Physiological disorders can affect fruit crops in various ways. They are caused by environmental or nutritional imbalances rather than pathogens. Some key points: - Physiological disorders include apple scald, bitter pit, water core, sunburn, and russeting. They can be caused by factors like temperature, humidity, nutrients, and sunlight. - Pear disorders include internal browning, flesh spot decay, and senescent scald. Internal browning of Asian pears is a major issue. - Stone fruits like peaches can be affected by internal breakdown, skin discoloration from abrasion, and freezing injury patterns. - Other disorders discussed include litchi flower and fruit drop, sun

1. welcome

2. Physiological disorders in TEMPERATE AND
SUBTROPICAL
fruit crops
SUBMITTED BY:
Sharvesh S
M.Sc. (Horti.) Fruit Science
Annamalai University

3. Introduction
• “Physiological disorders are deviation in normal
physiological process of the plant which occurs,
due to adverse climatic condition, nutritional
imbalance or genetically inheritance”
• The distinction between physiological or abiotic
disorders from other disorders is that they are not
caused by living organisms (viruses, bacteria,
fungi, insects, etc.) but they are the result of
abiotic condition.

4. A. Physiological disorders are often caused by the
deficiency or excess of something that supports life or
by presence of something that interfers with life.
B. Physiological disorders can affect plants in all stages
of their development.
C. They are non transmissible because they occur without
or in absence of infectious agents.
D. Dealing with physiological disorders often means
dealing with the consequence from a past event.
E. Physiological disorders not only cause damage
themselves but also serve as the ‘open door’ for
pathogens

5. Physiological disorders affects to the
1. normal growth of the plant,
2. quality of fruit produce and
3. shelf life of the fruit.
• Some minor physiological disorders are not of
much economic importance while others are of
great importance and created havoc in the fruit
production.
• Physiological disorders create 5% to 50% of
economical loss by interrupting to its quality and
market value.

6. Factors implicated in occourance of physiological
disorders
Irradiance
Relative humidity
Atmospheric condition
Carbon dioxide
concentration
Heat stress

7. winter injury and frost
Wind injury
Chemical injury
Mechanical injury
Physical soil problems

8. Water stress
High salts
Improper planting techniques
Nutrient deficiency or excess
Genetic factors

9. Physiological disorders can be corrected by
Divergence in agronomical
practices
Selection of variety
Proper nutrient management
Application of PGR

10. Physiological disorders of Apple
scald
• Light motling on greener surface of fruits are initial symptoms
of scald.
• Irregular brown patches of dead skin develop within 3 to 7
days due to warming of the fruit after removal from the cold
storage.
• The warmer temperature do not cause the scald but allow
symptoms to develop from previous injury, which occoured
during cold storage.
Causes
• The browning of the epidermal and hypodermal cells of the
fruit seems to be associated with an oxidation product coming
from ᾳ- farnesene formed in the waxy coating of the fruit and
leading to scald development.

11. Remedy
• Application of an antioxident immediately after harvest.
• Anti oxidant should be applied within one week after harvest
for maximum control.
• Spray of calcium chloride 2-3% two week before harvest is
very effective.
• Ventilation in cold storage helps in reducing the scald
incidence.
• Gala and fuji are moderatly
suceptible.
Scald

12. Bitter pit
• Small brown lesion of 2-10 mm in diameter develop in the flesh
of the fruit.
• It is charechterized by small sunken spots on the fruit surface
which are more prevalent near the blossom end.
• The tissue below the skin become dark and corky.
Causes
• Nutrient imbalance particularly low level of calcium which
impairs the selective permeability of cell membranes leading to
cell injury and necrosis.
• Irregular water supply.
• Early and over thining of fruit increase
bitter pit.
• Excessive shedding and heavy pruning as
severe dormant pruning would result in
light crop and large fruit.
Bitter pit

13. Remedy
• Avoid excess doses of nitrogeneous fertilizers.
• Maintaining moderate tree vigour and smaller fruit size.
• Harvesting mature fruits.
• Calcium spray prior to harvest and calcium dips before storage
control the incidence of bitter pit.
The plant should be sprayed 45 days prior to harvest followed by
repetition of spray 15 days.
The post harvest dip for 1-2 minutes should be given before
storage.

14. Internal browning
• It is charechterized by brownish streaks radiating into flesh from
the core.
• The brown area have well defined margins and may include dry
cavities resulting from desication.
Internal browning

15. Causes:
• Co2 injury to the apple.
• Large and over mature fruits.
Control
• Avoid harvesting over mature fruit.
• Maintain Co2 concentration below 1% in controlled
atmoshere storage and air storage.
• Avid heavy wax coating and throughly and rapidly cool fruit
after waxing and packaging.
• Proper temperature management and good ventilation will
prevent build up of Co2.

16. Water core:
• Suceptible varieties : Delicious, Granny smith and fuji.
• Disorder at pre harvest stage results in the development of water
soaked regions in the flesh which are hard, glassy in appearance
and only visible externally.
Causes
• High fruit nitrogen and boron.
• Low fruit calcium.
• Excessive thinning.
• High light exposure.
Remedy
• Avoid delayed harvests.
• Fruit lots with moderate to severe water it should not be placed in
contolled atmoshpher storage but should be marketed quickly.
Water core

17. Sunburn
• Initial symptoms are white, or yellow
patch on the fruit exposed to the sun.
injured areas of fruit can turn dark
brown before harvest.
Causes
• Sunburn occour when air temperature
and number of sunny hours are high during the ripening period.
• Sunburn also occurs when cool or mild weather is follwed by
hot, sunny weather.
• Water stress can increase the sunburn incidence.
Sun burn

18. • The best method is to avoid sudden exposure of fruits to
intense heat and solar radiation.
• Proper tree pruning and training practices should be followed.
• Careful sorting to remove affected fruit upon packing is the
only solution once the injury has occour.

19. Russeting
• Russeting is brown, corky netlike condition on the skin of apples
and leading to rupturing the surface and development of cracks.
Causes
• Frost during flowering.
• High temperature and humidity.
• Excessive nitrogen application.
• Damage from harsh chemicals
and caustic sprays like, use of
pesticides formulations called
emulsifiable concentates is more
likely to result in russeting than
wettable powder.
Russetting

20. Control
• Avoid spraying emulsifiable concentrates.
• Adequate irrigation, manuring and effective pest management
can reduce russeting.
• Prune properly to encourage good air circulation and speed
fast drying after rains.

21. Jonthan spot
• It is charechterized by irregular small brown to black spots on the
skin which originates at the lenticels.
Cause
• It is common after dry season.
• Dealay cooling and prolonged storage increase incidence
Control
• Harvesting fruit at optimum maturity.
• Spraying of calcium chloride before
harvest decrease the incidence.
• Storage in controlled atmoshphers of 2.5%
to 5.0% carbon dioxide and 3.0% oxygen
controls the onset of jonthan apples.
Jonthan spot

22. Core break down
• A brown, soft breakdown of the core and surrounding tissues.
May develop in storage or soon after transfer to warm
temperatures.
Remedy
• fruit should be rapidly cooled and stored at the lowest non-
freezing temperature.
(generally -2 to -1°C, 28 to 30°F).
• Controlled atmosphere storage
• can extend the postharvest life.
• Market any fruit that begins to yellow.
Physiological disorders of Pear

23. Internal Browning
• Internal browning on Asian pears is the main consumer
complaint. This is a worldwide problem.
Symptoms
Development of brown to dark brown water-soaked areas in
the core and/or flesh occur during storage. There is no visible
external indication of internal browning.
Causes
The cause of internal browning is still unknown. Ripening
predisposes the fruit to the disorder while it is in cold storage.
Remedy
The fruit should be picked when most of the pears on the tree
are still green, although a few at the top may begin to develop
some light-yellow spots. Fruit picked when the skin is
completely yellow will develop internal browning within one
month after harvest.

24. Internal browning in pear

25. Flesh Spot Decay
Symptoms
Partial browning of spots and/or development of cavities in
Asian pear flesh. It appears along and around the vascular
bundles when the symptoms are severe, but there is no
external indication of the disorder.
Causes
The cause of FSD is still unknown. However, climatic factors,
such as a fluctuating hot and cool summer, or high rainfall right
before harvest may enhance the incidence of this disorder.
Remedy
There is no effective way to control FSD since definite causes
have not been identified. The problem is the inability to predict
or diagnose FSD without cutting the fruit. Further research
needs to be done to determine the causes, variety susceptibility
in local climates, and other control methods

26. Senescent scald
Occurrence
Bartlett pears. Develops on pears which have been stored beyond
their postharvest life.
Symptoms
Brown to black discoloration of the skin associated with fruit which
have become yellow in storage and lost their capacity to ripen
normally.
Control
• Avoid storing the fruit beyond
its postharvest life.
• harvest fruit at optimum maturity
for the length of storage, cool fruit
rapidly and thoroughly after harvest,
and store at the lowest, non-freezing
temperature
(often -1 to -2°C, 28 to 30°F).

27. Internal browning
• It occurs in apricot, peach, nectarine, plum .
Symptoms
• Flesh browning,
• flesh lack of juiciness.
• flesh translucency,
• red pigment accumulation,
• loss of flavor
Physiological disorders of stone fruits
Internal Breakdown in Plum

28. Control
• Pick fruit "well matured."
• Enforce proper postharvest handling during transport and
at the retailer.
• Keep fruit near 0°C (32°F) during storage and
transportation.
Avoid 2-8°C (36-46°F) temperatures during retail
handling.
• Educate warehouse and retail handlers on how to reduce
IB incidence and severity.

29. Skin discolorations
Occurence
Peach and nectarine fruits.
Symptoms
Skin discoloration (SD) symptoms appear as brown and black
spots or stripes that are restricted to the skin.
Causes
Abrasion damage in combination with heavy metal
comtamination are required for SD development.
Control
• Reduce fruit abrasion damage
• Reduce contamination of fruit.

30. Fruit freezing injury
• Symptoms
Freezing injury will appear as glassy, "water soaked“ areas in
the flesh. With time these injured areas will dry leaving open
"gas pockets" in the flesh.
• The freeze injured tissue of most fruits will begin to brown
as a result of enzymatic oxidation of phenols released by
the injured tissue.
Peach

31. Perssimon
Plum

32. • A fruit freezes because of prolonged exposure to a temperature
just below its freezing point, the injury pattern should relate to
the pattern of soluble solids content (SSC) of the fruit.
• This is because low SSC fruit will freeze at a higher
temperature than high SSC fruit.
• Control
Maintain temperatures just above freezing.

33. Pit burn in Apricot
• Apricot pit burn, also referred to as ‘stone burn’ in apricots, is a
when the flesh surrounding the apricot stone browns and begins
to soften.
• Apricots have soft centers or pit burn due to high temperatures.
If temps reach more than 100 degrees.
• Drought conditions also play a role in what trees may be
afflicted with pit burn.
Resistant varieties
• Autumn Royal
• Blenheim Helena
• Modesto Moorpark
• Tri Gem
• Tilton
• Wenatchee

34. Sun scald in Peach
• Sunscald cause severe damage to the exposed trunk and main
scaffold branches.
• Shadding of branches considerably reduce the incidence.
• Painting of exposed surface with lime paste and shadding by
wrapping straw around the trunk.

35. • Fruit cracking is serious problem in cherry, which cause 50 to
80 percent losses.
• It is due to differences in the rate of water absorption and
capacity for expansion of the peripheral tissue to accommodate
the increased fruit volume that result when water is absorbed.
• Spray calcium chloride at
per 100 liter water or GA3
at 20 ppm or NAA 10
ppm at 25-30 days before
harvest checks fruit cracking.
Physiological disorders of Cherry

36. The effect of GA3 doses on fruit cracking rate in the ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry
cultivar.
Application (ppm) Cracking (%)
Control
25.50a
5
16.90b
10
7.40e
15
8.90d
20
5.60f
25
10.50c
Mean values with the different letter within the columns are significantly different
(p > 0.05) as per Duncan multiple range test.
Turky Adnan et al. (2010)

37. Water strain
• It is charechterized by distinct dark streaks
which occur down the side of kiwi fruit due to
deposition of tannins.
• This accumulation is result of leaching of
tannins from the dead tissue due to rainfall.
• It can be control by treatment of citric acid.
Physiological disorders of Kiwi

38. flesh translucency
• Flesh translucency is freezing damage starting at the stem
end of the fruit and progressing toward the blossom end
as the severity increases.
• Freezing damage can occur on early picked kiwifruit
when stored at temperatures below 0°C (32°F) or when
subjected to an early frost.
Hard-Core
This disorder is induced by exposure of kiwifruit to
ethylene plus carbon dioxide levels above 8 percent.
The fruit core fails to ripen when the remainder of the
fruit is soft and ripe.

39. Flower and Fruit Drop
• The flower and fruit drop is thought to be due to failure of
fertilization, embryo abortion, nutrition and hormonal imbalance
and external factors like high temperature, low humidity and
strong winds as well as due to fruit borer and heavy mite attack.
• maximum fruit drop during the first fortnight after fruit set and at
harvest the retention varies between 3.0-39.6% among the
cultivars.
• In litchi, male functional flowers drop after pollen formation. The
heavy fruit drop has been observed at different stages due to the
formation of abscission layer.
Physiological disorders of Litchi

40. control
• Treatment with growth regulators like NAA at 20-30 ppm, GA, at
20-25 ppm, 2,4-D at 10-20 ppm are effective in minimizing fruit
drop when sprayed on panicles, before the flower opening.
• It is advised not to do any type of spray at the blooming stage of the
orchard.
• Honey bees are the main pollinating agent in litchi. Increasing bee
population in orchards ensures better pollination and fertilization
which increases the fruit set and retention.
• Two foliar applications of planofix @ 4 ml/5 litre water may be
done at an interval of 15 days from peanut size fruits.

41. Fruit cracking of litchi cultivars at different irrigation intervals.
Cultivars Cracking (%)
China 22.37
Gola 41.60
Surahi 31.60
Bedana 10.40
LSD 0.54
Irrigation intervals (days)
03 20.48
06 27.55
09 31.45
LSD 4.81
Pakistan Abdur et al. (2012)

42. Sun burn and Fruit Cracking
• Sunburn and skin cracking are two major physiological disorders
in litchi.
• Inadequte moisture during early period of growth result in the
skin becoming hard and sun burnt.
• It may crack when it subjected to increased internal pressure as a
result of rapid aril growth following irrigation or rain.
• It is also favoured when temperature gose above 38c and relative
humidity less than 60%
• Borax or Boric acid @ 2g/l at
the initial stage of aril development
with enough soil moisture in the
root zone

43. Fruit drop
• Blossom thinning, and nitrogenous fertilizer applications
reduce fruit drop.
Calyx cavity
• It can be a serious problem in persimmon. The symptoms of
this disorder are a sparse space or cavity that occurs directly
beneath the calyx of the fruit.
• Control measures include the avoidance of excessive N and K
fertilizers, especially in later spring/summer and close to
harvest; thinning early in the season to enhance calyx growth.
Physiological disorders of Perssimmon

44. Albinism
• Albinism in strawberry is nearly always associated with an
excess of nitrogen fertility.
• Albino fruit of strawberry is a mottled white and is insipid and
tasteless in flavor. Once there is a change in the weather or
throttling down on the quantity of nitrogen, albino fruit
disappear.
Physiological disorders of Strawberry

45. Albinism incidence in strawberry as influenced by mulching under subtropical
Climate.
Mulching material
Cultivar
Black
polyethylene
White
polyethylene
Paddy straw
No mulch
(Control)
Mean
Chandler 49.4 (44.7) 48.5 (44.1) 32.0 (34.5) 49.7 (44.8) 44.9 (42.1)
Douglas 28.9 (32.5) 24.3 (29.5) 18.4 (25.4) 25.8 (30.5) 24.4 (29.6)
Etna 57.8 (49.5) 48.8 (44.3) 40.9 (39.8) 54.8 (47.8) 50.6 (45.3)
Fairfax 28.5 (32.3) 24.7 (29.8) 17.0 (24.4) 26.3 (30.9) 24.1 (29.3)
Fern 28.5 (32.3) 20.7 (27.1) 16.4 (23.8) 25.7 (30.5) 22.8 (28.5)
Pajaro 51.8 (46.0) 43.0 (41.0) 38.8 (38.5) 46.9 (43.2) 45.1 (42.1)
Selva 48.5 (44.1) 38.6 (38.4) 16.6 (24.0) 44.7 (42.0) 37.1 (37.5)
Sweet
Charlie
26.1 (30.7) 20.3 (27.0) 15.2 (23.0) 28.3 (32.1) 22.5 (28.3)
Tioga 32.9 (35.0) 27.3 (31.5) 14.3 (22.2) 30.8 (33.7) 26.3 (30.9)
Torrey 33.3 (35.2) 25.5 (30.3) 15.5 (23.2) 32.6 (34.8) 26.7 (31.1)
Mean 38.6 (38.4) 32.7 (34.9) 22.5 (28.3) 36.6 (37.2) 32.6 (34.8)
CD (5%) Mulching = 1.16; Cultivar = 1.32; Mulching x Cultivar = 1.46
New Delhi Sharma and Sharma (2004)

46. Brown spot in the kernel cavity
• BSKC can affect 7 to 97 percent of the total production.
• Definate cause of this disorder is not known.
• It seems that orchard at high elevation have a lack of
accumulated heat units during the period of kernel
development which occour during end of june- july, which
increase disorder incidence.
Physiological disorders of Hazalnut

47. Rosette
• This problem is caused by zinc deficiency.
• Initial symptoms occur mostly on the branches in the top of
the tree. Leaves are yellowish and mottled. It can be corrected
with foliar spray of zinc sulphate.
Mouse ear
• Mouse ear is a growth abnormality from a nickel deficiency in
pecan trees. This disorder occurs mostly on newly transplanted
trees in established orchards.
• The most common symptom of mouse ear is a rounded or
blunt leaflet tip. Other symptoms include dwarfing of tree
organs and necrosis of leaflet tips.
Physiological disorders of Pecan nut

48. • Don’t make excessive applications of zinc. Foliar Zn should
only be applied when Zn leaf levels are less than 50 ppm or
when visual Zn deficiency symptoms are present. Do not allow
soil to become acidic.
• Maintain soil pH at 6.5.
• Maintain good soil moisture at budbreak. Ni is relatively low
in the soil in most orchards, and it is absorbed by the tree in
the lowest of many nutrients.
• Monitor leaf and soil samples for availability of Ni to trees.

49. Oil rancidity
• It is caused due to poor seed storage conditions; elevated
temperature and relative humidity, failure to use controlled
atmosphere and imbalance in oxygen concentration.
• The antioxident protects the oil rich seed from atmospheric
oxygen so preventing rancidity.
• It is essential to store walnut in the dark and to protect them
from oxygen oherwise they become brown coloured and
develops a rancid odour and taste.
Physiological disorders of Walnut

50. Fruit cracking
• Inadequte moisture during early period of growth result in the
skin becoming hard and crack.
• Heavy rainfall is also cause of this remedy.
• Mulching minimizes fruit cracking as it helps in the
conservation of moisture, fruit cracking also reduce by
spraying of 0.1% borax.
Fruit drop
• Maintain apropriate moisture level during fruit development
reduce fruit drop.
• Spraying growth regulatore like 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T with
various concentrations.
Physiological disorders of Bael

51. Flower and fruit drop
• Heavy drop of flowers and fruits has been observed in
jamun at various stages.
• About 50% flowers drop within the 3-4 weeks of
flowering. It occurs at very young stage during 5-7
weeks of full bloom.
• The problem of flower and fruit drop can be minimized
by spraying of GA3 (60ppm) twice, one at full bloom
and other 15days after fruit set.
Physiological disorders of Jamun

52. Chilling Injury
External symptoms
• Brown discoloration of the skin.
• Increased susceptibility to decay.
Internal symptoms
• A pale color of the arils
• Brown discoloration of the white segments separating the
arils.
control
Avoid exposure of pomegranates to temperatures below 5°C
(41°F).
Physiological disorders of Pomegranate

55. Husk Scald
Late harvested fruit is less suceptible than earlier harvest fruits.

56. Fruit cracking
Causes
• Lack of orchard management
• The quality (volume) of
rainfall at one time.
• The full quantity and distribution of rainfall
during the mature and ripening stage

57. Remedy
• Irrigate field regularly during summer month so as to
maintain soil moisture.
• Plant wind break around pomegranate plantation.
• Spray 0.8% borax to to check fruit cracking.
• Spray 100 ppm NAA during the fruit growth period.

58. Effect of chemicals on control of fruit cracking in pomegranate cv. Ganesh.
Treatments
Percentage of
cracked fruits
fruit weight of
healthy fruits (g)
Yield of healthy
fruits/plant (kg)
Boric acid 0.2% 3.14 213.33 34.33
Boric acid 0.4% 6.89 231.67 26.85
Ferrous sulphate 0.5% 8.32 190.00 23.45
Ferrous sulphate 1.0% 6.57 201.67 28.66
Calcium chloride
0.5%
5.46 198.63 30.14
Calcium chloride
1.0%
5.33 200.00 31.23
SEm± 0.44 5.51 1.73
CD at 5% 1.33 16.92 5.31
Karnataka Sheikh and Manjula (2012)

59. Chilling injury
• Symptoms include surface pitting .
• The incidence can be avoided by storing the fruits in safe limit of
temperature.
Physical Injury
• Rib-edge browning and stem-end browning can result from surface
abrasions and other types of bruising.
• The browning intensity increases with water loss from the fruits.
• Handling carambolas with care to minimize bruising is essential to
reducing postharvest losses.
Physiological disorders of Carambola

60. Shriveling
• Symptoms become visible when the carambolas lose
about 5% or greater of their weight due to water stress.
Heat damage
• Skin browning and flesh softening may occur when
carambolas are exposed to heat treatments [such as
46°C (115°F) for 35 to 55 minutes] for insect control to
satisfy quarantine requirements.
• Better alternatives may be cold treatment and/or
irradiation.

61. Sun burn and Fruit Cracking
• Sunburn and fruit cracking are two major physiological
disorders in fig.
• The exposure of the plant to direct sunlight and heavy
pruning exposing the trunck and branches
• High humidity with low temperature result in fruit
spliting.
• It is also advisable to keep fig tree at a safe distance from
the male caprifig to avoid excessive pollination.
Physiological disorders of fig

62. Water Berries
• The condition of berries wherein they lack normal sugar,
colour, flavour and keeping quality is referred as water berries.
• The affected berries become
watery, soft, and flabby when
ripe (almost normal in size
but their flesh is not firm)
and shrivel and dry by the
time of harvest.
Physiological disorders of Grape

63. • It occurs due to high nitrogen status vine, canopy shading, and
cool weather during fruit veraison and ripening.
• Excessive irrigation and nitrogenous fertilizers should be
avoided during berry development to reduce the water-berry
formation.
• Potash application during berry growth period.
• Trimming off affected berries during harvest is a common
practice, although labour intensive.

64. Mummification
• Though the etiology of mummification in grapes is not known
(due to complex factors), the affected water berries in severe
cases, shrivel and dry at the time of harvest leads to
mummification.

65. • Shot berries
• Shot berries are smaller, sweeter, round and seedless as
compared to normal berries in a cluster.
• Boron deficiency is the main cause of this disorder.
• Affected leaves show spotty yellowing and tend to be
undersized and cupped.
• Affected clusters may totally abort or develop a few small
berries, often with many small, green “shot” berries.
• Occurs either due to poor pollination and fertilization or
due to inadequate flow of carbohydrates into the set berries.

66. • Boron or Zinc deficiencies should be corrected.
• Prebloom application of GA (Gibrellic acid) at proper stage
should be ensured.

67. Pink berry
• As the bunch approaches maturity some berries becomes pink
colour at random.
• pink colour changes to dull red colour rendering the bunch
unattractive.
• These berries become watery and collapse within a few days after
harvest and can not stand storage and transport.

68. Internal Browning
• Internal flesh browning followed by tissue breakdown is
enhanced by higher temperatures and longer durations of
storage. Elevated CO2 concentrations (>10%) may induce
internal flesh browning and skin brown spotting.
Russeting
• preharvest skin blemish (brown stripes) that may appear on
developing fruit; its severity depends on cultivar, season, and
microclimatic conditions. Severely-affected loquats are
discarded at the time of preparation for market.
• Akko 13 variety (Japan origin) is resistence to russeting
Physiological disorders of Loquat

69. • Gamboge Gamboge is characterised by yellow exudation of
gum on the fruits and branches. Fruits with gamboge have a
bitter taste and are completely inedible.
• Heavy and continuous rains during fruit ripening favour
gamboge in certain locations. Gamboge is more pronounced
in fruits exposed to direct sunlight, and in crop that matures in
summer.
•
Physiological disorders of Mangosteen

70. Fruit splitting
• Fruit splitting results in swollen arils with a
mushy pulp.
• Heavy and continuous rains during fruit
ripening favour fruit splitting in certain
locations.
• Fruit spotted with yellow resin Desecrated
yellow latex in the aril