A seminar presentation on Autonomous Car technology, its recent developments and challenges.

1. Autonomous Cars
[Seminar Presentation]
Presented by
Md. Abul Hossain Student ID: 130918
Niloy Sikder Student ID: 120906
Md. Nazmul Hashib Student ID: 130925
Presented to
Dr. Md. Shamim Ahsan
Professor
ECE Discipline
Khulna University, Khulna
&
Rafia Nishat Toma
Assistant Professor
ECE Discipline
Khulna University, Khulna

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Outline of the Presentation
 Introduction
 What is Autonomous Car ?
 Difference Between Manual and Autonomous Cars
 A Picture of an Autonomous Car
 Why Should We Prefer Autonomous Cars?
 History of Autonomous Technology
 How Does it Work?
 Recent Developments
 Challenges
 Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

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What is Autonomous Car?
A computer-operated vehicle that is designed to travel between destinations
by sensing the surrounding environment and responding accordingly without
any human intervention [1][2]
 Uses cameras and motion sensors to sense the surroundings
 Determines routes using advanced mapping software
 Capable of determining the best route based on real life scenarios
 Follows tons of safety, security and emergency protocols
 Detects obstacles using real-time image processing technology

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Picture of an Autonomous Car
Fig. 1: The Google Autonomous Car [3]

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Differences Between Manual and Autonomous Cars
Manual Cars:
Input(s): Steering wheel
Accelerator
Brakes
Transmission
Autonomous Cars:
Power Source: Gas/ Electricity
Input(s): Video cameras
Laser
Radar Sensors
GPS
Decision: Driver
Command: Human Brain
Proximity Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors
Decision: Software
Command: Processor
Power Source: Electricity

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Why Should We Prefer Autonomous Cars?
► To avoid road accidents
 Nearly 1.3 million deaths each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day [4]
► To avoid traffic jams and save time
 50 minutes per day in traffic jams [5]
 More than 93% road accidents are results of human errors [4]
 Costs 518 billion USD per year globally [4]
 Ninth leading cause of death and account for 2.2% of all deaths globally [4]
► To move toward a world with minimum automobiles
 On average a car is driven on road only 58 minutes a day [5]
 In Bangladesh: 19,450 accidents, 18,510 deaths and 14,442 injured between
2009 and 2016. [6]

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HISTORY OF AUTONOMOUS
TECHNOLOGY

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Notable Events
 Leonardo da Vinci’s cart - 1500
 Robert Whitehead’s torpedo - 1886
 Mechanical Mike autopilot - 1933
 Vengeance Weapon 2 - 1945
 Stanford Cart -1961
Fig. 2: Leonardo da Vinci’s cart [7]
Fig. 3: Leonardo da Vinci’s cart reconstructed in 2004 [8]Fig. 4: Blueprint of Robert Whitehead’s torpedo
automobile wearhead [9]
Fig. 5: Mechanical Mike aircraft autopilot [7]
Fig. 7: Stanford Cart [10]Fig. 6: Vengeance Weapon 2 [7]

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Autonomous Technology in Cars
 German Engineer Ernst Dickmanns worked in projects in the 1980s
► VAMORS - The pioneer of autonomous car
 Dickmanns claimed that 95% of the time the car drove itself
 In 1987, VaMoRs drove at 90 km/h (56 mph) for 20 kilometers
 In 1994, another VaMoRs car drove at 130 km/h in simulated traffic
 In 1995, a Mercedes S-Class developed by Dicmanns and his team drove
1600 kilometers from Munich to Odense, maximum at 180km/h.
► NO HANDS ACROSS AMERICA
 In 1995, Carnegie Mellon University roboticists drove NavLab 5, an
autonomous car from Pittsburgh to Los Angeles
 The car was in self-driving mode at 98.2% of the time
Fig. 8: The VaMoRs Car [10]

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► DARPA Challenges
 No winner in 2004, Carnegie Mellon's Red Team traveled the most
 In 2005, Sebastian Thrun won the race for Stanley, total 5 cars reached to the finish
Fig. 9: Sebastian Thrun with his autonomous car
Volkswagen Tourareg in DARPA Challenge 2005 [3]

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HOW DOES IT WORK?

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Fig. 10: Illustration of Sensor coverage of Tesla’s autonomous car[3]
Fig. 11: Front View of BMW autonomous car [3]Fig. 12: Rear View of BMW autonomous car [3]Fig. 13: An Autonomous car in the street[3]Fig. 13: View from inside of an Autonomous Car [3]

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SOME REAL-WORLD SCENARIOS

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

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► In 2010,
 Google began testing autonomous cars on Bay Area roads
► In 2011,
 A driverless Audi sports car traveled to the summit of Pikes Peak in 27 minutes
 Italy's VisLab ran a 15,900km test run which marked the first intercontinental land
journey completed by autonomous vehicles
 Nevada passed the first legislation specifically approving autonomous car operation
on state roadways. Florida and California followed the suit shortly.
► In 2012,
 A 22 km driving test was administered to a Google self-driving car by Nevada
motor vehicle examiners in a test route in the city of Las Vegas
► In 2013,
 Japanese automobile companies developed autonomous car models as Japan granted
their testing

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► In 2014,
 Induct Technology's “Navia Shuttle” became the first self-driving vehicle to be
available for commercial sale
► In 2015,
 Google announced plans to unveil 100 autonomous car prototypes built inside
Google's secret X lab
 UK sanctioned autonomous cars’ testing
► In 2016,
 Google autonomous car stopped after travelling 140,000 miles without any notable
incident for further development
 Tesla announced auto-drive feature in their later car models
 Singapore launched the first self-driving taxi service, provided by nuTonomy.
► All the global car companies has announced autonomous car models by 2020
 Wuhu wanted to become the world’s first fully driverless city.

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Fig. 1: Marcedes-Benz F015 Luxary [3]

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CHALLENGES

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 Collaboration with human drivers
 Handling unexpected encounters
 Ethical dilemmas
 Cybersecurity
 Liability of Accidents
 Detecting Road Signals
 Responding to attacks
 Lack of standards
 Driving in poor visibility
 Dealing with poor road conditions
 Inaccurate and incomplete mapping technology

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CONCLUSION

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 A whole new era of Autonomous automobiles is waiting ahead
 Political and legal actions will play a significant role
 Autonomous Technology is on the verge of real life implementation
 Could change the way we think about cars
 Will be the most astonishing application of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)

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References
[1] “What is driverless car? - Definition from WhatIs.com,” WhatIs.com. [Online]. Available:
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/driverless-car. [Accessed: 20-Aug-2017]. [Online].
[2] K. Jo, J. Kim, D. Kim, C. Jang, and M. Sunwoo, “Development of Autonomous Car—Part I: Distributed
System Architecture and Development Process,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 12, pp.
7131–7140, 2014.
[3] P. P., “How Does Google's Driverless Car Work?,” 17-Mar-2015. [Online]. Available:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftouPdU1-Bo. [Accessed: 20-Aug-2017].
[4] “Road Crash Statistics,” ASIRT. [Online]. Available: http://asirt.org/initiatives/informing-road-users/road-
safety-facts/road-crash-statistics. [Accessed: 20-Aug-2017].
[5] T. E. D. D., “Chris Urmson: How a driverless car sees the road,” 26-Jun-2015. [Online]. Available:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiwVMrTLUWg. [Accessed: 20-Aug-2017].
[6] “Statistics of Accident & casualties,” Bangladesh Road Transport AuthorityBRTA. [Online]. Available:
http://www.brta.gov.bd/newsite/en/statistics-of-accident-casualties/. [Accessed: 22-Aug-2017].
[7] “History of autonomous cars,” Wikiwand. [Online]. Available:
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/History_of_autonomous_cars. [Accessed: 22-Aug-2017].

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THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?