Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )

Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )
Diabetes mellitus (DM) exists in 29.1 million people, or 9.3% of the United States population, and
of these 29.1 million people, 65% will die from a form of heart disease. DM adds incremental risk to
the development or subsequent exacerbation of heart failure; this holds true even after adjustment of
common risk factors such as ischemic heart disease and hypertension. Furthermore, the prevalence
of heart failure in patients with DM is between 10% and 22%; this is four times higher than the
general population.
Controlling blood glucose has been widely accepted as a method to reduce risk of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular events and new–onset heart failure; although this observational relationship exists, no
evidence from randomized controlled trials illustrates that improved glycemic control modifies risk.
Many of the antihyperlipidemic agents, namely thiazolidinediones, dual peroxisome proliferator–
activated receptor agonists, sulfonylureas, and insulin may cause adverse events such as increased
plasma volume, exacerbation of heart failure, dysregulation of myocardial metabolism, and
worsening of left ventricular function; therefore, a clinical concern exists with prescribing agents
that may lead to morbidity and mortality.
The United States Food and Drug Administration has set standards on new diabetic drugs' safety in
regards to major adverse cardiovascular events, but heart failure events are not included in this
safety requirement. Moreover, the rates of heart failure
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Diabetes Mellitus Essay
Diabetes Mellitus
Is a multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
Diabetes Mellitus is a serious health problem throughout the world. It is the 5th leading cause of
death in the U.S. It is the leading cause of heart disease, stroke, adult blindness, and nontraumatic
lower limb amputations.
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Current theories link the cause of diabetes, singly or in combination, to genetic, autoimmune, viral,
and environmental factors (obesity, stress). Regardless of its cause, diabetes is primarily a disorder
of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin supplies and/or poor utilization of the
insulin that is available. The two most common types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rise in plasma insulin after a meal stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle,
inhibits gluconeogenesis, enhances fat deposition in adipose tissue, and increases protein synthesis.
The fall in insulin level during normal overnight fasting facilitates the release of stored glucose from
the liver, protein form muscle, and fat from adipose tissue. For this reason insulin is known as the
anabolic or storage hormone.
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue have specific receptors for insulin and are considered insulin–
dependent tissues. Other tissues (brain, liver, blood cells) do not directly depend on insulin for
glucose transport but require an adequate glucose supply for normal function. Although liver cells
are not considered insulin–dependent tissue, insulin receptor sites on the liver facilitate the hepatic
uptake of glucose and its conversion to glycogen.
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Formally known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes, type I
diabetes mellitus most often occur in people who are under 30 years of age, with a peak onset
between ages 11 and 13. The rate of type I diabetes is 1.5 to 2 times higher in whites than
nonwhites, with a similar incidence among males and females. Typically, it is seen in people with a
lean body type, although it can occur in people who are overweight.
Etiology and Pathophysiology

Type I diabetes results from progressive destruction of

Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm )
Diabetes Mellitus In the pancreas, there are specialized cells that form small islands of cells, called
"islets of Langerhans," that are alpha cells and beta cells. In these endocrine cells, they release
pancreatic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon that diffuse into the bloodstream to regulate
glucose levels. Beta cells secretes insulin, which regulates carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism and
storage. On the other hand, alpha cells secrete glucagon, in which it breaks down stored sugar
(glycogenolysis). Without enough production of insulin, glucose remains in the blood that generates
an increase levels of sugar in the blood. In Insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), which is
also known as type–1 diabetes there is a continuing destruction of β cells leads to progressive loss of
insulin–secretory reserve with, in order, loss of first phase insulin secretion in response to an
intravenous glucose tolerance test, then to clinical diabetes when insulin secretion falls below a
critical amount, and finally, in most but not all those with type 1 diabetes, to a state of absolute
insulin deficiency (Daneman 2006). In other words, majority of the cells that are suppose to produce
insulin from the pancreas are eternally destroyed. According to Barr (2008), in Noninsulin–
dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type–II diabetes, "is a progressive disease caused
by a combination of complex metabolic disorders that result from coexisting defects of multiple
organ

Diabetes Mellitus
There is a great deal of literature and studies that have been done on the subject of Diabetes Mellitus
(DM). According to Healthy People.gov, there is an estimated 23.6 million people in the United
States living with diabetes and it is the 7th leading cause of death. It also lowers life expectancy by
up to 15 years, increases the risk of heart disease, is the leading cause of kidney failure, lower limb
amputations, and adult–onset blindness (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2015).
The goal set by Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the disease and economic burden created by
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and to improve the quality of life for persons at risk for or living with this
disease. The types of studies I reviewed include clinical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I searched using MEDLINE, which is known for being a premier source of bibliographic coverage
of biomedical literature (Polit & Beck, 2012). It cover 5,000 medical, nursing and health journals
published in about 70 countries and contains 15 million records (Polit & Beck, 2012). I then
searched the Cochrane Library whose goal is to make well informed decisions about healthcare by
preparing and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care interventions (Polit &
Beck, 2012). The Cochrane Library listed clinical trials that focused on lifestyle interventions, but
the clinical trials were in progress or the articles could not be viewed without a

Diabetes Mellitus Essay examples
Diabetes mellitus (DM) or simply diabetes, is a chronic health condition in which the body either
fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by
the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some
pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The cliché for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood
levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabetes mellitus is related to the
hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is responsible for
maintaining an optimal glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main
energy source. Due to abnormal insulin metabolism, in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With gestational diabetes it is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously
diagnosed with diabetes. It may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin
resistance.
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus, previously known as insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus, is unknown. What we know today is that in most people with type 1, their body's own
immune system which normally fights against infections mistakenly destroys the beta cells of the
pancreas making insulin secretion impossible. Genetics also plays a role in this process, and
exposure to certain viruses could trigger the disease. Whatever the cause, once 90% or more of the
beta cells are destroyed, the pancreas will produce little or no insulin. In type 1 diabetes due to the
lack of insulin, the glucose is not able to enter the cells to be used for energy and instead it builds up
into the bloodstream, where it can cause life–threatening complications.
The cause of type 1 diabetes is different from the cause of the more common type 2 diabetes in
which the beta cells of the pancreas are still functioning, but the body becomes resistant to insulin or
the pancreas is not able to produce enough insulin or both.
The early symptoms of untreated diabetes are related to elevated blood sugar levels and loss of
glucose in urine. High amount of glucose in urine can lead to increased urine output and
dehydration. Insulin deficiency can lead to weight loss despite the polyphagia.

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus, more commonly known as type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, is a disease that
causes destruction or dysfunction of β cells, which are cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin (1).
Having dysfunctional β cells leads to a deficiency in insulin, which in turn limits the uptake of
glucose into the cells (2). Currently, diabetes does not have a cure; it is managed by close glucose
monitoring and injection of exogenous insulin (1). However, only with these methods, it is difficult
to control the blood glucose levels in a range that is considered normal (3). As low blood sugar
poses an immediate danger, and continued high blood sugar leads to serious life threatening
consequences – such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two different ways of encapsulating the stem cells. First is the microencapsulation
approach, which is when one cell or an islet cluster is individually encased in a microscale capsule
made of polymer (8). It can maximize the surface area to volume ratio, but this technique is hard to
have control over the thickness and pore sizes of the nanoporous layer and it is difficult for retrieval
(8). The other technique is the macroencapsulation approach, which involves the packaging of many
cells or islet clusters in one macrocapsule (9). It has the advantages of being easier to retrieve and
that it requires a minimally invasive implantation, but the downside is that nutrient exchange is less
effective (9). Now, researchers are trying to find the optimal membrane that meets all of the
requirements. First, as the fundamental purpose of encapsulated islets, the membrane must be
efficient in transporting glucose and insulin for accurate control of blood glucose (7). Secondly, to
act as a physical barrier between the transplanted cells and the patient's immune system, the
membrane needs to be able to block proinflammatory cytokines, antibodies, and other immune
molecules from entering the capsule, reducing the risk of immune response against the injected cells
(7). Lastly, the membrane of the device must allow oxygen and nutrients to

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition which afflicts millions of people around the world. It is
related to the insulin hormone, which is secreted by cells in the pancreas, regulates the level of
glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as
energy. In someone who has diabetes, the body doesn't produce enough insulin or cells don't respond
to the insulin that is produced. There are three main types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestational.
I will be discussing type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus, IDDM, or juvenile diabetes' consequences are from the body's failure to generate insulin. It
is an autoimmune disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cause is a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Some cases include toxins from plastics.
Type 2 occurs gradually with most cases of people who are overweight. When you're overweight the
fat interferes with your body's capability to use insulin. If sugar can't enter the cells, sugar builds up
in the blood causing hyperglycemia. Other serious problems stemming from diabetes can lead to
problems with the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, blood vessels, and other areas. Long term
complications can lead to heart attacks, stroke, amputations, and kidney failure. Signs and
symptoms are that of type 1 as well, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, and weight loss. It
affects 90% of the diabetes population and occurs in adults and children. Most people don't
understand the long term damage that badly managed diabetes can produce. Increased blood glucose
causes dehydration throughout the body. Continual high glucose concentration can cause tissue
injury like abnormal functioning and structural changes, resulting in not enough blood supply
reaching the tissue. Increased use of fats can cause metabolic acidosis and if combined and if
combined with dehydration can result in sever acidosis and diabetic coma. Type 1 diabetes that isn't
treated can cause depletion of the body's proteins because the body isn't using fats and proteins for
energy rather

Diabetes Mellitus As A Disability
The amount of patients being diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus has sky–rocketed these past few
years. '"In 2010 the figures were 25.8 million and 8.3%"" and has increased in '"2012 to 29.1 million
Americans, or 9.3%."(American Diabetes Association, 2014); it is seen nationwide, and has now
even begun to affect our youth. In South Texas Diabetes Mellitus seems to be the number one
thriving disease affecting its general population. Diabetes Mellitus is now one of the most widely
known diseases that has turned into an epidemic and in 2008 the ADAAmendments Act of 2008
acknowledged Diabetes Mellitus as a disability, and rightly so since it affects many, from children to
the elderly, causing complications (such as amputations, failure of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Two out of three people with diabetes die from heart disease or stroke"' (American Diabetes
Association, 2014).Society needs to further educate themselves in order to fully understand this
disease and how it can affect their daily lives, whether by short term complications like blurred
vision, to long term complications like kidney failure, and how they can prevent or delay diabetes
and its complications.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic illness that requires the individual to manage, support, and educate
themselves of their illness in order to prevent any further complications. It is disease that is caused
by the impairment of insulin secretion and also caused by insulin resistance and insulin deficiency.
Insulin is the hormone used to control and maintain homeostasis over the amount of glucose in our
blood stream. If not much insulin is secreted it can lead to hyperglycemia, which is an abnormal
increase of glucose in the body. Early symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus are related to hyperglycemia
and include, but not limited to, polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight
loss, sometimes with polyphagia (excessive hunger), and blurred vision. This may also lead to pre–
diabetes, which is when '"glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis
of diabetes"' (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).
There are two main types of diabetes, Type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is where the

Information: Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, habitually referred to as diabetes is caused by a decline in insulin secretion by the
cells of the pancreatic islet resulting into a surge in blood glucose concentration, a condition known
as hyperglycemia. Diabetes insipidus is a disorder defined by the secretion of huge quantities of
highly diluted urine, this is regardless if a reduction in fluid intake. This is as a result of a deficit of
anti–diuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
The disorder diabetes mellitus is associated by extreme reduction in weight, a higher urge for
urination, also known as polyuria, higher levels of thirst (polydipsia) and an extreme craving to eat
known as polyphagia. This disorder has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
OADs can also include adverse side effects. For example, up to 2.5% and 17.5% of patients treated
with sulfonylurea (SU) encounter main and trivial hypoglycemia, respectively, whereas GI troubles
concern up to 63% of metformin–, 36% of thiazolidinedione(TZD)–, and 30% of acarbose–managed
patients. Marginal edema is seen in up to 26% of TZD–treated patients moreover body weight
increase of 1 to 5 kg is widespread with both SU and TZD treatment (1). These side effects may
encompass negative consequences on patient observance to therapy, thus higher HbA1c amounts
and amplified threats for hospitalization and mortality for all causes.
Presently, insulin treatment is the primary medication with the confirmed capacity to convey any
patient to glycemic objective at any position in the development of the disease. It is normally given
after OADs have become ineffective, and unfortunately regularly soon after than is perfect. Glucose
is the most important catalyst of insulin production; glucose amounts in healthy persons are kept
within moderately constricted confines. The physiological plasma insulin outline in healthy persons
exhibit little but steady insulin amounts in fasting circumstances, with jagged prandial peaks curtly
(in 30 minutes) following meals followed by a gradual come back to basal levels when amplified
insulin production is no longer essential. In order to steer clear of glycemic digressions, exogenously
incorporated insulin would preferably strongly

A Brief Note On Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is usually a lifelong metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia or high
sugar levels in the blood; can be caused by lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or both. Insulin is a
hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. It controls the metabolism of
carbohydrates and fats that the body used for energy. Without insulin, glucose (sugar) in the blood
builds up causing hyperglycemia. There are 3 classic symptoms of diabetes; the 3 Ps: polyuria
which defines as frequent and excessive urination, polydipsia which defines as excessive thirst, and
polyphagia which defines as excessive eating.
There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes mellitus also known as insulin–
dependent diabetes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is more often develops in winter than summer time and more common in places with cold
weathers. Typical onset is before the age of 30. Many major organs in the body can also be affected
by type 1 diabetes including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Related problems
include slow wound healing, vaginal infections (vulvar itching), neuropathy, gastroparesis (delayed
stomach emptying), visual and hearing problems, heart disease, blood vessel disease (foot ulcers),
kidney problems (may result in dialysis). Risk factors may predispose an individual to the
occurrence of this type of diabetes such as genetics, exposure to toxins and certain viruses such as
the Epstein–Barr virus, Coxsackie virus, mumps virus and cytomegalovirus which destroys the beta
cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can come
rapidly and may include the classic 3 Ps; polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, bedwetting in
children who previously didn't wet the bed during the night, weight loss, muscle wasting, irritability
and other mood changes, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, vaginal yeast infection, and
ketonuria or ketones (acid) in urine; high ketone levels can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Treatment for type 1 diabetes is a lifelong commitment to taking insulin, exercising regularly and
maintaining a healthy

Essay on Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a chronic, genetically determined, debilitating disease that affects every organ system.
There are two major types of diabetes: Type I and Type II. Type I or insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM), is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing cells of the
pancreas and is usually, but not always diagnosed in childhood. People with type I diabetes must
take insulin shots in order to survive. Type II diabetes or non–insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM), are usually diagnosed in adulthood. They produce insulin, but their bodies do not use it
effectively or properly. While many modern diseases plague society, diabetes has been known for
many centuries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar. Occurs when blood sugar is too high. It can be a sign that
diabetes is not controlled very well. And ketoacidosis, or diabetic coma, is very serious and should
be taken care of by a healthcare practitioner (Hoffman, 34–49).
Signs and symptoms of IDDM include: high levels of sugar in the blood, high levels of sugar in the
urine, frequent urination, extreme hunger and thirst, extreme weight loss, weakness and tiredness,
feeling edgy and having mood changes, and feeling sick to your stomach and vomiting.
Signs and symptoms of type II diabetes: One is that it develops very slowly. Most people that get
NIDDM have an increased thirst and an increased need to urinate. They also feel edgy, tired, and
sick to their stomach. Some have an increase in appetite, but do not gain weight. Other signs and
symptoms may include: repeated or hard to heal infections of the skin, gums, vagina, or the bladder.
Impotence, blurred vision, tingling or loss of feeling in the hands pr feet, and dry, itchy skin. These
symptoms are very mild and are not easily connected to diabetes. Older people confuse these signs
with aging and do not seek medical attention early enough.
Since this disease is genetically determined, anybody can get it. Diabetics live with this disease
forever. It never goes away, even when all of the treatments available. Diet and

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or
its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the
amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the
category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the
woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive
a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get ... Show more content on
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As nutrients are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta
transport. Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are
associated with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such
as insulin; play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue (insulin
resistance) occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The
majority of pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes
Mellitus; although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump, 2012, p.
552). Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs in GDM; this can result in many issues such as
birth trauma, macrosomia, neural tube defects, prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal
hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia. Also, women who have had a history of obesity and GDM; are
prone to obtain cesarean section, hypertension, future diabetes, pre–eclampsia, urinary tract
infection. Clinical symptoms can also be seen in the children of the women with GDM, for example:
macrosomia, birth trauma, increased risk for respiratory distress, and developmental problems.
Another factor to keep in mind is if the mother has had bariatric surgery;

Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Essay
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellites(DM), is a deficiency of insulin action causing hyperglycemia. The majority of
DM have a decreased secretion of the cells, insulin resistance, or counterregulatory hormones(
McPhee & Hammer, 2010). Insulin is synthesized from the beta cells from the pancreases.
Composed from A peptide and B peptide connected to C peptide and disulfide bonds. Insulin is a
hormone that aids in metabolism. encourages glucose uptake and the synthesis works mainly in the
liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
(Huether & McCance, 2012). Hyperglycemia occurs when glucose levels are past the threshold for
the renal system to reabsorb glucose. Causing polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia( McPhee &
Hammer, 2010).
Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA) is from metabolism of fats and proteins with increasing ketones in the
circulation(Huether & McCance, 2012). The loss of insulin activity increasing serum glucose levels
due to hepatic glucose output and decreased glucose uptake. DK occurs in both type 1 and type 2,
type 1 is due to lack of endogenous insulin. Type 2 occurs decreasing the insulin action due to
infections, trauma, or increased stress, which can cause coma, due to the hyperosmolality ( McPhee
& Hammer, 2010).
Hypoglycemia symptoms occur secondary to the release of catecholamine. Symptoms are shaking,
sweating, palpitations, with worsening into further issues of neuroglycopenic symptoms, such as
confusion and coma, night sweats, nightmares, and

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome in which carbohydrate and fat metabolism are impaired by
decreased sensitivity or lack of insulin. There are two types of of diabetes; Type 1 also called
insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Type 2 also called non–insulin–dependent diabetes
(NIDDM). In type 1 diabetes the beta cells of the pancreas do not produce any insulin. When there
is a lack of insulin the cells are unable to utilize the glucose necessary for energy. In type 2 diabetes
the pancreas are still about to produce insulin however, there is a development of insulin resistance
and impaired glucose metabolism. The signs and symptoms of IDDM and NIDDM are very similar.
The symptoms most commonly noted are polyuria, polydipsia, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Complications (2014, July, 31). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–
conditions/diabetes/basics/complications/con–20033091/ states that " The longer you have diabetes
– and the less controlled your blood sugar – the higher the risk of complications." Too much sugar in
the blood can damage the walls of the capillaries that nourish the nerves in places such as the legs.
This can lead to neuropathy which can cause tingling, numbness or burning in the peripheral
extremities. When left untreated all feeling can be lost permanently. Damage to the nerves can lead
to erectile dysfunction in men. The kidneys are also affected by diabetes by destroying the fragile
filtering system. The damage can be so severe that it can lead to renal failure or ESRD. In order to
treat it a person may require dialysis or a kidney transplant. Eyesight can also be affected be
diabetes. It can lead to retinopathy diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the retina that can lead
to blindness. Diabetes also increases the risks of cataracts or glaucoma. The cardiovascular system is
also affected by diabetes it drastically increases the risk of coronary artery disease, heart attack and
atherosclerosis. Eventually the complications that stem from diabetes may be debilitating and affect
a persons quality of

This paper deals about the study of diabetes mellitus, the pathology, types of diabetes, further
complications if not controlled and management for the prevention of this disease. Diabetes refers to
a set of several different diseases. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucose, in the
blood. To understand why this happens it helps to understand how the body usually works. When
you eat, your body breaks down your food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes
into your bloodstream, where it travels to all the cells in your body. Your cells use glucose for
energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the
cells. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus further explain ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Unused glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver. Between meals, when blood glucose is at minimal
levels, tissues continue to require an energy source to function properly. Stored glycogen, via
glucagon, is converted to glucose by a pathway known as glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis is the
production of glucose in the liver from noncarbohydrate precursors such as glycogenic amino acids.
Elevated glucose levels result in the formation of sorbitol (a sugar alcohol) via the aldose reductase
pathway. Since sorbitol cannot readily diffuse through cell membranes, cell edema and changes in
function can ensue. With respect to the eye, this contributes to the evolution of premature
cataractogenesis (nuclear sclerotic, senile and snowflake posterior subcapsular cataracts) and sight
threatening diabetic retinopathy (compromising the pericytes that line capillary walls). An additional
complication of hyperglycemia is nonenzymatic glycosylation. Nonenzymatic glycosylation is the
binding of excess glucose to the amino group of proteins in the tissues. As a possible result, at the
level of the capillary membranes, altered cell function may lead to the development of
microaneurysms, vascular loops, and vessel dilation, allowing blood leakage. Platelet aggregation
secondary to these changes initiates tissue hypoxia. These changes result in the system wide
accumulation of edema and in the eye, increase the potential for retinal sequelae. Glycemic control
over the course of the disease

DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus (DM), referred to as diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are
high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent
urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many
complications. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the
body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes
mellitus. Type 1, results from the pancreas 's failure to produce enough insulin. Type 2, a condition
in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly, and gestational diabetes is the third main form and
occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood–sugar
levels. Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a
normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper
foot care are important for people with the disease.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose).
If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood,
although the causes may differ. Too much sugar can lead to serious health problems. (1)
Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin–dependent diabetes, is a chronic
condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. A

Diabetes Mellitus
Case Study Chapter 33 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome.
I would first ask the parent have they notice that there has been experience the 3 polys, polyuria
which excessive urination, polydipsia which excessive thirst and polyphagia which is excessive
hunger. Due to the patient systems, the nurse would suspect the patient is undiagnosed type 1
Diabetes Mellitus and patient is now in a stated of diabetic ketoacidosis. Since the parents think
their son is intoxicated which can also be Diabetic ketoacidosis, which are lethargy, vomiting, and
abdominal pain. The patient is also exhibiting the fruity breath smell because of the presence of
volatile ketoacids. The patient age plays a factor, and the patient exhibiting the signs of diabetic ...
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It can represent an absolute insulin deficiency, impaired release of insulin by the pancreatic beta
cells, inadequate or defective insulin receptor or postreceptor regulation, or the production of
inactive insulin or insulin that is destroyed before it can carry out its action. Type 1 DM, which is
characterized by destruction of the practices of the pancreatic beta cells and accounts for 5% to 10%
of those with diabetes. Some individuals, particularly children and adolescents, may present with
diabetic Ketoacidosis as the first manifestation of the disease. The destruction of beta cells and
absolute lack of insulin in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus meant that they are particularly prone
to the development ok DKA. Because of the loss of insulin response, all people with type 1A
diabetes require exogenous insulin replacement to reserve the catabolic state, control blood glucose
levels, and prevent ketosis. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, previously described as non–insulin–dependent
diabetes, is a condition of hyperglycemia that accompanies a relative rather than an absolute insulin
deficiency (although insulin therapy may be still required). Type 1 is an autoimmune destruction of
beta cells, type 2

Diabetes Mellitus : A Type Of Diabetes
Introduction Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a type of diabetes that was first discovered during
pregnancy. According to Canadian Diabetes Association (2015), three to twenty percent of women
develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). GDM is a result of increased insulin resistance or
glucose intolerance. Incidence of GDM varies by age, body weight, and ethnicity. Canadian
Diabetes Association (2015) mentioned that individuals who are at greater risk include women over
35 years of age, women who are obese, women with low physical activity, and women of Native,
Aboriginal, Hispanic, South Asian, Asian and African heritage (Risk factors for gestational diabetes,
para. 1). Infants of women with unmanaged gestational diabetes who fall under same risk group face
problems like being fat at birth, blood glucose control problems after delivery and carry increased
risk for diabetes later in life (What does gestational diabetes mean for my baby, para. 1).
Management of GDM involves an individualized diet plan with physical exercise and the possibility
of insulin. Special dietary need is required for women with GDM. Eating a healthy and balanced
diet is significant in the clinical management of GDM. According to Thomaz de Lima et al. (2013),
the macronutrient distribution for treatment of GDM is still unidentified (p. 1807). Nevertheless, the
consumption of a healthy diet in its macronutrient distribution can help women with GDM to reduce
weight. The recommended

The Existence Of Diabetes Mellitus
The existence of diabetes mellitus was first recognized by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks when
individuals showed signs of excessive urination, rapid weight loss, and "sweet–tasting" urine.
Diagnosis was, therefore, made by designated "water tasters," who drank the urine of potential
diabetes patients searching for a "sweet taste." Because diabetes patients are drained of fluids, the
Greek philosopher Apollonius coined the term "diabetes" for the disease, which means "to siphon"
or "to pass through." The name "mellitus" originated from Latin and was later added to the term
"diabetes." (9) For thousands of years, little information was known about diabetes. The remedies
used at the time were largely ineffective, and many individuals died from diabetes after short life
spans. In 1776, Matthew Dobson discovered that the urine of diabetes patients contained increased
concentrations of glucose. In 1797, John Rollo recognized a link between diet and treatment of
diabetes. In 1812, the disease was clinically recognized in the New England Journal of Medicine
and Surgery, and the first laboratory tests were developed to measure the presence of sugar in urine.
(9) During the following two hundred years, the scientific community gained a greater
understanding of diabetes and its pathology, prevention, and treatment. In 1869, Paul Langerhans
identified various types of pancreatic cells. In the early 1900's, a pancreatic "substance" was
extracted and termed "insulin." In the 1920's,

Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
Nathalie Dao
Med 2056
VN FT030
Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper
Ms. Annabelle Anglo
3/16/2015
EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type
1 Non–Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition
that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas'
production of insulin to drop over time. Initially, the body uses the insulin that was already
produced, but as the insulin decreases, the cells within the body are not able to receive and use the
glucose. The sugar remains in the bloodstream after digestion and the negative effects of
hyperglycemia become more damaging. With Type 1, about 90% or the beta cells are killed by the
antibodies.
Type 2 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease caused by one or more of the
following three factors.
Impaired insulin production within the pancreas, so the body does not have enough to move the
glucose into the tissues and cells.
Incorrect glucose production in the liver.
The cells resist the insulin, so it cannot attach to the correct receptors.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS, according to the American Diabetes
Association (2015) the most basic symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 DM are:
The three P's
 Polyuria –– Urinating often and having to urinate frequently at night
 Polydipsia – Always feeling very

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : An Overview
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Isaac Anzaldua
Norma Beardwood (Roper), MBA, M. Ed., RDN, LD, LPC, CEDS
DIET 4252
September 21, 2015 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or
its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the
amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the
category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the
woman. If a woman is to be high–risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive
a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get diagnosed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This occurs in 90% of all pregnancies with GDM, but the risk of these women obtaining GDM in
the next pregnancy is relatively higher. GDM women after pregnancy can be diagnosed with T2DM;
this occurs in 5–10% of these women. Forty to sixty percent of these same women in the next 5 to
10 years can develop diabetes (Mahan et al., 2012, p. 679).
Etiology Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a form of diabetes; where glucose intolerance occurs
during pregnancy. As the course of pregnancy unfolds; during the first 4–5 months glucose is taken
to the fetus. In the remaining months of pregnancy; the requirements for insulin are dramatically
increased, because of the high amount of placental hormones that exceed the glucose. As nutrients
are supplied by the mother's body; the placenta senses this action, and triggers placenta transport.
Through the duration of the pregnancy increased glucose and placental transporters; are associated
with diabetic women; who have experience increased growth of the fetus. Hormones such as insulin;
play a significant role in the regulation of the placental transporters. This issue (insulin resistance)
occurs when an increase of gestational hormones hinder the actions of insulin. The majority of
pregnant women are evaluated around 24–28 weeks for the risk of Gestation Diabetes Mellitus;
although that these women should be screened at the first visit (Escott–Stump, 2012, p. 552).
Hyperglycemia is another result that occurs

A Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes
DIABETES MELLITUS 1
Emily Marroquin
MED 2056
Diabetes Mellitus
Instructor Michela Leytham
12/3/14
DIABETES MELLITUS 2
In 2012 29.1 million Americans had diabetes of those 29.1 million, 21.0 million were diagnosed and
8.1 million were undiagnosed. What is diabetes mellitus, a deficiency of the pancreatic hormone
insulin which results in a failure to metabolize starch and sugars. There are two types of Diabetes,
Type 1 which is absolute insufficiency of insulin and Type 2 is when the pancreas does not secrete
enough insulin. The pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes, manifests as a result of the body's immune
system attacking the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas, a lack of insulin in the blood
causes inadequate amount of glucose to be taken up by the cells which provides energy for cellular
function. The pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes occurs when there is a diminished ability of cells
to respond to the action of insulin in transporting glucose from the bloodstream into muscle and
other tissues this is called insulin resistance this develops with overweight. According to Palo Alto
Medical Foundation (2014) "Diabetes can go silently undetected for a long time without symptoms.
Many people first become aware that they have

The Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus
Project subjects and Consent The treatment of diabetes is dependent on its type and its severity,
insulin, exercise, and a diabetic diet is used to treat type 1 diabetes, whiles type 2 diabetes is initially
controlled with weight loss, type 2 diabetic diet and physical activity; when these initiatives fail to
balance elevated blood sugars, oral medications are prescribed and if that proves few futile then
insulin and multiple injectable medications are introduced (Medicinenet2). One cannot prevent type
1 diabetes; however, one can prevent type 2 diabetes by sustaining a balanced weight and engaging
in regular physical activity (Medicinenet2). I will conduct an investigation to determine whether
Insulin used in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another six days for entering and analyzing the data. The remaining time will be used to write the
report about the project. The goal of the project is to find out if insulin is effective in the treatment
of Diabetes Mellitus (ADA, 2014).
Resources Needed The project will require a lot of human capital and finance. Money will be
needed to buy papers to prepare the questionnaires. I may have to pay people who participate in the
project. I will be paying for their time and drugs used in the treatment of their diabetes disease. I
may need to employ one or two research assistants to work on the project.
About the questionnaire The questionnaire that I hope to design will ask participants whether they
have Type 1 Diabetes or not. The questionnaire will also ask about the drugs the participants used
for the treatment of their diabetes. One of the questions that would be asked is whether insulin
injection is effective in the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes? I will also ask some demographic
information such as the age, gender, racial and ethnicity of participants, age of diagnosis of Type 1
Diabetes, dosage of insulin taken each time, what is used for urine and blood testing, and
complication of diabetes that the participants have experienced (ADA, 2014).
Process of delivery The questionnaire will be administered at the same time to all subjects
participating in the project. Before the

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb
sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The pancreas
normally produces insulin which regulates the level of glucose in the blood as 1)well as how it's
used. "Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that
make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel" (mayoclinic.org/ 2014).
The endocrine pancreas is filled with the islets of Langerhan. These islets, or regions of the
pancreas, are "clusters of cells, which each 'islet' containing 3,000 to 4,000 cells. Scientists estimate
there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the "dysfunction here is in the cells that are receiving the message from the insulin"(Dr.
Andrew Wolf, You Tube Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus). As stated by Dr. Wolf, the most
current theory is that those persons having high levels of fatty acids circulating in their blood causes
a high level of inflammatory cytokines hormones in the blood. These block or interfere with this
messenger system. Thus, glucose cannot get into the cell. The result is a high blood glucose level
which stimulates the beta cells to make more insulin. However, as the problem continues, extra
insulin is produced by the overworked beta cells over time and some of these cells are destroyed.
You then have Type 2 Diabetes. If this condition isn't corrected by diet and lifestyle changes, the
disease will get worse. Higher and higher levels of glucose will eventually kill off all the beta cells
and you will now have a Type 2 Diabetic who is insulin–dependent. If there is a persistent
consumption of glucose and hyper–processed foods, our cells change "by reducing the number of
receptors on their surfaces to respond to insulin" (Perlmutter,2013). Perlmutter(2013) notes that
there is cell desensitization to insulin which causes a condition called insulin resistances. Then the
cells can ignore the insulin and there is a failure to retrieve glucose from the blood. More and more
insulin is now pumped out by the pancreas so that much higher levels become

1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce
insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely
complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common
symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is "characterized by different etiologies" (Cohen,
2009, pg. 268), the outcome for both types is hyperglycemia. The pathophysicology of
Diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells of
the pancreas. Insulin's job is maintaining glucose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the cause of this disease is unknown,
there is a viral or environmental expose (to virus, toxins, or stress) that triggers in
genetically susceptible people that causes an autoimmune reaction.
Type 2 diabetes, also known as non–insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus, is the
most common form of Diabetes. Unlike people with type 1 diabetes mellitus, people with
type 2 Diabetes Mellitus produce insulin. However, the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin, hindering the body to use the insulin adequately. The body is resistant to
the effects of insulin. This is called insulin resistance. In insulin resistance, the body's
cells have a diminished ability to respond to the action of the insulin hormone. As a

result, blood sugar does not get into cells to be stored for energy. When sugar can not
enter cells, there is a build up of high levels of sugar in the blood, causing hyperglycemia.
Elevated levels of blood sugar often triggers the pancreas to produce more insulin, but not
enough to keep up with the body's demand, causing a decrease in insulin secretion.
Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes share one central feature: elevated blood
glucose levels due to insufficiencies of insulin. People with type 1 and 2 experience many
of the same symptoms such as: increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, blurred
vision, and fatigue.
3.What are the long term

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus
Introduction:
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin–producing beta cells of the pancreas
are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott–Stump & Raymond, 2012). The gradual
destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which
ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: "high blood glucose
(hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant
amount of weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and ketoacidosis", requiring
dependency of exogenous insulin in order to promote optimal glycemic control in order to prevent
further more severe complications; such as, ketoacidosis, microvascular diseases, macrovascular
diseases, neuropathy, or worse – Death (Mahan et al., 2012). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can result
from two existing forms: 1. Immune–mediated diabetes Mellitus, which is characterized by
autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas and an idiopathic (unknown cause)
commonly seen in ethnic groups of African or Asian descent (Mahan et al., 2012). Of all diagnosed
diabetes cases, prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus cases account for 5%–10%, and although
onset may present itself at any age, 70% of cases are diagnosed in young adults (younger than age
30), with a peak in occurring incidences seen mostly in children and adolescents (Mahan et al.,
2012). "In the United States, approximately 1 in every 400

An Alternative Medication For Diabetes Mellitus
INTRODUCTION
Type–two diabetes mellitus (Insulin independent diabetes mellitus) is a metabolic disease
characterized by constant hyperglycemia (Haghani et al, 2016). Elevated blood glucose can cause
lasting problems such as cardiovascular and renal disorders, retinopathy, and poor blood flow (Ríos
et al. 2015). The progression of diabetes mellitus can be avoided or deferred in people with impaired
glucose tolerance by introducing lifestyle changes and/or the use of therapeutic agents. Currently,
there are many medications are used to treat or stop the complications of type–two diabetes mellitus.
The purpose of this research is to discuss the use Fenugreek bread (Trigonella foenum–graecum) as
an alternative medication for treating type–two diabetes mellitus since Fenugreek seeds have a
therapeutic effect on the improvement of diabetic parameters, blood lipids, and has antioxidant
effects.
Fenugreek seeds are known for their characteristic smell of soup seasoning and as an ingredient of
Indian curry. The first recorded use of fenugreek dates all the way back to 1500 B.C.E., in ancient
Egypt and across the Middle East and South Asia, the seeds were traditionally used as both a spice
and a medicine (Goldman, 2014). Usually, the seeds are used to treat diabetes, cough, and
flatulence, to increase breast milk secretion, and for anti–inflammatory and aphrodisiac effects
(Koupý et al., 2015).
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic illness that has become a main

1. Interpret Y.L. 's laboratory results.
Y. L,fasting glucose level is 10.0 mmol/L above 7.0 mmol/L and her HBA1C of 8.8% is an
indication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Keeping the level less than 7% could prevent complications.
Hertotal cholesterol of 6.3 mmol/L indicated that her cholesterol level is too high and needed to be
controlled. Mrs. Y.L. triglycerides ' levels of 5.5 mmol/L which is above the desirable level amount
of 1.7 mmol/L. This is an indication of DM, but if caught early she will lower her risk of getting
DM. Her LDL isvery high (4.1 mmol/L) which also put her atrisk for stroke and development of
DM. Furthermore a low HDL of 1.1 mmol/L could put her at risk for underlining diseases and DM.
Finally the UA +glucose ketone 's levels showed that she has glucose in her urine, which is an
indication of DM, but she has no indication of ketone in her urine.
2. Identify the three methods used to diagnose DM.
The three methods are the Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) which indicated more or less than 7.
0mmol/L this is done in the morning before breakfast and fasting overnight for an eight–hour period
(Lewis et all, 2014, p. 1451). Secondly an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) which includes (FPG)
and glucose test. These test measurement are reviewed two hours after consuming glucose
containing solution, showing a glucose levels less than or greater than 11.1 mmol/L periods (Lewis
et all, 2013, p. 1451). Lastly the HbA1C glucose tests show if the glucose level is

Diabetes Mellitus : Type 1 Diabetes
Alina Perez
HIMC 2630
Chris Bushaw
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 Diabetes Research Paper
11/16/2014
Diabetes Mellitus also known as–Juvenile Onset Diabetes, Type 1 Diabetes, and Insulin Dependent
Diabetes. It is a chronic autoimmune disease described by high blood glucose levels due to insulin
levels being inadequate to maintain normal glucose levels. This research paper will discuss the
symptoms and signs, etiology, who it triggers, how it happen, and treatment for Type 1 Diabetes.
Symptoms and signs of Type 1 Diabetes are hyperglycemia, polydipsia, glycosuria, and diabetic
ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia may lead to malaise, headaches, and weakness. As well as diabetes is
known to cause excessive thirst, also known as polydipsia. Glycosuria, sugar in the urea, causes
frequent urination. To sum up, severe dehydration, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, a fruity odor on
the breath, weight loss, drowsiness, and in more severe cases, coma are all caused by diabetic
ketoacidosis. Causes are questionable when talking about Type 1 dabetes.
Still questioning true causes –– viral and environmental trigger in genetically susceptible people to
cause an immune reaction, this is thought to be a cause of Type 1 diabetes, but the actual cause is
still unknown. Still being researched, scientists have identified genes, or gene regions, associated
with this disease; including HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigen. Type 1 diabetes starts by an
environmental or viral factor that possibly modifies a gene.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type 2, also know as type 2 Diabetes or noninsulin dependent diabetes, is a disease
that effects the body systemically. Type 2 diabetes is a disorder in which cells become resistant to
insulin and can no longer bind it properly to reduce blood sugar. The result of this is elevated
glucose levels in the circulating blood that leads to endothelial injury in all regions of the body.
Primary damages occur in the kidneys, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. According to "Annual
Number of New Cases of Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults" (2015), the overall incidence of type
2 diabetes was approximately 1.4 million new cases. From previous years this number has
decreased; however, it can be further lowered with proper education, change in the Western diet, and
increase in physical activity. In 2012 approximately 27.7 million Americans were living with Type 2
diabetes. The cumulative cost of care for American diabetes patients was 245 billion dollars, which
encompasses medical treatment cost and the patients' inability to work, ultimately resulting in
decreased personal production ("Statistics About Diabetes", n.d.). As exemplified by the National
Institutes for Health (2015), "Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure." Even though no
cure is present, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, play a role in self–regulation of
blood glucose levels. Pathophysiology of the Disorder Pathology and Theories Regarding
Development/Causes Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death listed in the United States. Diabetes is the leading
cause of blindness. "In 1996 diabetes contributed to more than 162,000 deaths"(Lewis 1367).
"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in
common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia
(increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization.
There are many forms of diabetes. "Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease,
amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction"
(Husain). I will briefly define the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to McCance the diagnosis of diabetes is based on (1) more than one fasting plasma
glucose level greater than 140mg/dl, (2) elevated plasma glucose levels in response to an oral
glucose test, and random plasma glucose levels above 200mg/dl combined with classic symptoms of
polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria (674).
The pancreas is located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen. The pancreas is a mixed gland
composed of endocrine and exocrine gland cells. These cells are called acinar cells. Acinar cells,
forming the bulk of the gland, produce an enzyme–rich juice that is ducted into the small intestine
during food digestion.
Scattered among the acinar cells are approximately a million pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans),
minute cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones. The islets contain two major populations of
hormone–producing cells, the glucagen–synthesizing alpha cells and the more numerous insulin–
producing beta cells. Insulin and glucagons are intimately but independently involved in the
regulation of the blood glucose levels. Their effects are opposite: Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone
(lowers blood sugar), whereas glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone (increases blood glucose.) Islet
cells also synthesize other peptides in small amounts. These include somatostatin

Diabetes Mellitus
I. Name of Disorder: The official name of the disorder is Diabetes Mellitus. Most people just know
it as diabetes. There are two major classifications of diabetes mellitus; insulin–dependent (IDDM)
and noninsulin–dependent (NIDDM). IDDM is more commonly known as Type 1 Diabetes, and
NIDDM is known as Type 2 Diabetes (Ekoé, 2008). Type 1 diabetes is the juvenile–onset diabetes
that deals with the complete destruction of β–cells of the pancreas whereas type 2 diabetes is an
adult–onset disorder in which individuals suffer from an insulin deficiency (Ekoé, 2008).
II. Chromosomal location: The main location of diabetes type 1 or IDDM is on the short arm of
chromosome 6 at the band 21.3. IDDM is mostly influenced by the HLA class II region ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher than type 1, it accounts for about 40–80% (Holt, 2004).
Type 2 diabetics have a higher chance of receiving diabetes from their mothers being carriers, or
having the disorder. For type 2, some environmental factors are very important for getting diabetes.
The most important factors are obesity and not being physically active (Holt, 2004). The countries
that are more obese will have a higher rate of occurrence than those with lower obesity rates. Also,
countries that are more active, will have a lower occurrence. It is said that exercising about twenty
minutes a week reduces your chances of getting type 2 diabetes by 46% (Holt, 2004).
V. Phenotype:
Diabetes mellitus has many different characteristics and is defined as a set of abnormalities
characterized by a state of sustained hyperglycemia. Some common characteristics of diabetes
mellitus are excessive thirst, polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision, weight loss and infections. In
many cases, these symptoms are not severe, but in the case that they are they result in ketoacidosis
or a nonketotic hyperosmolar state. These severe states can lead to more severe problems such as a
stupor, coma and death (Ekoé, 2008). The long term characteristics of diabetes mellitus are
continual development of capillary disease of the kidney and retina, atherosclerosis, and peripheral
nerve damage (Ekoé, 2008). Individuals that have this disorder have an increased

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the
world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too
much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we
understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler
forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in
your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps
move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further
explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They include: heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth. In regards to the heart
and blood vessels, there are approximately 65% of death that is caused by diabetes due to major
complication of heart disease and stroke. In the peripheral artery diseases diabetes also plays a major
role in the cause of poor blood flow in the legs and feet. Many studies show that controlling diabetes
can prevent or stop the progression of heart and blood vessel disease. Blood vessel damage or nerve
damage may also lead to foot problems that can lead to amputations. More than 60% of leg and foot
amputations not related to an injury are due to diabetes. Another complication of diabetes is the
leading cause of blindness in the U.S. There has been a number of eye problems that if not
addressed can lead to eye blindness which include: glaucoma,cataracts and diabetic retinopathy.
Ninety percent of diabetic–related blindness as study shown could be prevented if there would be
regular eye exams and timely treatment of diabetes–related eye problems. Furthermore, kidney
failure is also one leading cause of further complication that resulted from uncontrolled diabetes in
the U.S. It is said that drugs that help lower blood pressure can help the chance to developing kidney
failure by 33%. Also diabetes on nerves can lead to loss of sensation or pain and burning of the feet
because nerves are harmed due to over time high blood sugar levels. It can also

A Study On Diabetes Mellitus
Part A 1. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (previously described as non–insulin dependent diabetes) is a
condition due to hyperglycemia that accompanies a relative rather than an absolute insulin
deficiency. It appears as a consequence of the alteration (genetically inherited or acquired) of insulin
secretion, sometimes associated with peripheral insulin resistance.
Impaired ability to absorb certain macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can lead
to a large spectrum of chronic complications that involve more or less all tissues of the human body.
Globally, an estimated 422 million adults are living with diabetes mellitus, according to the latest
2016 data from the World Health Organization. "Diabetes Mellitus affects an estimated 29.1 million
people in the United States and is the 7th leading cause of death.
T2DM includes a heterogeneous group of diseases that associate in different degrees two major
metabolic defects: beta cell insulin secretion defect and insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues.
Obesity and insulin resistance are characteristic for the majority (80–90%) of T2DM cases (Obese
T2DM). The sine qua non condition for the progression from the preclinical phases (prediabetes) to
the overt hyperglycemia stages is represented by the presence of the insulin secretion beta cell
defect. A lack of compensation for insulin resistance will lead to evolution towards T2DM. The first
sign of

Diabetes Of Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )
Introduction:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels
over an extended period of time. With symptoms including increased urination, thirst, and hunger,
diabetes is mainly due to loss of insulin production in the pancreas or lack of response to insulin
produced. As of 2015, nearly 415 million people worldwide have diabetes with the three main types
being Type 1, Type 2, and gestational. 90% of all diabetes cases are Type 2 (T2D) which is
characterized by insulin resistance, high blood sugar, and lack of insulin. Also known as noninsulin–
dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), this disease is primary caused by obesity and lack of
exercise in genetically predisposed people and affects in nearly 29 million people in the US alone,
making it the 7th leading cause of death in the country (American Diabetes Association 2016).
The goal of a diabetes treatment plan is lowering HbA1c to below 7.0%, maintaining good glycemic
control. Glycated hemoglobin or HbA1c is a blood sugar test that reflects the average plasma
glucose concentration over the past three months. The first and best course of treatment is always
lifestyle changes that includes exercise, diet modification, and weight control. Unfortunately, when
this management plan fails or is insufficient, the next option is to take medications to lower HbA1c.
Five non–insulin pharmacological options are available. First, biguanides in the form of metformin
are quick

Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Or Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by
abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as
noninsulin–dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen.
Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel.
When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood
circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for
energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the
body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep
up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015).
In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people
have pre–diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country
in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes
mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative
measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a
better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.
As a future health professional, one would have to become aware the potential

Diabetes : Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Essay
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes is a metabolic disease in which there are high blood
glucose levels (blood sugar levels) over a period of time. In addition, it is the failure of either the
pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin
produced. There are two chronic types of Diabetes Mellitus; one is known as Type one Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) which is the body's inability to produce insulin (a hormone) that needed to help
glucose get into your cells in order to release energy. The second type is known as Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus (DM), is the body 's inability to make and use glucose. It is common among Americans and
without insulin glucose is left in the blood. According to the American Diabetes association, it was
estimated in the year 2012 that approximately 29.1 million Americans suffered from diabetes (9.3%
of the population), while a staggering 1.2 million were accounted for both adults and children who
have type 1 diabetes. Other types of diabetes which are potentially reversible include prediabetes
and gestational diabetes.
Etiology
The type of sugar that is essential in the process of making energy in our bodies and stand as the
main fuel in our bodies is glucose. In order to use glucose, our bodies need insulin. In type 2
diabetes, sugar builds up in the bloodstream rather than in the cells where it is required for energy.
This is due to cells

What is Diabetes Mellitus? Essay
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes is a very common disorder. It is the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. It is projected
that the number of individuals with diabetes will almost double by 2030.
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate, protein, and fat
metabolism. The most common feature seen in diabetes is increased blood glucose levels. The main
reason for this is either a decreased/ absent insulin production or resistance of the body to the action
of insulin or both.
The elevated blood glucose levels can lead to long–term complications, especially, in the eyes,
kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
Diabetes Mellitus can be classified into three main types: Type 1 – Insulin–dependent ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is mostly seen in individuals younger than 30 years, the onset can occur at any age.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
This is the most common type of Diabetes. In Type 2 Diabetes, the body does not respond
adequately to insulin. Thus, even in the presence of insulin, the cells cannot effectively take up
glucose and hence the blood glucose increases. This puts an extra strain on the beta cells of the
pancreas to secrete more insulin to normalize the blood glucose, to the point that they get fatigued
and can no longer keep up and hence relative deficiency of insulin develops. This leads to a further
increase in the blood glucose.
The impaired insulin function also disturbs the fat metabolism, resulting in increased free fatty acid
and triglyceride levels, and at the same time leads to a decrease in the High–density lipoproteins
(HDL) which are said to be the 'good fats'.
Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
It is defined as an increase in blood glucose levels diagnosed during the pregnancy and induced by
the pregnancy. The hormones secreted by the placenta lead to the development of an insulin resistant
state which is more pronounced during the last three months of the pregnancy. If uncontrolled, it can
lead to abnormalities and complications in both the mother and the baby. It can lead to malformation
of the heart/kidneys of the baby, low birth weight or even a large baby

The Development Of Diabetes Mellitus
Specific cells of the pancreas produce a hormone called insulin to correct metabolism. Without
this hormone, glucose cannot enter body cells and blood glucose levels rise. As a result, the
individual
may begin to experience symptoms of hyperglycemia. Plainly expressed, this process is the
development of diabetes mellitus. "Numbers have increased in recent years because so many
Americans are overweight. Also, testing accuracy has improved, therefore confirming more cases.
The
number of people with diabetes is expected to double as more people live to middle and old age.
There
are a few different classifications of Diabetes. Two of the common ones are: *Type 1(Formerly
known
as type I; insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus[IDDM]; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This buildup of glucose in the blood is called hyperglycemia. The body is unable to use the glucose
for energy. This leads to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes.
"The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Most likely it is an autoimmune disorder. This is a
condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
With type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. The tendency to develop autoimmune diseases, including type 1
diabetes, is hereditary." (Wisse, MD, 2015) The following symptoms may be the first signs of type 1
diabetes. Or they may occur when blood sugar is high: being very thirsty, feeling hungry ,feeling
tired all the time ,having blurry eyesight, feeling numbness or tingling in your feet, losing weight
without trying, urinating more often (including urinating at night or bed wetting in children who
were dry overnight before) For other people, these serious warning symptoms may be the first signs
of type 1 diabetes. Or, they may happen when blood sugar is very high (diabetic ketoacidosis): deep,
rapid breathing, dry skin and mouth, flushed face, fruity breath odor, nausea or vomiting; inability to
keep down fluids, stomach pain.
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can develop quickly in people with diabetes who are taking
insulin. Symptoms usually appear when a person 's blood sugar level falls

Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )

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