Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Blockchain Impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on IoT

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AI, Blockchain, IoT GDPR Compliance AT A Glance
Alex G. Lee1
GDPR Article
2
AI
3
Bloclkchain
4
IoT
5
Article 5 Principles relating to processing
of personal data
(1)(a) Personal data shall be processed
lawfully, fairly and in a transparent
manner in relation to the data subject
(‘lawfulness, fairness and transparency’)
*Article 6 Lawfulness of processing
*Recital 58 Transparency
*Recital 60 Information Fairness
*Recital 71 Substantive fairness
(1)(b) Personal data shall be collected for
specified, explicit and legitimate purposes
and not further processed in a manner that
AI should process personal
data transparently and not
produce bias output.
Personal data for AI should be
collected for specified,
explicit and legitimate
Specific purpose of the
blockcahin’s use of personal
data should be clearly
The user of IoT
should be informed
regarding how
collected personal
data is being handled.
Personal data
collected by IoT
should be processed
1
Alex G. Lee, Ph.D Esq., is a principal consultant at TechIPm, LLC.
2
https://advisera.com/eugdpracademy/gdpr/
3
The impact of the General Data Protection Regulatio (GDPR) on artificial intelligence
(https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/641530/EPRS_STU(2020)641530_EN.pdf)
4
Blockchain and the General Data Protection Regulation
(https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/634445/EPRS_STU(2019)634445_EN.pdf)
5
GDPR Privacy Implications for the Internet of Things
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331991225_GDPR_Privacy_Implications_for_the_Internet_of_Things)

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is incompatible with those purposes;
further processing for archiving purposes
in the public interest, scientific or historical
research purposes or statistical purposes
shall, in accordance with Article 89(1), not
be considered to be incompatible with the
initial purposes (‘purpose limitation’)
Article 13 Information to be provided
where personal data are collected from the
data subject
Article 89(1) Safeguards and derogations
relating to processing for archiving
purposes in the public interest, scientific or
historical research purposes or statistical
purposes
(1)(c) Personal data shall be adequate,
relevant and limited to what is necessary in
relation to the purposes for which they are
processed (‘data minimization’)
*Recital 78 Organizational Measure for
Data Protection
*Recital 162 Processing for Statistical
Purposes
purposes and processed for
those purposes.
Specific purpose of the AI’s
use of personal data should be
determined before data
collection or training or
deployment.
A new AI’s use purpose of
personal data should be
compatible with the original
purpose.
AI's use of additional personal
data should provide a benefit
that outweighs any potential
risk by including additional
personal data.
The personal data processed
for statistical purpose should
not be used for adopting
decisions on individuals by
AI.
communicated to the data
subject that they are using
blockcahin technology and
explained related
implications such as that the
processing is not limited to
the original transaction but
that their personal data will
continue to be processed
thereafter.
in relation to the
purposes for which
those data are
collected.
Personal data
collected by IoT
should be limited to
what is necessary in
relation to the
purposes
(applications or
services to operate)
for which they are
processed.
Article 22 Automated individual decision-
making, including profiling
*Article 13(2)(f) Information to be
provided
*Article 14(2)(g) Information to be
provided

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*Article 15(1)(h) Right of access
*Article 21 Right to object
(1) The data subject shall have the right not
to be subject to a decision based solely on
automated processing, including profiling,
which produces legal effects concerning
him or her or similarly significantly affects
him or her
*Article 4(4) Profiling
*Article 6(1) Lawfulness of processing
*Recital 71 Substantive fairness
(2)(a)Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the
decision is necessary for entering into, or
performance of, a contract between the
data subject and a data controller
(2)(b)Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the
decision is authorized by Union or Member
State law to which the controller is subject
and which also lays down suitable measures
to safeguard the data subject’s rights and
freedoms and legitimate interests
(2)(b)Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the
decision is based on the data subject’s
explicit consent
*Article 4(11) Consent
(3) In the cases referred to in points (a) and
(c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall
implement suitable measures to safeguard
Implement some level of
human involvement in the
decision process (decision
supporting tool for final
human decision). If possible,
use anonymized data.
Potential measures are (a) Use
pseudonymized data (b) Input
Automated decision-making
by blockchain smart
contracts should be
analyzed for compatibility.
This is the case
particularly for AI
algorithms deployed
in conjunction with
IoT.

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the data subject’s rights and freedoms and
legitimate interests, at least the right to
obtain human intervention on the part of
the controller, to express his or her point of
view and to contest the decision
(4) Decisions referred to in paragraph 2
shall not be based on special categories of
personal data referred to in Article 9(1),
unless point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies
and suitable measures to safeguard the
data subject’s rights and freedoms and
legitimate interests are in place.
*Article 9 Processing of special categories
of personal data
Article 32 Security of processing
(1) Taking into account the state of the art,
the costs of implementation and the nature,
scope, context and purposes of processing
as well as the risk of varying likelihood and
severity for the rights and freedoms of
natural persons, the controller and the
processor shall implement appropriate
technical and organizational measures to
ensure a level of security appropriate to the
risk, including inter alia as appropriate:
the pseudonymization and encryption of
personal data;
data related to the data subject
and other parameters used by
AI algorithm for automated
decision can be provided upon
request.
A careful consideration
should be given for
processing sensitive personal
data (personal data revealing
racial or ethnic origin,
political opinions, religious or
philosophical beliefs, trade
union membership, genetic
state, biometric signal, health
status, sex life or sexual
orientation).

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(a) the ability to ensure the ongoing
confidentiality, integrity, availability and
resilience of processing systems and
services;
(b) the ability to restore the availability and
access to personal data in a timely manner
in the event of a physical or technical
incident;
(c) a process for regularly testing, assessing
and evaluating the effectiveness of technical
and organizational measures for ensuring
the security of the processing.
Article 16 Right to rectification
The data subject shall have the right to
obtain from the controller without undue
delay the rectification of inaccurate
personal data concerning him or her.
Taking into account the purposes of the
processing, the data subject shall have the
right to have incomplete personal data
completed, including by means of providing
a supplementary statement.
*Article 29 Working Party
Article 17 – Right to erasure (‘right to be
forgotten’)
Trained AI algorithm can be
used for transfer learning
because the data that are
Rectifying data on private
blockchains can be possible
through a change of the
relevant transaction record
by re-hashing subsequent
blocks where this is
facilitated by the respective
technical and governance
set-up.
Rectifying data on public
blockchains may be possible
by means of providing a
supplementary statement to
make incomplete data
complete.
Blockahin should provide at
least means for blocking
access to the data (e.g.,
IoT should be
designed from the
start to meet suitable
detailed requirements
of personal data
rectification, erasure,
portability, and
transfer.

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The data subject shall have the right to
obtain from the controller the erasure of
personal data concerning him or her
without undue delay and the controller
shall have the obligation to erase personal
data without undue delay …
*Article 19 Notification obligation
regarding rectification or erasure of
personal data or restriction of processing
Article 20 Right to data portability
The data subject shall have the right to
receive the personal data concerning him
or her, which he or she has provided to a
controller, in a structured, commonly used
and machine-readable format and have the
right to transmit those data to another
controller without hindrance from the
controller to which the personal data have
been provided …
Article 45 Transfers on the basis of an
adequacy decision
A transfer of personal data to a third
country or an international organization
may take place where the Commission has
decided that the third country, a territory
or one or more specified sectors within that
embedded in trained AI
algorithm are no longer
persona data.
Data analysis using AI is
likely to involve cross-border
transfer and multiple parties.
destruction of the private
key, which would have the
effect of making data
encrypted with a public key
inaccessible).
If possible, use anonymized
data (e.g., non-reversible
encryption of data, Zero-
knowledge proofs).
There may be some cases
that interoperability among
various blockchain solutions
cab be an issue.
Blockchain should allow
data subjects to obtain
information about where
their data has been
transferred to in line
with the informational
duties applying to third
country transfers.
Transfer of personal
data to multiple
devices located in
many locations
including in other
Nations is likely
in the IoT

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third country, or the international
organization in question ensures an
adequate level of protection. Such a
transfer shall not require any specific
authorization.
*Article 46 Transfers subject to
appropriate safeguards
*Article 47 Binding corporate rules
Article 24 Responsibility of the controller
*Article 4(7) ‘controller’ means the natural
or legal person, public authority, agency or
other body which, alone or jointly with
others, determines the purposes and means
of the processing of personal data; where
the purposes and means of such processing
are determined by Union or Member State
law, the controller or the specific criteria
for its nomination may be provided for by
Union or Member State law.
*Article 5(2) The controller shall be
responsible for, and be able to demonstrate
compliance with, paragraph 1
(‘accountability’).
*Article 26 Joint controllers Two or more
controllers jointly determine the purposes
and means of processing.
*Article 28 Processor
*Article 29 Processing under the authority
of the controller or processor
(1) Taking into account the nature, scope,
context and purposes of processing as well
In AI applications, the
measures include controls
To identify the actors
determining the purposes
and means of data
processing in a specific
use case ((joint-
)controllership), it is not
only necessary to consider
the specificities of that use
case and the manner in
which personal data is
handled, but moreover to
carefully examine the
governance design of a
given blockchain.

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as the risks of varying likelihood and
severity for the rights and freedoms of
natural persons, the controller shall
implement appropriate technical and
organizational measures to ensure and to
be able to demonstrate that processing is
performed in accordance with this
Regulation. Those measures shall be
reviewed and updated where necessary.
(2) Where proportionate in relation to
processing activities, the measures referred
to in paragraph 1 shall include the
implementation of appropriate data
protection policies by the controller.
(3) Adherence to approved codes of
conduct as referred to in Article 40 or
approved certification mechanisms as
referred to in Article 42 may be used as an
element by which to demonstrate
compliance with the obligations of the
controller.
Article 25 Data protection by design and by
default
*Recital 28 Introduction of
Pseudonymisation
(1) Taking into account the state of the art,
the cost of implementation and the nature,
scope, context and purposes of processing
as well as the risks of varying likelihood
over the adequacy and
completeness of training sets,
over reasonableness of the
inferences, over the existence
of causes of bias and
unfairness.
With regard to AI, these
measures should include
controls over the
representativeness of training
sets, over the reasonableness
of the inferences and over the
absence of unfairness and
discrimination.
Appropriate security
Whoever uses blockchain
technology, should ensure
that the technical
specificities are such to
enable compliance with the
GDPR. The data controllers
are obliged to make sure
that the processes of
blockchain governance to
Special design
consideration in
GDPR-compliance
IoT system should be
given considering
automatic
communication
without human
intervention between

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and severity for rights and freedoms of
natural persons posed by the processing,
the controller shall, both at the time of the
determination of the means for processing
and at the time of the processing itself,
implement appropriate technical and
organizational measures, such as
pseudonymzation, which are designed to
implement data-protection principles, such
as data minimization, in an effective
manner and to integrate the necessary
safeguards into the processing in order to
meet the requirements of this Regulation
and protect the rights of data subjects.
(2) The controller shall implement
appropriate technical and organizational
measures for ensuring that, by default, only
personal data which are necessary for each
specific purpose of the processing are
processed. That obligation applies to the
amount of personal data collected, the
extent of their processing, the period of
their storage and their accessibility. In
particular, such measures shall ensure that
by default personal data are not made
accessible without the individual’s
intervention to an indefinite number of
natural persons.
(3) An approved certification mechanism
pursuant to Article 42 may be used as an
element to demonstrate compliance with
measures, such as encryption
or pseudonymization, should
also prevent
ensure that compliance with
the GDPR is possible.
IoT objects and
between IoT objects
and persons.

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the requirements set out in paragraphs 1
and 2 of this Article.
*Article 42 Certification
Article 35 Data protection impact
assessment
*Article 36 Prior consultation
*Article 9 Processing of special categories
of personal data
*Article 5(1)(e) Storing personal data
*Article 40 Codes of conduct
*Article 6 Lawfulness of processing
(1) Where a type of processing in particular
using new technologies, and taking into
account the nature, scope, context and
purposes of the processing, is likely to
result in a high risk to the rights and
freedoms of natural persons, the controller
shall, prior to the processing, carry out an
assessment of the impact of the envisaged
processing operations on the protection of
personal data. A single assessment may
address a set of similar processing
operations that present similar high risks.
The impact assessment is
important in the development
of data-protection compliant
AI.
It would be helpful if
regulatory guidance on
blockchains to specify
whether the use of
blockchains creates a high
risk to fundamental rights,
or whether risk ought to be
assessed on a case-by-case
basis.
IoT data controllers
should consider the
impact of the personal
data processing.
Double shield for
cybersecurity via AI
+blockchain
integration may
provide data-
protection compliant
IoT.

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