learner. I learn best by getting my hands
on things and seeing how things work. I am not very good at learning things by simply reading a
book and taking a test. Although most of my schooling is just that. Many things influence our
learning as well, such as environmental. These can include reinforcements, observations,
associations, and punishment. Some of the primary learning theories I will discuss will be classical
conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. First I will discuss classical
conditioning. Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov. But first let me explain
what classical conditioning is. The learning takes place when an association is formed between a
previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, according to Pavlov. He first noticed
this in his experiments on the digestive system of dogs. The dogs began to salivate whenever the
dogs saw the white coats he was wearing, prior to being fed. He paired the natural stimulus of food
with the sound of a bell. Then the dogs would naturally salivate in response to food. Then after
several associations, the dogs would salivate to the sound of the bell. So this is how classical ...
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It was first discovered by a psychologist by the name of B.F. Skinner. He was more interested in
learning how the consequences of actions influenced behavior. This is similar to classical
conditioning because it relies on forming associations. In operant conditioning associations are
made between a behavior and the consequences of that behavior. According to Skinner, when a
behavior leads to a desirable consequence, it becomes more likely that the behavior will be repeated
again in the future. When the action is negative than the outcome is likely to occur. This is how
operant condition became about and who discovered it. Next is observational

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