Nutrigenomics

1
NUTRIGENOMICS
Name:- Namrata K. Bhirud.
Department:- Pharmaceutics
1

Definitions:-
 “Seeks to examine dietary signatures in cells,
tissues and organisms and to understand how
nutrition influences homeostasis”
 “The interface between the nutritional
environment and cellular/genetic processes”
2Namrata K. Bhirud.
Ref: N. M. R. Sales, P. B. Pelegrini, Nov.2014 Nutrigenomics: Definitions and Advances of this New Science, Journal of Ntrition and
Metabolism 1-6.

Meaning
Nutrigenomics is a branch of nutritional
genomics and is the study of the effects of foods
and food constituents on gene expression.
3Namrata K. Bhirud.
Metabolism 1-6.

What is Nutrigenomics?
20-25000
genes
100000
transcripts
80-100000
proteins
50000 (?)
metabolites
Source:
www.nature.co
m
4
Ref: M. Müller & S. Kersten The 'smart' combination of molecular nutrition
and nutrigenomics,Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 315-322 (April 2003) Namrata K. Bhirud.

Omics
Technology
Nutrigenomics
Genomics
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Epigenomics
Epigenetics
DNA
mRNA
Protiens
Metabo
-lites
What is Omics Technology?
5Namrata K. Bhirud.
Metabolism 1-6.

Epigenetics:
 Exogenous factors!
 Change in gene expression or phenotype !
 Non-sequence dependent inheritance!
Identical twins
with different
hair colours
Temperature
dependent
polyphenism
6Namrata K. Bhirud.
Metabolism 1-6.

Epigenetics:A new bridge between Nutrition and Health
7Namrata K. Bhirud.
Metabolism 1-6.

FOOD/ NUTRIENTS GENOME
NUTRIGENOMICS
NUTROGENETICS
Nutrigenomics;-
the application of
genomics in
nutritional
research,
 eg. The way in
which food
ingredients
influence the gene
Nutrigenetics;
Study of
individual
differences at
the genetic level
influencing
genetic
response.
Differences at
SNP level
Nutrigenomics & Nutrigenetics:
Two Sides of a Coin
8Namrata K. Bhirud.
Ref.: Jose M. Ordovas, Vincent Mooser, Nutirgenomics and Nutrigenomics, Editorial Review 2004.

What is Single Nucleotide Polymorphism?
9Namrata K. Bhirud.

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
 Most of the genes have small sequence differences –
polymorphisms- that vary among individuals.
 SNP are the most common type of variation.
 Specific genetic polymorphisms in human populations change their
metabolic response to diet and influence the risk patterns of disease.
 Some SNPs change the recipe for the gene so that either a different
quantity of the protein is produced or the structure of the protein
molecule is altered.
10Namrata K. Bhirud.

Nutrition-gene interaction
1. Direct interactions: Nutrients after interacting with a receptor,
behave as transcription factors that can bind to DNA and induce
gene expression
2. Epigenetic interactions: Nutrients can alter the structure of DNA
so that gene expression is altered
3. Genetic variation: Common genetic variations such as single-
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can alter the expression or
functionality of genes.
Ref.: Kathleen L M and Sylvia E (2008) edn 12, Krause’s Food and Nutrition Therapy, p.365

Gene diet disease interaction
 Nutrigenetic diseases 97 per cent of the genes have known to be
associated with human diseases result in monogenic diseases.
 Modifying the dietary intake can prevent some monogenetic
diseases e.g., in phenylketonuria (PKU) food containing the amino
acid phenylalanine,
-including high protein food such as fish, chicken, eggs, milk,
cheese, dried beans, nuts must be avoided
Ref.: Kathleen L M and Sylvia E (2008) edn 12, Krause’s Food and Nutrition Therapy, 365

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 In case of defective aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, alcohol
must be avoided.
 Patients having galactosemia (lack of a liver enzyme to digest
galactose) should avoid diets which contain lactose or galactose,
including milk and milk products.
Conti….
Namrata K. Bhirud.
Ref.: Kathleen L M and Sylvia E (2008) edn 12, Krause’s Food and Nutrition Therapy, p.365

Nutrigenomics and obesity
Leptin Therapy
Farooqi, I. S. and S. O'Rahilly (2004). Recent Prog Horm Res 59: 409-24. 14Namrata K. Bhirud.

Mechanism Of Leptin

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Nutrigenomics and obesity
“The lipoprotein responses to the diets were not significantly different between the
running and sedentary twins” which indicates that genetic rather than environmental
influences may have greater impact on blood lipids.
In the study, one twin was sedentary and the other run an average of 50km/wk more
than the sedentary twin which allowed researchers to assess the interaction of diet and exercise on
genetic response
Results showed that decreasing dietary fat intake significantly decreased HDL and plasma Apo A-I
levels in both the sedentary and running twin. LDL particles also increased significantly.
A study by Williams et al. (Am J Clin Nutr, 82: 181-7, 2005) attempted the contribution of
genes to body weight and lipoprotein response
When 28 pairs of monozygotic twins are a high carbohydrate diet for six weeks then switched to
high fat diet

Nutrigenomics and CVD
 Some of variants are susceptible for dietary intervention.
 For example:
Individuals with the E4 allele in the apolipoprotein E gene show
higher LDL levels with increased dietary fat intake compared with
those with other (E1, E2 and E3) alleles receiving equivalent amounts
of dietary fat.
 One single nucleotide polymorphism (-75G/A) in the apoprotein A1
gene in women is associated with an increase in HDL levels with the
increase in the dietary intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA).

Hypertension
 However, no evidence of the interactions between polymorphic
variants of these genes and dietary factors are available.
 On the other hand sodium transport/metabolism-related genes such
as those encoding epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits,
adducin, and 11 B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are certainly of
interest, given well-proven association between dietary salt intake
and hypertension.
Ref.: G. Banerjee, R. Pal, Application of Nutrigenomics in Animal Sector: A Review, Assian Journal and Veterinary Advances 10(9): 489-499, 2015

Diet and increased risk of cancer
 There is an increase risk of colorectal cancer
with high consumption of red meat.
 Specific dietary irritants, such as salt and
preservatives have been suggested as being
carcinogens for gastric cancer.

Nutrigenomics and T2DM
 Diabetes counts for more than 90% of all diseases of
word.
 Type II Diabetes is multifactorial pathogenesis that
involves the interaction between genetics and
environmental factors.
 Genomics studies showed that there are 65 SNPs
associated with the risk of developing type II Diabetes.
Ref.: G. Banerjee, R. Pal, Application of Nutrigenomics in Animal Sector: A Review, Assian Journal and Veterinary Advances 10(9): 489-499, 2015

Advantages of Nutrigenomics
 Increased focus on a healthy diet and lifestyle.
 Increased awareness of risk of certain
conditions.
 Improved health quantity of life.
 Focus on prevention of diseases.
 Decreased morbidity and premature mortality.
 Reduced health care costs.
 Better understanding of the mechanisms
involved in disease susceptibility .

Disadvantages of Nutrigenomics
 Attention is drawn away from other modifiable risk
factors.
 Focus only specific nutrients/foods.
 Misleading claims.
 Increased costs associated with personalized diets and
designer foods.
22
Namrata K. Bhirud.

Conclusion and Future Perspective
(1) Nutrigenomics researchers must know the challenge of
understanding polygenic diet related diseases.
(2) Short-term goals:
to identify the dietary signals.
to elucidate the dietary sensor mechanisms.
to characterize the target genes of these sensors.
to find ‘signatures’ (gene/protein expression and metabolite
profiles).
23
Namrata K. Bhirud.

(3) Long-term goals:
Nutrigenomics is to help to understand how we can use nutrition
to prevent many of the same diseases for which pharmacogenomics
is attempting to identify cures.
SNP database will be effect on disease risk.
Conti…
Future personalized diets
24
Namrata K. Bhirud.

Marketed Product

Marketed Product
26
Namrata K. Bhirud.

Let food be your medicine
and medicine be your food.
- Hippocrates, 400 BCE

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References
 Ref: N. M. R. Sales, P. B. Pelegrini, Nov.2014 Nutrigenomics:
Definitions and Advances of this New Science, Journal of Ntrition
and Metabolism 1-6.
 Jose M. Ordovas, Vincent Mooser, Nutirgenomics and
Nutrigenomics, Editorial Review 2004.
 Kathleen L M and Sylvia E (2008) edn 12, Krause’s Food and
Nutrition Therapy, p.365
Namrata K. Bhirud.
x

29
Conti…
 M. Müller & S. Kersten The 'smart' combination of molecular
nutrition and nutrigenomics,Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 315-
322 (April 2003)
 G. Banerjee, R. Pal, Application of Nutrigenomics in Animal
Sector: A Review, Assian Journal and Veterinary Advances
10(9): 489-499, 2015
Namrata K. Bhirud.

Nutrigenomics

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