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With Arnaud Girin
CFD webinar
How to Model Trees with Porous
Media — Pedestrian Wind Comfort
CFD webinar
How to Model Trees with Porous
Media — Pedestrian Wind Comfort
About SimScale
Who we are
● Founded in 2012
● Offices in Munich, Boston, and New York
● 80+ employees across 6+ time zones
● 150,000 users worldwide
● More than 300k simulation projects
● Knowledge base and tutorials
We created the world’s first cloud-based
engineering simulation platform.
● Fluid dynamics (CFD)
● Solid mechanics (FEA)
● Thermodynamics
All accessible via a web browser.
About SimScale
What we do
What are the effects produced by trees and
other porous urban furnitures and buildings
on the comfort of pedestrian?
Today’s application
Porous media and
pedestrian wind
comfort
Setup and run a
simulation
Lawson Criteria
Assess directional
results
1
3 part workflow
1. Run 2 simulations of the same model
○ With trees modeled
○ Without trees modeled
2. Wind comfort criteria
○ At which location did the trees help
with the comfort?
3. Wind speed results in the predominant
direction
○ How did the trees impact on the flow
pattern?
How do we assess trees impact on pedestrian
comfort?
2
3
Overview
Reports [2] show the different outcomes in regards to
pedestrian wind comfort :
● Shops untenanted
● Parks under utilized
● Personal injury
● Venturi effect in passages
● Wind-blocking
What is wind comfort?
Today’s application
Example for mechanical wind comfort criteria [1]
[1] Adamek, Kimberley.,Vasan, Neetha., Elshaer, Ahmed., English, Elizabeth.,& Bitsuamlak,Girma.,Pedestrian Level Wind Assessment through City Development:A Study of the Financial Districtin Toronto.
[2] http://www.urbanphysics.net/windcomfort.htm
How can we combat
the undesired effects
of the wind?
Today’s application
Case scenario 1: New construction
General shape and layout
Canopies & Panels
Placement of entrances
Case scenario 2: Existing buildings
Implement trees
Implement urban furnitures or art pieces
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610516307644?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132317300884?via%3Dihub
https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00038628.2018.1492899
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319305037
Why are trees
important for cities?
Today’s application
http://www.fao.org/zhc/detail-events/en/c/454543/
https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/why-we-need-trees-our-cities/1100050/
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/12/importance-urban-forests-money-grow-trees
1. Increase property value
2. Reduce carbon emissions
3. Regulate water flow
4. Improve physical and mental health
5. Filters for urban pollutants
6. Climate change mitigation
7. Increasing urban biodiversity
8. Food and nutrition security
What is a porous media?
Today’s application
A porous medium is a solid with interconnected
voids distributed more or less uniformly through
the bulk of the body.
For trees, porosity is defined:
Why is it useful? How does
it affect the flow pattern?
Today’s application
In CFD, trees are defined as porous materials because:
● The physical structure is complex (we cannot
model each leaf)
● The value of porosity and inertial resistance are
essential for accurate results
The windbreak trees affect:
● The trajectory of the flow
● The wind speed
● The pressure drop windward/leeward
How is the porosity of
trees modeled on
SimScale?
Today’s application
There are different ways to define a tree zone in SimScale:
A Global Database of Field-observed Leaf Area Index in Woody Plant Species
GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY 2.5
Option 1: Pick a predefined tree from the library
Option 2: Create a custom tree definition with
1. Leaf Area Index
2. Drag Coefficient
Leaf Area Index = Total Leaf Area/Total Ground Area
The dimensionless drag coefficient can be understood as
the ratio of the pressure difference of windward and
leeward and the dynamic force.
How trees should be modeled on SimScale?
Today’s application
The standard tree representative in Revit
NON ACCEPTABLE
An ideal representative of a tree for PWC
Solid representation of the foliage
Assessing the level of comfort
with and without trees
Porous Media and Wind Comfort
Example 1
● Assessing the level of pedestrian comfort in front of
the Grace building and Bryant Park
● Identify areas that are uncomfortable for the main
activities involved
● Investigate the causes of uncomfortable zones,
taking into account wind effects generated by the
surrounding buildings
● Evaluating the impact of the presence of trees in the
urban layout
What is the goal of this
simulation?
Example 1
Today’s example
1. This model represents the vicinity of
Bryant park and the main buildings
around it, including’
a. The Grace building
b. NYC library
c. The Bank of America tower
CAD upload
Google (n.d.).[Google Maps of Bryant Park and its surrounding.. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
Define region of Interest
Define wind rose
Define pedestrian zones
1
3
2 minute setup
It’s that simple.
2
4 Define porous regions
What effect do the tree have on the pedestrian wind
comfort?
Example 1
What effect do trees have on the flow pattern?
Example 1
Assessing the level of comfort
with and without trees
Porous Media and Wind Comfort
Example 2: A bustling city center
● Assessing the level of pedestrian comfort in a
specific urban area
○ Using year-round meteorological data
○ With multiple directions of wind
● Identify areas that are uncomfortable for the
designated activity
● Investigate the causes of uncomfortable zones,
taking into account wind effects generated by the
surrounding buildings
● Evaluating the impact of the presence of trees in the
urban layout
What is the goal of this
simulation?
Example 2
Today’s example
1. The model used represent a bustling
city center with trees along pavements
and squares
CAD upload
What effect do the trees have on the pedestrian
wind comfort?
Example 2
● In some locations and directions, the differences, in
both transient and average are significant
What effect do the tree
have on the flow pattern?
Example 2
● In some locations and directions, the differences, in
both transient and average are significant
What effect do the tree
have on the flow pattern?
Example 2
● We simulate trees with porous media simplification
● For our first example :
○ The park is a lot more comfortable with tree
since they alleviate the downdraft effect of
the wind coming against the facade
● For our second example:
○ Implementing trees along pavement,
especially at street corners mitigate the
cornering and channeling effects
Trees make great
windbreakers!
Summary
Want to Learn more? Check out the articles below.
Additional Resources
● A wind tunnel study on aerodynamic porosity and windbreak drag
● Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Tree Effects on Pedestrian
Wind Comfort in an Urban Area
● Including trees in the numerical simulations of the wind flow in urban areas:
Should we care?
● A Global Database of Field-observed Leaf Area Index in Woody Plant Species
● How to Upload an STL File With Separate Layers

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How to Model Trees with Porous Media — Pedestrian Wind Comfort

  • 1. With Arnaud Girin CFD webinar How to Model Trees with Porous Media — Pedestrian Wind Comfort CFD webinar How to Model Trees with Porous Media — Pedestrian Wind Comfort
  • 2. About SimScale Who we are ● Founded in 2012 ● Offices in Munich, Boston, and New York ● 80+ employees across 6+ time zones ● 150,000 users worldwide ● More than 300k simulation projects ● Knowledge base and tutorials
  • 3. We created the world’s first cloud-based engineering simulation platform. ● Fluid dynamics (CFD) ● Solid mechanics (FEA) ● Thermodynamics All accessible via a web browser. About SimScale What we do
  • 4. What are the effects produced by trees and other porous urban furnitures and buildings on the comfort of pedestrian? Today’s application Porous media and pedestrian wind comfort
  • 5. Setup and run a simulation Lawson Criteria Assess directional results 1 3 part workflow 1. Run 2 simulations of the same model ○ With trees modeled ○ Without trees modeled 2. Wind comfort criteria ○ At which location did the trees help with the comfort? 3. Wind speed results in the predominant direction ○ How did the trees impact on the flow pattern? How do we assess trees impact on pedestrian comfort? 2 3
  • 6. Overview Reports [2] show the different outcomes in regards to pedestrian wind comfort : ● Shops untenanted ● Parks under utilized ● Personal injury ● Venturi effect in passages ● Wind-blocking What is wind comfort? Today’s application Example for mechanical wind comfort criteria [1] [1] Adamek, Kimberley.,Vasan, Neetha., Elshaer, Ahmed., English, Elizabeth.,& Bitsuamlak,Girma.,Pedestrian Level Wind Assessment through City Development:A Study of the Financial Districtin Toronto. [2] http://www.urbanphysics.net/windcomfort.htm
  • 7. How can we combat the undesired effects of the wind? Today’s application Case scenario 1: New construction General shape and layout Canopies & Panels Placement of entrances Case scenario 2: Existing buildings Implement trees Implement urban furnitures or art pieces https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610516307644?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132317300884?via%3Dihub https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00038628.2018.1492899 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132319305037
  • 8. Why are trees important for cities? Today’s application http://www.fao.org/zhc/detail-events/en/c/454543/ https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/why-we-need-trees-our-cities/1100050/ https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/12/importance-urban-forests-money-grow-trees 1. Increase property value 2. Reduce carbon emissions 3. Regulate water flow 4. Improve physical and mental health 5. Filters for urban pollutants 6. Climate change mitigation 7. Increasing urban biodiversity 8. Food and nutrition security
  • 9. What is a porous media? Today’s application A porous medium is a solid with interconnected voids distributed more or less uniformly through the bulk of the body. For trees, porosity is defined:
  • 10. Why is it useful? How does it affect the flow pattern? Today’s application In CFD, trees are defined as porous materials because: ● The physical structure is complex (we cannot model each leaf) ● The value of porosity and inertial resistance are essential for accurate results The windbreak trees affect: ● The trajectory of the flow ● The wind speed ● The pressure drop windward/leeward
  • 11. How is the porosity of trees modeled on SimScale? Today’s application There are different ways to define a tree zone in SimScale: A Global Database of Field-observed Leaf Area Index in Woody Plant Species GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY 2.5 Option 1: Pick a predefined tree from the library Option 2: Create a custom tree definition with 1. Leaf Area Index 2. Drag Coefficient Leaf Area Index = Total Leaf Area/Total Ground Area The dimensionless drag coefficient can be understood as the ratio of the pressure difference of windward and leeward and the dynamic force.
  • 12. How trees should be modeled on SimScale? Today’s application The standard tree representative in Revit NON ACCEPTABLE An ideal representative of a tree for PWC Solid representation of the foliage
  • 13. Assessing the level of comfort with and without trees Porous Media and Wind Comfort Example 1
  • 14. ● Assessing the level of pedestrian comfort in front of the Grace building and Bryant Park ● Identify areas that are uncomfortable for the main activities involved ● Investigate the causes of uncomfortable zones, taking into account wind effects generated by the surrounding buildings ● Evaluating the impact of the presence of trees in the urban layout What is the goal of this simulation? Example 1
  • 15. Today’s example 1. This model represents the vicinity of Bryant park and the main buildings around it, including’ a. The Grace building b. NYC library c. The Bank of America tower CAD upload Google (n.d.).[Google Maps of Bryant Park and its surrounding.. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  • 16. Define region of Interest Define wind rose Define pedestrian zones 1 3 2 minute setup It’s that simple. 2 4 Define porous regions
  • 17. What effect do the tree have on the pedestrian wind comfort? Example 1
  • 18. What effect do trees have on the flow pattern? Example 1
  • 19. Assessing the level of comfort with and without trees Porous Media and Wind Comfort Example 2: A bustling city center
  • 20. ● Assessing the level of pedestrian comfort in a specific urban area ○ Using year-round meteorological data ○ With multiple directions of wind ● Identify areas that are uncomfortable for the designated activity ● Investigate the causes of uncomfortable zones, taking into account wind effects generated by the surrounding buildings ● Evaluating the impact of the presence of trees in the urban layout What is the goal of this simulation? Example 2
  • 21. Today’s example 1. The model used represent a bustling city center with trees along pavements and squares CAD upload
  • 22. What effect do the trees have on the pedestrian wind comfort? Example 2
  • 23. ● In some locations and directions, the differences, in both transient and average are significant What effect do the tree have on the flow pattern? Example 2
  • 24. ● In some locations and directions, the differences, in both transient and average are significant What effect do the tree have on the flow pattern? Example 2
  • 25. ● We simulate trees with porous media simplification ● For our first example : ○ The park is a lot more comfortable with tree since they alleviate the downdraft effect of the wind coming against the facade ● For our second example: ○ Implementing trees along pavement, especially at street corners mitigate the cornering and channeling effects Trees make great windbreakers! Summary
  • 26. Want to Learn more? Check out the articles below. Additional Resources ● A wind tunnel study on aerodynamic porosity and windbreak drag ● Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Tree Effects on Pedestrian Wind Comfort in an Urban Area ● Including trees in the numerical simulations of the wind flow in urban areas: Should we care? ● A Global Database of Field-observed Leaf Area Index in Woody Plant Species ● How to Upload an STL File With Separate Layers

Editor's Notes

  1. Many different advantages for the urban environment, wildlife, microclimate etc/
  2. Live demo right after