Critical Instructional Components For Helping Students Learn

Critical Instructional Components For Helping Students Learn
Introduction One of the identified critical instructional components for helping students learn to read
is vocabulary. Since the National Reading Panel (2000) and the National Early Literacy Panel
(2009) reported that strong early oral vocabulary knowledge is a predictor for later successful
reading outcomes, an increased research and teaching focus in this area has arisen.
The achievement gap that is a central concern in education and society today is associated to a
"word gap" that begins early in life. Hart and Risley (1995) identified in their seminal study that by
the age of four, children from low–income families hear 30 million less words than their peers from
professional families. Although there are some researchers that ... Show more content on
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The guiding questions are: What are the characteristics of effective interventions that positively
impact at–risk preschoolers' vocabulary knowledge? How could preschool teachers potentially use
these elements in their classrooms?
Definitions
At–Risk Children
In their review of research, Snell et al. (2015) identify students "at–risk" as ones who are more likely
to enter school behind in their language development. The intervention and control groups from the
Roskos & Burstein (2011) 12–week mixed methods study compared word learning of two groups of
36 (n=72) preschoolers who showed vocabulary "vulnerabilities," which meant that the children
were chosen due to low standardized vocabulary scores, low income, and/or special needs. At–risk
participants (n=25) from the Loftus–Rattan, Mitchell, and Coyne (2016) one–week within–subjects
design study were chosen specifically because of their attendance at an urban preschool in the
northeast that had a large population of dual language learners (DLL; 88%), non–white (85%), and
free or reduced–priced lunch (83%). Finally, Silverman, Crandell, and Carlis (2013) conducted their
12–weeks of research in 26 Head Start classrooms with a sample of 264 children (90% low
socioeconomic status, 79% DLL, 80% nonwhite) in order to compare the effects of vocabulary
instructional
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Flexibility Lab Report
Measures of Flexibility and Their Correlations to Sit–and–Reach and Modified Sit–and–Reach Tests
Jacob Palmer
University of Puget Sound
March 3rd, 2015
Measures of Flexibility and Their Correlations to Sit–and–Reach and Modified Sit–and–Reach Tests
INTRODUCTION
Flexibility can be defined as the capability of something to bend easily without breaking. The
flexibility of a person is commonly measured during fitness tests, and the most frequently used test
of a person's flexibility is the sit–and–reach (Jackson and Baker, 1986). Though it is commonly
accepted that the sit–and–reach produces an accurate and relative measure of a person's flexibility,
the validity of the test has been examined a number of times (Jackson and ... Show more content on
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For shoulder flexion 61% of the variance could be accounted for by the sit–and–reach. A correlation
was also found between the modified sit–and–reach test and both the shoulder extension and hip
flexion tests. For shoulder extension 33% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit–
and–reach and for hip flexion 22% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit–and–reach.
Table 1. Means and Standard Deviation of Flexibility Measures
Variable
Mean
Standard Deviation
Shoulder Flexion
181
16.3
Shoulder Extension
75
12.8
Hip Flexion
95
25.4

Hip Extension
38
15.2
Skin Distraction
31.5
14.5
Sit and Reach
4.9
1.5
Modified Sit and Reach
38.6
9.4
Table 2. Correlations and meaningfulness between the sit–and–reach and modified sit–and–reach
and all other flexibility variables
Sit–and–Reach
Modified Sit–and–Reach
Variable r r^2 r r^2
Shoulder Flexion
.78
.61
.41
.17
Shoulder Extension
.24
.06
.57
.33
Hip Flexion
.23
.05
.47
.22
Hip Extension
–.12
.01

.15
.02
Skin Distraction
–.01
.00
–.20
.04
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this experiment was to identify which flexibility measurement tests correlate with
the sit–and–reach and modified sit–and–reach tests. In more recent studies, statistics have shown
that both hip flexion test results and shoulder extension test results were directly correlated to
modified sit–and–reach test results (Mayorga–Vega, Merino–Marban, and Viciana, 2014). The data
gathered for the sample

Major Joint Movements : Catching A Softball That Is Hit...
1. Movement Analysis:
Main Motor Patterns: Catching a softball that is hit and throwing a softball that has been caught.
Jumping and sprinting during practice or a game to catch a ball.
Major Joint Movement:
A. Jumping (bilateral):
Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder
abduction and flexion while in the air.
Jumping (unilateral)– a jump that is used with only one leg while running.
B. Sprinting (unilateral):
Hip extension from the foot meanwhile the foot strikes.
Hip flexion while foot strikes when taking off sprinting.
Knee extension while leg is driving up and knee flexion when leg is powering down.
Plantar flexion while the ankle is on the ground phase.
C. Throwing:
Shoulder extension and abduction while throwing, hip and elbow extension when catching a ball.
Shoulder abduction, elbow extension, and trunk rotation.
Hip and knee extension when throwing the softball.
Muscular Actions:
A. Jumping:
The knee is flexed and the hamstrings flex the knee.
The quadriceps for knee extension. While the calf is used for plantar flexion.
In the shoulder abduction and flexion is used for pectoralis, supraspinatus, and deltoids.
B. Sprinting:
Hip extension is called by gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles.
Hip extension is cause by adductor magnus muscle which is the inside the thighs.
The quadriceps extend the knee. The rectus femoris helps flex the hip.
Hamstrings, gracilis,

Hip Flexor Moment Lab Report
From cite{aus} and cite{childers2012measurement} the biomechanics of the hip is studied. When
we walk, during the initial contact the hip moves towards extension. However once the heel contacts
the ground range of extension reduces. With short stump it stays in flexion.
The peak hip extension occurs late as compared to a normal gait which is $~65%$ stride c/w
$55%$. This happens as an attempt to increase the step length of the intact limb when no prosthetic
push off is present. The work of the concentric hip extensor is to create the hip extensor moment.
This hip extensor moment is also seen to be higher than in the case of normal gait. This is prominent
in the first half of the stance where extension of the knee an d the hip happens. ... Show more
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The tendency seen is higher power generation in shorter period of time in comparison with normal.
The power required to lift a prosthesis may only be $30–40%$ of the weight of a normal limb and it
is this power generated in short period of time. The hip torque required during preswing and early
swing is observed to be less in knees with damping and stance resistance. This is due more
anteriorally aligned knee axis. This is required to increase the extension moment during heel
contact. But at the same time, due to this alignment initiating flexion in preswing and early swing is
a challenge.
During late swing the range of hip flexion is observed to be greater than normal that is at all walking
speeds. Also the amount of hip flexor activity was observed to be higher. These factors however
increase the step length. By keeping the hip flexing the extending knee can be decelerated to reduce
terminal impact.
%Some amputees with constant friction knees transitioned from hip flexion, to extension, to flexion
again, possibly to assist in knee extension by reversing the direction of the thigh.

Explain The Six Fundamental Movements Of Major Body Segments
The six fundamental movements of major body segments are, abduction, extension, flexion,
rotation, adduction, and circumduction. Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the
midline, an example of that would be lateral raises using a dumbbell. Another example would be the
lateral shuffle. It targets the muscles of the thighs, hips, and buttocks. An extension movement
would be the return from flexion and an exercise for this would–be leg extensions. An example of a
flexion movement is a hamstring stretch. Rotation is the circular movement of a body segment about
a long axis and an example is when a tennis player hits the ball backhanded. Adduction is movement
of a body part toward the midline. An example of this would be to use the

Cases of Multiple Providers of Agricultural Extension...
1.2 Agricultural Extension System: the Bangladesh case In Bangladesh a multitude of agencies from
private and public origin offer extension support to the farmers (ASIRP, 2006). Although recent
years witness a noticeable change in agricultural extension service providers, the public institutions
still remain the dominant. The new entrants to the field include non–governmental organizations
(NGOs), the private sector agribusiness enterprises and grass–root institutions eg. Self–Help and
micro–credit Groups involving farming communities (WB, 2005).
DAE is the key department under the Ministry of Agriculture which provides extension support to
crop sector farmers. This organization has country wide coverage and operational staff. Other public
organizations involved in providing extension service in crop sectors are Agricultural Information
Service (AIS), Department of Agriculture Marketing (DAM), Bangladesh Agriculture Development
Corporation (BADC), Rural Development Academy (RDA), Bangladesh Rural Development Board
(BRDB), Cotton Development Board (CDB), Tea Board (TB), Department of Youth Development
(DYD), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) etc. Except DAE other public extension
organizations have their own way of offering extension services.
NGOs started to provide their own extension services in the late 1970s to disseminate knowledge
among their targeted clients (Haque, 2010). More than 100 local, national, and international NGOs
are involved in agricultural

Weakest Quadricep Research Paper
Largest Quadricep
Vastus lateralis is the largest Muscle
The vastus lateralis muscle is situated in side of the thigh.This Muscle is the biggest of the
quadriceps group which also includes the rectus femoris, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus
medialis. Collectively the quadriceps muscle is the biggest in the human body and its purpose is to
expand the knee. The specific task of the vastus lateralis muscle is to extend the lower leg and allow
the body to rise up from a squatting position.(Hannan et al, 2000).
Weakest Quadricep
Vastus Medialis is the weakest Muscle when the vastus medialis Muscle (VMO) is weak the
kneecap moves in abnormal way and can even be positioned abnormally as well.This Creates a
chronically unstable kneecap.Improper tracking of the kneecap can cause wear to the interior
surface.The vastus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, VL:VM activation ratio can be obtained by simply placing surface electrodes on a patient
while performing the functional tasks during clinical evaluation, and may be a surrogate measure for
VM activation delay.
VL:VM activation ratio displayed a significant relationship with VM activation delay in PFP
subjects classified as maltrackers (Fig. 2). There were no correlations between VL:VM activation
ratio and VM activation delay in the pain–free controls, all PFP subjects grouped together, and PFP
subjects classified as normal trackers.(Hannan et al, 2000).
Knee pain experience
Yes, during the knee pain I experienced a sharp shooting pain when using the knee, constant knee
aching, and a dull burning discomfort. I also experienced a swelling knee and a lot of pain when the
knee was touched.
People with knee pain are not able to work.
The knees give stable support to the body. They similarly permit the legs to have flexion and
extension . Both adaptability and soundness are expected to stand, walk, run, squat, bounce, and
turn. In the event that the knee is harmed, the knee may get

Muscular Contributions And Hip And Knee Extension During...
The article "Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of
normal gait: a Theoretical Framework for Crouch Gait" by Allison Arnold, Frank Anderson, Marcus
Pandy, and Scott Delp investigates the biomechanics of normal gait in hopes to uncover ideas to
help determine treatments for crouch gait. Crouch gait is a bothersome abnormality that affects the
gait pattern of people who suffer from the condition of cerebral palsy. It's characterized by excessive
flexion of the hips and knees during standing and excessive use of metabolic energy to complete a
single gait cycle. Currently, the treatments for this condition are limited and have unpredictable
outcomes due to the unknown biomechanical causes of the excessive flexion in crouch gait. These
treatments include surgical lengthening of hamstrings, ankle–foot orthoses, and intense stretching
regimens, with patients experiencing results ranging from no improvement in their symptoms to
dramatic improvements. The vast array of results from treatments are due to the little understanding
medical professionals have of not only abnormal gait patterns (such as crouch gait) but of normal
gait as well (Arnold, Anderson, Pandy, and Delp, 2005). Despite the article's title relating to crouch
gait, the purpose of the study conducted was to examine and quantify the accelerations of normal
hip and knee movements that were induced by specific muscles during the single limb stance phase
and to rank these

Six Primary Movements
There are six primary movements that occur at the joints between the body segment; flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
1)Flexion happens when a decrease in the angle between two body segments happens like in the
shoulder, elbow, hips and knee joints. An
1)Flexion happens when a decrease in the angle between two body segments happens like in the
shoulder, elbow, hips and knee joints. An example could be when using a dumbbell of 10 pounds to
curl the biceps, flexion takes place at the elbow.
2) Extension its increases in the angle of two body segments. A great example is performing triceps
extension with a dumbbell held by both hands and lift over the head until both of the arms are
extended.
3) Abduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inward rotation occurs when the body segments move towards the midline, and outward rotation
occurs when the body segments move away from the midline. A great example is, rotation of the
neck it could be inwards or outwards, creating slow movements around the neck.
6) Circumduction is the sequential combination of movements outlining a geometric cone. An
example of this is a circular arm movement as a warm–up in which the arms are moving forward
and backward.
One example of an exercise using a combination of several of these movements together is jumping
squats with free weights. This exercise targets the lower body, core and also the upper body. The
quadriceps, the hamstrings, the gluteal, the lower back and the abdominals. The back muscle act as
stabilizers to keep the body in a correct balance position. In the explosion phase, hip extends in a
slight adduction knee extension and ankle plantar flexion. During the landing phase, back into the
squat position, all the muscle is in an eccentric position, the hip flexion with slight abduction, knee
flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion. Jumping squats with weights are just one of the extended workouts
that utilize these principles. It is very important to understand the fundamental movements of major
body segments in order to design and execute appropriate workout for my clients and their personal

What Are Hamstring Strains Have Been One Of The Most...
Hamstring strains have been one of the most common injuries around the world. Unfortunately,
there has been a limited amount of success reducing the rate of this injury (Schmit, 2012). Although
many researchers and doctors have studied the cause of hamstring strains, there are still many
theories as to why they occur. One theory includes that there is an imbalance between the medial
and lateral hamstring muscle that leads to hamstring muscle fatigue (Prentice, 2015). Hamstring
strains are painful and prevalent in different types of activities. Most commonly these strains can be
found in athletes that engage in running, skating, jumping sliding, kicking, and quick/fast motions
(Valle, 2015). A hamstring is comprised of a group of three muscles that can be found along the back
of the thigh. These muscles allow the range of motion at the knee, which gives the ability to bend
the leg. The three hamstring muscles include semitendinosus, semimbranosus, and biceps femoris.
The hamstrings work concentrically to flex the knee, extend the hip, and rotate the tibia (Prentice,
2015). These muscles begin at the ischial tuberosity, which is at the bottom of the pelvis. The
muscles meet at the knee joint and end at the lower leg, where they are joined together through
connective tissue that attach the tendons to the bones like double–sided tape. The hamstring muscle
groups work to help extend the leg back and provide motion at the knee. Due to the crossing

Rectus Femoris
The rectus femoris is one of the four muscles in the quadriceps group of the body and is located in
the anterior aspect of the thigh. As a bi–articular structure that crosses both the hip and knee joints, it
functions to actively flex the hip and extend the knee. Thus when stretched, the rectus femoris may
constrain concurrent hip extension and knee flexion. However, if the rectus femoris were to
constrain neither of the two actions, the length of the muscle is established as passively sufficient.
The two tests that give answer to whether the rectus femoris muscle is passively sufficient is based
upon the comparisons between hip extension with knee flexed vs. extended, and/or knee flexion
with hip flexed vs. extended. However, note that either test will provide the same results. ... Show
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To examine whether or not the rectus femoris is passively sufficient, we can observe the PRoM of
the hip or knee. Thus, make sure the re–positioning of the second joint is accomplished by a load
applied by methods other than the subject's activation of muscles such as gravity or external force
generators (e.g., other people). When the hip is extended, meaning the trunk and thigh are parallel, it
is said to be in 0 degrees of flexion and any extension beyond this point must be recorded as
negative. Nevertheless, as long as an examiner follows the same generalized method, he or she is
able to use either joint spanned by the muscle to achieve the same

Exercise Analysis Bird Dog
Bird Dog Exercise Analysis
The female exerciser begins executing the bird dog while positioned on her hands and knees. She
raises her left arm while simultaneously extending her right hip and knee. The muscle fibers of her
anterior deltoid engage and act as the agonist for shoulder flexion while the gluteus maximus
engages as the agonist for hip extension. The quadriceps femoris group act as the agonist for knee
extension. The antagonists for shoulder flexion are the posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres
major, pectoralis major, and the triceps brachii. The antagonist for her hip extension is the iliopsoas
while the hamstring group is the antagonist for knee extension. The upper fibers of her pectoralis
major, along with the biceps brachii

Explain The Six Major Body Segments Movements
There are six fundamental movements of major body segments. They all range in movement to
utilize the primary joints of the body.
First there is Flexion, which is a decrease of angles between body parts. One primary example of
this would be calf raises, which cause dorsiflexion as the ankles push upwards and the toes force
down.
Second we have extension, which is the opposite of flexion, causing an increase in angles between
body parts. The best example exercise for extension would be leg extensions, which causes
movement and extension at the knee in order to stretch and strengthen the legs.
Third there is abduction, the movement of the body segments away from the midline. One example
of this would be hip abductor machine when the legs move

Flexor Muscle Exercise
Discussion
There were few significant differences in knee extensor and knee flexor muscle activity during
walking with robotic assistance. Significant differences in muscle activity across condition only
occurred in muscles targeted for intervention (knee extensor, VL), with an increase in muscle
activity during the EXO condition, a positive result for an extensor muscle. Although some
undesirable increases in MH flexor muscle activity were seen in the linear envelopes, they did not
present significant changes the statistical analysis on the group level. Muscle activity did not change
significantly across visits with the exoskeleton.
On average, cortical activity did not differ in the presence of robotic knee extension assistance,
supporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015). Prefrontal, posterior parietal and sensorimotor network activity underlying speed control
during walking. Front Hum Neurosci, 9:247. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00247. eCollection 2015.
PubMed PMID: 26029077; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4429238.
[4] Wagner J., Solis–Escalante T., Grieshofer P., Neuper C., Müller–Putz G., Scherer R. (2012).
Level of participation in robotic–assisted treadmill walking modulates midline sensorimotor EEG
rhythms in able–bodied subjects. Neuroimage, 63(3):1203–11. doi:
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.019. Epub 2012 Aug 14. PubMed PMID: 22906791.
[5] Lauer, R. T., & Prosser, L. A. (2009). Use of the Teager–Kaiser Energy Operator for Muscle
Activity Detection in Children. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 37(8), 1584–93.

Service Quality and Client Satisfaction: Cases of Multiple...
Since the early 1980s customer satisfaction surveys have maintained a conspicuous place in the
research agenda (Allen & Rao, 2000). Quality is the core strategy that organizations execute to bring
better values to customers for gaining a competitive advantage. Quality is conformance to
requirements (Crosby, 1979). However Juran et al. (1974) see quality as fitness for use while
according to Kanji (1990) quality is satisfying the customer's requirement continually. Service
quality is the ability of the organization to meet or exceed customer expectations (Kitchroen, 2004).
Research diagnose several characteristics those are associated with service quality. Schneider &
Bowen (1995) proposed three crucial issues security, esteem and justice ... Show more content on
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This model enables a service provider to identify, how customers perceive the real performance of
the service in comparison with their initial expectations on the basis of tangibles, reliability,
responsiveness, assurance and empathy (Parasuraman et al., 1988).
SERVQUAL is a standardized and reliable instrument that has been used by majority of work to
date endeavor to measure service quality (Rohini & Mahadevappa, 2006; Shahin, 2013; Riyadh
Lidhari, 2009) although there are a number of other models (Seth et al., 2005). Zeithaml, et al.
(1990) in his introduction pages mentioned that service quality methods can be used and applied to
all types of profit and non–profit oriented organization services. Direct or modified application of
the SERVQUAL model in measuring agricultural service organizations in no exception (Horri et al.,
2012; Rana et al., 2013). Grīnberga–Zālīte (2011) in his study on the assurance of customer–guided
training services' quality at rural advisory centers found that SERVQUAL model precisely indicates
those criteria of Latvian Rural Advisory and Training Center (LRATC) service quality, which had a
lower performance than customer expectation. The SERVQUAL model also used to measure quality
of agricultural extension service in the KPSDMP – KP regency of Garut, Indonesia (Ruhana, 2011)
and customer satisfaction in Markazi province

Hip Flexor Activity
During mid stance the peak height of the hip is seen to be higher on the prosthetic limb than in a non
amputee. This is a result of the reduced flexion of the prosthetic knee. Also the characteristic of the
prosthetic foot influences the peak height too. After contralateral foot contact an abrupt transition
from hip extension to flexion is seen. In the late stance, an eccentric hip flexor activity is seen as
compared to normal. This inturn generates higher hip flexor moment. This greater moment further
decelerates the extending hip and ensures that the HAT segment does not lag behind as the amputee
pulls themselves over the prosthesis.

noindent
Coming to swing now, it is seen that during early swing the hip flexors act concentrically

Installing Your Own Hair Extensions Essays
Having long, healthy hair could possibly be one of the envied genes amongst women. Many women
take supplements or undergo surgery to provide them with the added confidence of having luxurious
hair. Although, those methods have been proven to work, there are many other less invasive methods
available for obtaining beautiful hair. The use of hair extensions have become a popular trend in
today's society. Many celebrities, TV personalities and even politicians have owned up to adding a
few hair extensions here and there. Hair extensions can be used to add length and volume to thin,
short and receding hair. However, finding a beautician to install them can be bit pricy for the
average individual. Being able to install them on your own can not ... Show more content on
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The most common method of creating a base for a whole head weave is to braid the hair in cornrows
from the front to the back, while leaving out a small section at the top to cover the tracks. However,
this method can not be done for a partial hair weave. To complete a partial sew in you would need to
braid the area of hair that will hold the extensions in a side to side pattern.
Step 2 After the base has been made, you will need to sew the remaining ends of the cornrow on to
it. Start by threading the needle. You would do this by inserting the thread through the eye of the
needle. Once you have that completed fold the thread in two and measure out approximately 18
inches. At the end, tie the two pieces together in a knot.
Step 3
Fold the end of the braid on top of the cornrow and sew it down using a basic stitch method. Once
you have reached the end of the braid you should make a knot to keep it from coming undone.
Step 4
Open the pack of hair extensions and comb out any knots or tangles pay special attention to any
rubber bands or pins used to keep the hair together.
Step 5
Next you will have to locate the weft on the hair extension. The weft is the sturdy area at the top of
the extension. This is where the hair has been looped together with thread. It resembles a seam.
Step 6
Once the weft has been located, you will then need to lay the extension on top of the cornrow to
measure the length of the braid. Once the length

Theory Of Tests Of Passive Sufficiency Essay
KPE160H1F – FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
ASSIGNMENT #1
1. Theory of Tests of Passive Sufficiency (3 marks)
a. In order to test the passive sufficiency of a bi–articular structure, such as a muscle, both joints
which that structure crosses must first be identified. Additionally, the movements of those two joints
which will constrain that structure must be identified. Next, one joint must be selected, and placed
into the position that may constrain the structure. At the same time, the other joint must be placed in
the position which will not put further strain on that structure. The selected joint must then be
measured for its range of motion. Next, the same must be done with the selected joint, but in
contrast, the other joint must be placed in the position which WILL further constrain the bi–articular
structure. Once that has been done, the selected joint's range of motion must be measured once
more.
If the range of motion of the selected joint is equal when the other joint is in both positions, the bi–
articular structure is passively sufficient. If the range of motion of the selected joint is smaller in the
selected joint when the other joint is in a position that will put further strain on the bi–articular
structure, that structure is not passively sufficient.
b. The rectus femoris crosses both the hip and knee. In order to test its passive sufficiency, either of
the joints' ranges of motion could be measured. In this example, range of motion will be measured at
the

Life Extension And Its Meaning For Life
Life Extension and It's Meaning for Life Aside from having ideas of what life is and how it came to
be, another idea to discuss is whether or not can we redefine human life through life extension. It
has been observed in tests on organisms simpler than humans, that the process of aging is plastic, or
is capable of being influenced. An example of the observation comes from numerous tests with mice
in which the mice's telomeres, or the ends of their chromosomes that protect the chromosomes from
wear, are lengthened or shortened. Lengthening these telomeres using their variation of the protein,
telomerase, allowed for the mice to have longer lifespans. Keeping in mind that mice have been
observed to have increased lifespan due to their treatment with telomerase, such method of life
extension is currently not feasible with humans. This is due to the fact that treating humans with
human telomerase leads to a higher probability of having cancer. Thus, other ways of extending
lifespan are being developed, one way in particular being through regenerative medicine or
regenerative therapies. The strategy to combat aging to length human lifespan with regenerative
medicine comes from the theory that aging is caused by the accumulation of cell damage throughout
a human's life. This damage results from "biochemical accidents" that occur surprisingly frequently
in cells throughout the body. An example of such a mishap would be the common event that waste
produced by mitochondria

Non Capsular Injuries
Acceleration
The acceleration phase, takes place from maximal shoulder external rotation until the release of the
football with shoulder internal rotation. The non–dominant elbow during the acceleration phases is
ripping back. Like a young child ripping their favorite toy away from someone. The non–dominant
hand should end up near the non–dominant armpit. The height of the dominant elbow should be
maintained above the dominant shoulder with a slight flexion in the elbow. The 'Little C' should be
coming over your dominant ear. The grip of the football is similar to the letter 'C'. So the football
should be coming over the ear. The dominant arms bicep should be close to the dominant ear. As the
football is approaching the front of the dominant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Static stretches are intended to improve flexibility by holding a specific movement. For the feet and
calves there is the advanced plantar flexor stretch. For the knees and things there are the advanced
seated knee flexor stretch and advanced kneeling knee extensor stretch. The hips can be stretch with
external rotator and back extensor stretch, along with the advanced seated hip adductor stretch. The
arms, wrists and hands can be stretch with the elbow and wrist flexor stretch, triceps brachii stretch,
intermediate wrist extensor stretch and intermediate wrist flexor stretch. The shoulder, back and
chest can be stretch with the intermediate shoulder flexor stretch, shoulder adductor, protractor and
elevator stretch, along with the shoulder adductor and extensor stretch (Nelson & Kokkonen,

Brand Extension Essay
EVALUATING THE VARIOUS FACTORS EFFECTING BRAND EXTENSION IN FMCG
Abstract
Purpose: Brand extension refers to the use of recognized brand names for introducing new offerings
. In a typical brand extension situation, an established brand name is applied to a new product in a
category either related or unrelated, in order to take advantage of the equity of the core brand name.
The present study is based on two highest selling FMCG companies in India i.e. Hindustan Unilever
& ITC. Indian Tobacco Company Limited "ITC" is rated among world's most reputable companies
by Forbes magazine and among India's most valuable companies by Business Today. It ranks among
India's '10 Most Valuable (Company) Brands', in a study conducted by Brand Finance and published
by the Economic Times. The Company has a diversified presence in FMCG. Hindustan Unilever
Limited ("HUL" or "Company") is a Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) company. HUL has a
diversified presence, It has 35 different brands in 20 different categories ... Show more content on
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Hypotheses
H1 The higher the perceived reputations of the parent brand, the more favourable should be
evaluations of the brand extensions.
H2 The higher the perceived risk associated with the extension category, the more positive will be
evaluations of the brand extensions.
H3 The higher consumers' innovativeness, the more positive should be the evaluations of extended
brands.
H4 The lesser the price of the new product , the more positive will be the evaluation of Brand
Extension.
DATAANALYSIS
Table 1.1
Final

Advantages Of Brand Extension
Brand Extension, basically, is a peculiar strategy related to the Brand management. There are
various factors that tend to affect the brand extension process. These may include Parent Brand
experience and awareness, brand image, perceived extension fit, perceived Quality, perceived
performance and similarity of the products. Moreover, the parent brand loyalty, equity and
personality also play a huge part in the brand extension process (R. Priyadharsini et al, 2013).
The research analyzing brand extension strategies in Service Companies indicate that the probability
of success and acceptance of brand extension in order to have a competitive advantage are strongly
influenced by the Perceived product quality and the perceived fit between the extended ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The consumers are conserned with right price and quality of the product they buy, so, when the
companies ensure to give qulaity products through extension, and focus onto the continuous
improvement of the product that they are offering; generally makes the extension a suucess (Hassan
Ghorbani et al, 2011)
(Ahmed H. Tolba, 2011) The brand performance has been studied in terms of the market share,
ability of the company to charge the price premium, and its distribution coverage. The more the
companies evaluate their performance on increasing the market share and enhancing the coverage of
the product, the more are the chances of the brand extension to succeed in the market.
The product category is an important variable that plays a vital role in the success or failure of the
brand extension. An established brand that has enough market share an increase its profit by adding
new products into product categories that give the maximum revenue. Moreover, product categories
that losing the market share can regain their share if they wisely adopt the brand extension strategies
(Franziska Volckner,

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essay
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Purpose:
What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise is for students to identify and
name the major muscles of the human body. Students will also understand the muscle actions
correspond with their locations in the body.
Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what
precautions should be taken. There are some safety concerns with this exercise. Gloves, masks and
goggles should be worn at all times. Using the tools correctly is imparitive to making sure the
student remains unharmed. Exercise 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck Data Table 1 – Movement(s)
performed by each muscle for Figures 3–4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One antagonist for the should flexion is the sternocleidmastoid. E. What are the muscles between the
ribs called? What do they do?
The muscles between the ribs are called Serratus Anterior. They are responsible for protecting,
stabilizing and moving the scapula.
Exercise 3: Muscles of the Upper Body
Data Table 3 – Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 8–10.
Muscle|Movement(s) Performed|
Anconeus |Extends elbow|
Biceps brachii|Flexion of the elbow and shoulder|
Brachialis|Flexion of the elbow|
Brachioradialis |Flexes elbow|
Coracobrachialis|Flexes and horizontally the arm|
Extensor carpi radialis longus|Extends and Adducts the wrist|
Extensor carpi radialis brevis||
Extensor digitorum communis|Extends the wrist|
Flexor carpi radialis|Flexion and adducts the wrist|
Flexor carpi ulnaris|Flexion and Adducts the wrist|
Infraspinatus|Modulates deltoid, rotates humerus|
Palmaris longus|Flexion of the wrist|
Pronator teres|Flexes elbow|

Teres minor|Rotates humerus laterally|
Triceps brachii|Extends elbow, extends and adducts humerus|
QUESTIONS
A. List three agonist muscles that flex the elbow. Three agonist muscles that flex the elbow are the
brachialis, brachioradialis, and Pronator teres.
B. List one antagonist for elbow flexion. An antagonist for elbow flexion is the tricep brachii.
C. List two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist. Two muscles that flex the

The Five Functions Of The Muscular System
Functions of the muscular system:
The muscular system has many functions. There are 5 main functions. Firstly, it allows us to balance
via proprio receptors. In terms of balance, not only do you rely on the two sensory organs in your
inner ear but also receptors in your muscles and tendons help your body to balance. The receptors in
your muscles and tendons are called proprio receptors, these proprio receptors detect how stretched
your joints, tendons and muscles are.
Secondly it allows movement as muscles cross joints and attach bone to bone. Muscles work in pairs
and skeletal muscles can pull in one direction and for this reason they always come in pairs. Due to
the fact that two muscles work together, as one muscle in the pair contracts the other muscle relaxes
for example as the bicep contracts the triceps relaxes to once again straighten the joint out.
Thirdly our muscular system also allows blood circulation which is controlled by the heart. The
muscular pump is a skeletal muscle group that help to assist the heart in the circulation of blood to
all the muscles around the body.
The muscular system also helps to keep us warm and keep us at the correct temperature.
Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to maintain its correct temperature of 37
degrees c. Muscles contribute to your bodies temperature because they receive messages from the
brain when you are cold. Our bodies response to being cold is shivering which warms you up on the
other hand if you are

Harrison's Case: Will the Court Grant and Extension to the...
In the matter of Harrisons Pharmacy Pty Limited:
Will Courts Readily Grant Extension to the Convening Period?
Introduction
In Harrisons Case, the Federal Court of Australia considered the administrators' application to
extend the convening period. This case comment will discuss the various principles that contribute
to the Court's discretion in granting extensions, and how the application of those principles in other
cases yield different results.
Background
On 25 March 2013, administrators were appointed. The secured creditor appointed receivers to
control over substantially all of the companies' assets. Harrisons Pharmacy comprises a group of
companies that operate small to large pharmacies, "bulk billing", medical and pharmaceutical supply
contracts and a wellness spa. The administrator sought the Court's permission to extend the
convening period by six months. Although the administrators brought the proceedings, the receivers
supported it. The central issue in Harrisons Case is whether and for what period the Court should
exercise its discretion to extend the convening period. The Court was satisfied and granted extension
to the convening period.
Balancing Act
Harrisons case demonstrates that the Courts will strike a balance between the expectation that the
administration will be relatively quick and the requirement that undue speed should not prejudice
creditors' return. The administrators adduced evidence of a complex corporate

Diagnosis Of The Radial Nerve
Diagnosis Information The patient's diagnosis in this case study is lesion of the radial nerve.¹ The
International Classifications of Diseases 9th Revision, ICD–9–CM 354.3 will be replaced by an
equivalent ICD–10–CM code (or codes) when the United States transitions from ICD–9–CM to
ICD–10–CM on October 1, 2015. ICD–9–CM 354.3 is a billable medical code that can be used to
specify a diagnosis on a reimbursement claim.¹ A lesion of the radial nerve according to The Guide
for Physical Therapists Practice falls under Impairments/ Peripheral Nerve Injury. The preferred
practice pattern for lesion of the radial nerve is 5F, impaired peripheral nerve integrity and muscle
performance associated with peripheral nerve injury.
Lesion of the radial nerve as described in Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques is the
impairment of the radial nerve due to entrapment.⁴ Clinical features include weakness of elbow
extension, elbow flexion, supination of the forearm, wrist and finger extension, and thumb
abduction. Sensation may be impaired over regions of the dorsal area of the forearm and hand.
Common sites of compression or traumatic injury are under the extensor carpi radialis brevis or may
occur with a radial head fracture.⁴ The radial nerve wraps around the humerus, and runs anteriorly
around the lateral epicondyle at the elbow then it divides into deep and superficial branches. The
superficial branch follows the lateral side of the radius all the way to the hand.⁴ The deep

Agonist Muscles
Example 1: javelin
Preparatory phase
Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle
Shoulder Humerus & scapula Horizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi
Elbow Humerus & ulna Extension
Triceps brachii
Throwing contains of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase. predominantly the
majority of actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and also both joints
mainly involved are the elbow, the elbow is a type of joint called a hinge joint made up by the
humerus and ulna, and the shoulder, the shoulder is different to the elbow as it's a ball socket this is
found between the humerus and the scapula.
Preparatory phase
Before throwing the javelin the arm that isn't holding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
your calf must contract to extend your ankle this is called plantar flexion, while the muscles on the
front of your shin contracts to hold your ankle rigid. The action muscle in place there is called an
isometric contraction, where the muscles create tension but, they are not causing any actual joint
movement they are just holding the ankle in place.
The power of kicking a ball predominantly comes from the knee straightening. This knee extension,
can only happen if the top thigh muscles contract. These muscles are called your quadriceps, that
have four individual components; the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis rectus femoris and vastus
intermedius. these all join just above the shin therefore being able to lift the lower leg
Moving your leg forward from your hip is a movement called hip flexion. This is the biggest joint
action in football, as it starts as an extension and finishes with a significant push forward going past
the body's midline. To allow hip flexion to occur, your three hamstring muscles –– semitendinosus,
semimembranosus and biceps femoris –– must relax. Tight hamstrings may effect your tecniwue and
ability to

Volleyball Is A Popular Sport Across The World For Both
Volleyball is a popular sport across the world for both males and females, whether it be
competitively or recreationally (Mitchinson, 2013). The objective of the game is to send the ball
over the net and have it land inside the opponents' court. However, to even start the game or rally,
one must serve the ball from their side of the court to the other side of the court. This then gives the
teams an opportunity to score a point. Therefore, serving is one of the most important skills in
volleyball since it is one of the few ways to continue to score points (Seminati, 2015). A type of
serve often is the overhand serve. This serve requires the subject to toss the ball with one hand and
contact the ball with the opposite hand above the head. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The players were tested using a ten–camera motion analysis system. Markers were placed on
various spots on the body to assess movements at the pelvis, thorax, shoulder, arm, and hand. The
markers measure flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the trunk. For the upper limb, it
measured internal and external rotation. The players performed ten spike trials to various spots on
the court. For these trials, were then analyzed and Mitchinson concluded that there were no
differences in the range of motion (ROM) of the injured and uninjured athletes. This article is
important for analyzing the biomechanics of a volleyball serve because the motion of the shoulder
during a spike and a serve and almost identical. The article also gave useful information on the sport
of volleyball and the importance of having proper shoulder movement to successfully swing
(Mitchinson, 2013).
Elena Seminati, and other scientists, conducted a study on the shoulder range of motion and
humerus rotation in volleyball. The main purpose of the study was to assess the
performance/motions of the shoulder and use that information to determine ways to avoid injury.
The introduction of the research article gave crucial information on the importance of having correct
biomechanics to avoid injury. It stated that shoulder injury is one of the most common injuries in
volleyball. The study analyzed 21 volleyball, both male and female, that competed at the national
level. Sixteen markers were placed

Frailty In Geriatric Patients
While various objective tools have been validated for assessing frailty in the geriatric population,
these are often unsuitable for busy clinics and mobility–impaired patients. Although we have
developed the Frailty Meter (FM) using two wearable sensors for frailty assessment during a 20–
second repetitive elbow flexion and extension task, there is a dearth of information regarding an
automatic algorithm for identifying frailty with a practicality for mHealth application. In this study,
we proposed a practical wrist–type FM based on a wearable inertial sensor with an optimal
algorithm for assessing frailty regardless of patients' information including age, gender and body
mass index. The data collected from 100 bedbound inpatients (age: 78.9±9.1 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The University of Arizona Institutional Review Board approved the study and all patients provided
written consent.
Frailty status was measured by Trauma–Specific Frailty Index (TSFI), a shorten version of
Rockwood frailty questionnaire (20), suggested as a new practical tool to identify frailty for
predicting discharge disposition in geriatric trauma patients (21). The TSFI has been validated to be
a stronger predictor of frailty than other trauma risk indicators such as Injury Severity Score, head
Abbreviated Injury Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale scores (21). Based on the TSFI score, the
patients were divided in to nonfrail (score ≤ 0.27) and frail (score > 0.27) groups. Trained
researchers performed all frailty

The Six Fundamental Movements Of Major Body Segments
The six fundamental movements of Major Body Segments are flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Flexion is a decrease in the angle between two body
segments. Flexion occurs at the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints. An example exercise is doing
curls on the arm curl machine. Extension is an increase in the angle between two body segments, or
the return from flexion. An example exercise is by working on the leg extension. Abduction is the
movement of a body segment away from the midline. An example exercise for this body segment is
a dumbbell lateral raise, spreading of the fingers or toes, or the legs moving apart on a hip abductor
machine. Adduction is the movement of a body segment toward the midline, or

Service Quality and Client Satisfaction: Cases of Multiple...
A competitive world of numerous public and private service providers placed perceived quality as
one of the crucial determinant in selecting a product or service. With the aim of determining service
quality present study investigate multiple public and private agricultural extension service providers
in Bangladesh. SERVQUAL model was employed to measure service quality using face to face
interview with 391 respondents. This study was also complimented with qualitative methods like
key informant interviews, focus group discussion and informal interviews. Z statistics revealed that
there was a significant difference between the perceived and expected ratings on all of the service
quality dimensions. It was also confirmed that highest gaps ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Several other studies posit that the performance of agricultural extension is unsatisfactory and a
remarkable proportion of potential clients remain out of extension service (Haq, 2011; Porimol et
al., 2008; Daily Star, 2008). In addition public agricultural extension is often criticized for being too
top–down as well as large and medium farmer centered (Swanson, 2011; World Bank, 2005;
Sobhan, 1995).
In general extension services offered by private organizations is conceived as better than public
extension service although empirical evidences are scarce. Rather extension service offered by
private companies can logically be criticized for high profit making intension and ignoring
development motive (Haque, 2010). On the other hand NGOs may be little ahead in terms of contact
frequency (ASIRP, 2003) and dealing with special farmer groups such as landless, marginal, etc.
(Birner et al., 2010; Haque, 2010) but the quality of service and skill of extension of worker is not
out of the question. Nonetheless NGOs are commonly criticized for working in fashionable
locations, limited capacity for agricultural technology development and dissemination, more
accountable to funding agencies than clients (Farrington, 1997).
A service deemed to be of high quality when the customer's expectations are corroborated by
subsequent service delivery. Service quality is important and strategic aspect in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Brand Extension: Economic...
Brand extension refers to marketing strategy in which same name of a brand is used in a different
product category. In short it is similar to brand stretching. Brand extension helps in evaluating
opportunities related top product category, it identifies resource need and it helps organization to
increase brand equity. brand extension is successful when customers value and goals match with that
of core business and when these goals and value are personified in a brand then the brand is more
acceptable by the customers in a business. brand extension is done for some purpose like for growth
and development, trend in industry ,Economic Benefits and also for creating competition.
Examples:
Haleeb food limited: The first product of the company was Haleeb Milk but ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
ADVANTAGES OF BRAND EXTENSION:
Some of the advantages of brand extension are as follows:
new product acceptance in a market is easier by brand extension as it reduces the risk which
customers thought off regarding new brand
it helps in increasing the brand image
New product extension enhance the consumer interest and its willingness to try new product of a
similar brand name.
Promotional cost and marketing cost is reduced
new product development need cost which is reduced by brand extension
Varieties of products are available for consumer to make

Copyright Law Extension Act And The Copyright Term...
BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF ELDRED V. ASHCROFT IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER
QUESTION PRESENTED
Does the Copyright Term Extension Act, which extends the term of a copyright to 70 years after the
creator's death, violate the "limited Times" prescription of the Copyright Clause and the free speech
guarantee of the First Amendment?
IDENTITY AND INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE We respectfully submit this brief amicus
curiae in support of the petitioners, Eldred et al. The petitioners owned the copyrights of works now
in the public domain. They challenged the 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) on the
grounds that the act allows copyrights to exist in perpetuity and restricts free speech, so the act
violates the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Justice
Ginsburg denied Eldred's challenges, finding that the terms established by the CTEA are limited
terms and that the act accommodates for petitioner's First Amendment concerns. We submit this
amicus curiae in dissent of the court opinion that upheld the CTEA.
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 established that
copyright terms now expire 70 years after the creator's death, which is a 20–year extension from the
previous copyright law in 1976 that established term expiration 50 years after the creator's death.
The Act applies equally to future works and works with existing copyrights. The court in Eldred v.
Ashcroft upheld the CTEA as a rational exercise of congressional authority in that the copyright
extension creates a significant benefit: encouraging copyright authors to produce more creative
works. However, the extension has little influence on the motivation of authors to create and it
constructs roadblocks in the creation process. Overall, the expected outcome of the 20–year
copyright term extension is a reduction in the number of works being created and copyrighted in the
future due to the increased costs of production. Without works entering the public domain, the
copyright owner monopolizes their work, creating social costs associated with a monopoly market
failure. The CTEA should be struck down as it is inconsistent with the ultimate goal of copyright
law, which is to promote the

Muscle Contraction Report
First Muscles perform three types of contractions: concentric, eccentric, and isometric. When
executing a strength exercise, all three of the muscle contractions are involved. As you perform a
movement, the main muscles undergo a concentric contraction while the opposite muscles undergo
an eccentric contraction. The adjacent parts of the body that are not in use are stabilized via the
isometric contraction.
The strongest phase is during the eccentric contraction which controlling and stopping movement
and prepares the muscles for an explosive type contraction and counteracts the pull of gravity to
guide the movement. When it is strong enough, it stops the movement.
1) Biceps curl: the primary muscles are Biceps Brachii, Brachialis &Brachioradialis.
During upward phase (lifting/curl the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Upward phase, the spine flexed to create concentric contraction to rectus abdominous.
(Concentric phase of movement). Holding in this position is an isometric phase of the movement.
And in the downward phase spine extended to create an eccentric contraction which is the –
strongest phase– eccentric phase of the movement.
8) Back hyperextension: the primary muscle is erector spinae .during spine extension the primary
muscle undergoes concentric contraction. (Concentric phase of movement). (Upward phase).and to
hold the erector spinae in the isometric phase of the exercise. While downward phase the spine
flexed and the primary muscle undergo an eccentric contraction & that is an eccentric phase of the
movement.
9) Leg curl: the primary muscles are Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus. In the
upward phase knee flexed to create a concentric contraction (concentric phase of
movement).holding with the knee flexed is an isometric phase of the movement. And in the
downward phase, Knee extended & the primary muscles undergo eccentric contraction which is
eccentric phase & the strongest phase of the

Essay On Elbow Dislocation
After the diagnosis from the orthopedic doctor of a posterior elbow dislocation, the athlete was
instructed to wear a mobilization brace locked out at thirty degrees until his next follow up
appointment. During this time, gentle range of motion activities began involving the wrist and the
elbow in both flexion and extension. The athlete also worked on grip strength with putty, increasing
the time and intensity as needed. In addition to these activities, isometric elbow contractions added
to the intensity of the rehabilitation. After the rehabilitation sessions finished, the athlete iced the
injured area.
The athlete began to heat the injured area before beginning his exercise to help promote increasing
range of motion. Both active and passive stretching of the elbow and wrist assists the athlete in
increasing range of motion as well. The athletic trainers added hammer pronation/supination
exercises to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the athlete still wore the brace while walking outside due to the ice on the ground for
protection in case he fell. The use of the upper body ergometer was added to help increase range of
motion and strength of the arm. The team physician cleared the athlete to begin closed chain
activities. Wall pushups were then added to the athlete's rehabilitation program.
Next, the athletic training staff added elbow curls and extension to the athlete's rehabilitation
program. Also, the athlete began upper body proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises in
both the D1 and D2 patterns to work on entire arm strength in flexion and extension.
Once the athlete mastered the wall pushups, the intensity increased to table pushups and then to
chair pushups. The athlete began to feel confidence in himself in activities of daily living and did
not feel as if he would drop something if he held onto it for an extended period of

Football: A Biomechanic Analysis
Introduction American football is one of greatest pastimes and the most popular spectator sport,
reaching many households in the US and more than 150 countries when the Super Bowl is played
(5). A sport that captivates the family, unites the audience, and supports its homeland, football is a
multi–billion–dollar industry. The intention of this paper is to zoom in on the biomechanics of this
beloved sport, specifically understanding the importance of the defensive lineman stance as it is
critical to the success of a football team. To clarify, while a team could score play after play, if their
defense does not hold up the team may still lose and if the offense only has a few successes, but the
defense is strong, the team is likely to perform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the head and neck, the motion that occurs is an extension. Some muscles act concentrically or
shortening. Other muscles act eccentrically, meaning the muscles lengthen while producing force.
Additionally, other movements involved include shoulder striking and flexing, elbow flexion,
extension, hip flexion, neutral back and core, shoulder, elbow, knee flexion, and forearm, wrist, hand
extension and flexion, foot dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (7). With myriad techniques required in
this complex movement, it is important for proper strength and conditioning strategies in order to
disrupt the passing game and shut down the running game. Lineman are expected to excel in sprints
and change of direction ability test (1) (9). "Regarding professional football players, power, speed,
and agility have been shown to be valid predictors of draft status and have been found to
differentiate between college players that are drafted by the NFL and players that do not get drafted
(5)." The athletes have become stronger, faster, and more powerful over the past 20 years

Cooperative Extension Improvements
Cooperative Extension works to offer diverse educational programs in agriculture, community
development, food and nutrition, youth development, and natural resources (Franz & Townson,
2008). It consists of being a part of every state's land grant universities, the United States
Department of Agriculture, and local county governments. Part of the reason it got its name is
because it is an extension of the land–grant universities. It is currently the largest adult education
organization in the United States. The Morrill Act of 1862 is what eventually led to the development
of Cooperative Extension. Land–grant universities were started because of the Morrill Act, and in
1914 the Smith–Lever act allocated funds to land–grant universities. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Evaluation practices were most likely instigated by external pressure from the public to validate
results and ensure program quality (Rennekamp and Engle, 2008). Cooperative Extension programs
realized that a large portion of the financial support they received was funding that involved the
public. In order to keep receiving funding, they had to adapt and make changes to their program to
ensure the public was getting what they wanted and had their questions answered. Cooperative
Extension as a whole adapted evaluation, but due to the multitudes of program provided by them
and the difference of demand depending on the location, how they went about evaluating

Muscles: A Case Study
3. While performing the off–centre attitude in parallel different groups of muscles contract to
produce movement needed to execute this balance.
Beginning from the lower half of the body there are primary muscles that contract to produce
dorsiflexion of the calcaneus: the tibialis anterior and pernoneous tertius are the agonists and the
peroneous longus and peroneous brevis are the antagonists of this action. Although, when
dorsiflexion reverses to plantaflexion the roles of agonist and antagonist also reverse. Therefore the
peroneous longus and peroneous brevis are now the agonists and the tibialis anterior and pernoneous
tertius are the antagonists of this reversed action.
Upwards, is the knee in flexion caused by a separate group of muscles ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Connected to the scapula is the shoulder: the deltoid anterior, deltoid lateral, pectoralis major and
bicep brachi contract to create forward flexion at one of these shoulder joints. Parallel the deltoid,
infraspinatus and teresminor are contracted to cause extension of the shoulder joint. Travelling along
each arm the triceps brachi and aneconeus muscles are contracted to extend the elbow joint. The
radio–carpal joint in extension uses the extensor carpi radialis longus, abductor pollicis and flexor
carpi radialis to perform the neutral positioning of the radio–carpel and extension of the phalanges
Engaging different muscles create different movements of the body and different actions at joints;
using muscles correctly when performing the off–centre attitude in parallel will make certain the
skill is correct.
4. My main somatotype is the mesomorph and I also fit into the ectomorph category. I have a solid,
muscled athletic appearance and my shoulders are broader then my hips. I am sturdy, tightly strung,
my connective tissue is tight and the strong stretch reflex makes it difficult for flexibility. However
my cardiovascular system is not efficient so my hands and feet are frequently cold; this is a typical
characteristic of an

Cases of Multiple Providers of Agricultural Extension...
3.4 Farmer's satisfaction with extension services
This study used five point Likert scale to measure client satisfaction. As very few responses were
recorded in very dissatisfied category so this category is merged with dissatisfied category. Slightly
more than two third of the farmers are either satisfied (71.1%) or very satisfied (5%) with the
content of extension service (Figure 1). Farmer satisfaction is highest with agent's behavior where
16% farmers are very satisfied and 65.1% satisfied. On the contrary little less than half of the
respondents were either dissatisfied (11.3%) or in no opinion (32.4 %) category with extension
service method. Overall satisfaction percentage shows that a little more than half of the respondents
are either satisfied (46.5%) or very satisfied (6.9%) with extension service leaving a little less than
half (46.5%) in no opinion and dissatisfied category. These findings echoes findings of another
study by Akanda & Rokunuzzaman (2012) in Northern Bangladesh on 160 respondents, where
46.9% farmers were found satisfied to moderately satisfied in terms of getting agricultural
information.
3.5 Factors affecting client satisfaction with extension service
Tabulation of OLM results revealed that among all the selected variables education, type of contact,
farming experience and use of communication media had significant affect on farmers' satisfaction
with contents. However education and farming experience had negative effect i.e. satisfaction

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