Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to PPT-ALL -MSF.pptx
Similar to PPT-ALL -MSF.pptx (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
PPT-ALL -MSF.pptx
- 1. LECTURE IN FISH 204 Fisheries Biotechnology Mary Joy H. Libatique-Asprec Subject Teacher
- 2. CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY A. Definition of Biotechnology B. Principles of Biotechnology C. Molecular Basic of Inheritance and Genetic Variation -(DNA, RNA, Protein structure) D. Conceptual development of Concepts of Genetic Engineering E. Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology -Restriction enzymes -Separation & Isolation of DNA Fragments -Cloning Vectors -The Host organisms (For transformation) F. Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
- 3. A. BIOTECHNOLOGY • Bio-related to living organisms; Technology- use of techniques & science to make products or modify processes. • “The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.” • The use of living organisms aka bio to make products/modify processess
- 4. B. PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY • Applications • Traditional (wine making, cheese making) inherent ability of microorganisms • Modern https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhHQs6ZcK_g&t=50s
- 6. C. MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE • Nucleic Acids • Proteins
- 7. D. Conceptual development of Concepts of Genetic Engineering
- 8. E. Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology -Restriction enzymes -Separation & Isolation of DNA Fragments -Cloning Vectors -The Host organisms (For transformation) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpU_CQ0pFyQ
- 9. F. Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology • isolation of DNA, • fragmentation of DNA by restriction endonucleases, • isolation of a desired DNA fragment, • ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector, • insertion/transferring the recombinant DNA into the host, • culturing the host cells in a medium at large scale and • extraction of the desired product (downstream processing) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6KzveomEFU
- 10. Isolation of DNA – DNA is enclosed in membrane; therefore, it is important to break the cells open in order to release DNA along with several other macromolecules like RNA, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. This isolation process is carried out in the presence of several enzymes like cellulase (plant cells), lysozyme (bacteria) and chitinase (fungus). Cutting of DNA at specific locations – Restriction enzyme digestions are carried out by incubating purified DNA molecule with restriction enzyme in suitable conditions. Progression of restriction enzyme digestion is checked by Agarose gel electrophoresis. Since, DNA is charged negatively, it is attracted towards positive electrode and this entire process is repeated with
- 11. Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR – In Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), several copies of gene (or DNA) is formed in vitro taking help of two sets of primers. The enzyme with nucleotides extends the primers provided in reaction and the genomic DNA as template. Repetitive occurrence of this DNA replication, results in the amplification of segment of DNA to billion times. This repeated amplification is achieved by an enzyme thermostable DNA polymerase. Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host cells/ Organisms – Several methods are used to introduce litigated DNA into recipient cells after making them competent to receive and take up DNA present in its surroundings.
- 12. Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product – While inserting the alien DNA piece in cloning vector, the multiplication of alien DNA takes place. In almost all recombinant technologies, the main objective is to produce desirable protein and therefore, it is important to express recombinant DNA. The foreign gene is expressed under appropriate conditions and the expression of this gene in host cells includes understanding of many technical details. Downstream Processing – After biosynthetic stage, the product is subjected through a series of processes like separation and purification, which aims at forming the finished product before marketing. These products are prepared with suitable preservatives and downstream process and quality control testing vary from product to product.
- 13. SUMMARY Biotechnology deals with large scale production and marketing of products and processes using live organisms, cells or enzymes. Modern biotechnology using genetically modified organisms was made possible only when man learnt to alter the chemistry of DNA and construct recombinant DNA. This key process is called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. This process involves the use of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate plasmid or viral vectors to isolate and ferry the foreign DNA into host organisms, expression of the foreign gene, purification of the gene product, i.e., the functional protein and finally making a suitable formulation for marketing. Large scale production involves use of bioreactors.
- 15. CHAPTER 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY METHODS & TECHNIQUE
- 16. A. CLONING • DNA cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. • Plant: Taking of cuttings; Tissue culture • Animal: Adult cloning (dolly)
- 17. B. PCR • PCR is a common laboratory technique used to make many copies (millions or billions!) of a particular region of DNA.
- 18. C. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS • . It is a technique used to visualize (directly see) DNA fragments. F instance, researchers can analyze the results of a PCR reaction by examining the DNA fragments it produces on a gel
- 19. CHAPTER 3 GENETIC VARIATION OF TRAITS •Genetic variation is a term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes. •Individuals of a species have similar characteristics but they are rarely identical, the difference between them is called variation. •Genetic variation is what makes us all unique, whether in terms of hair colour, skin colour or even the shape of our faces. •Genetic variation is a result of subtle differences in our DNA
- 20. A. QUALITATIVE TRAITS • Encoded by one gene /fewer number of genes • Do not change in response to environment • ex. Red fish will continue to produce red fry (color)
- 21. PUNNETT SQUARE Characterization of qualitative trait inheritance is a matter of simple statistics, as illustrated by a Punnett Square.
- 22. Application in Fisheries Appearance traits in fish farming: progress from classical genetics to genomics, providing insight into current and potential genetic improvement FIGURE 1. Examples of commercial fish strains with improved skin pigmentation and body shape. (A) A wild-type tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with normal black pigmentation; (B) a red strain tilapia (red Yumbo) with improved red skin pigmentation; (C) a wild-type rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with normal pigmentation and (D) a Blue Back rainbow trout with improved intense bluish back, whitish belly, and a reduced number of dark spots; (E) a common carp (Cyprinus carpio) of var. haematopterus (or Amur wild carp) with a spindle-shaped body and steel-gray skin color; and (F) a common carp of var. wuyuanensis with improved broadly elliptical body (red skin color).
- 23. Same species but different physical characteristics
- 24. B. QUANTITATIVE TRAITS • are types of traits that fall into distinct classes or categories without variation within those traits. • Determine by larger number of genes • Change under the influence of environment • Ex. length of fish, weight, number of fin rays etc.
- 26. C. IMPORTANT TRAITS • , traits that are relevant to production will be of particular interest. Such traits include growth rate, age at maturation, feed conversion efficiency, disease resistance, flesh quality and marketability.
- 27. CHAPTER 4 IMPROVEMENT OF REPRODUCTION IN FISHERIES
- 28. A. GnRH (GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE) now the best available biotechnological tool for the induced breeding of fis h the key regulator of the reproductive axis GtH I or Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) GtH II or luteinizing hormone (LH)
- 29. B. Polyploidy • polyploidy (i.e. increasing the number of sets of chromosomes), to improve aquaculture production • Most fish are diploid (2N). 50 Chromosomes is the typical # of chromosomes seen in fishes, • Normally, they produce haploid (1N) gametes. • Duplication of entire chromosomes set due to the failure of meosis= 100 result in the formation of diploid gametes. • This occurs mostly in fishes.
- 32. Application and Manipulation • To produce sterile fish for a variety of uses
- 33. C. Gynogenesis/ Androgenesis • Both gynogenesis (all maternal inheritance) and androgenesis (all paternal inheritance) can be used to produce inbred clonal lines of fish. • Manipulation: Diploid androgenic fish can be produced by irradiating eggs then fertilizing with normal sperm, and then allowing doubling of the paternal genome by blocking the first cleavage, resulting in a doubling of the sperm donated genome. • Androgenesis is an important manipulation in fish aquaculture for the acquisition of mono-sex fish having sex-biased characteristics and the conservation of fish germplasm
- 38. D. Development of Monosex Population • The sex of fish can easily be manipulated using hormonal treatments. • This requires feeding young fish with estrogens (female sex hormones), resulting in a population of all female fish (Fitzsimmons, 2001). • 17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MT)
- 39. Sex reversal
- 40. E. Transgenic Aquaculture Species
- 44. F. Cryopreservation • Cryopreservation is the method of keeping the live cells, tissues and other biological samples in a deep freeze at subzero temperatures for the storage or preservation.
- 51. CHAPTER 5 BIOSECURITY & CONTROL
- 52. A. Pathogen Screening & Diagnostics (DNA & Antibody Based Technology)
- 53. B. Vaccines
- 54. C. SPF Stocks in Aquaculture
- 57. CHAPTER 6 FSHERIES BIOTECHNOLOGY AT THE CUTTING EDGE & ISSUES
- 58. A. Fish Nutrition • Growth Hormone Gene • Plant proteins as alternatives to fish meals • Feed additives • Utilization of plant fibres in fish feed through enzymes • Dietary amino acids through GMOs • Probiotics in fish nutrition • Prebiotics in fish nutrition
- 59. B. Fisheries Management & Conservation • Assessment • Molecular Markers (Marker-assisted selection)
- 60. C. Aquatic Environment • bioremediation for the degradation of hazardous wastes; • the use of vaccination and probiotics to reduce antimicrobial use; and • the use of DNA-based methodologies for the early detection of toxin- producing algae.
- 61. D. Macroalgae & Microalgae • Algal Biotechnology
- 62. E. Genethics • Ethical questions • Case of GMO
Editor's Notes
- Biotechnology is a process of using living organisms or their enzymes/molecules through techniques and processes to obtain products or to develop processes for welfare of human or living things. the method by which a living organism or its parts are used to change or to incorporate a particular character to another living organism” It involves the application of scientific principles to the processing of materials by biological agents.
- Traditional biotechnology refers to the traditional techniques of using living organisms to yield new products or modify foods or other useful products for human use. Traditional-use natural organism to create products. Ex. wine making, they use yeast to aler fermentation process by transforming sugar into alcohol, as well as manipulating the level of CO2 off. Ex., Mendel Law of Inheritance which says that biological traits are passed on to the next generation through particular ratios and expressed accdng to dominance. This was became the foundation of artificial breeding in agriculture and aquaculture where animals and plants are bred selectively to develop preferred biological traits. Traditional hybridisation very often leads to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes. However, in modern day, the central principles lies in genetics or DNA. And to overcome this limitation and allows us to isolate and introduce only desirable genes. (Recombinant DNA , gene cloning and gene transfer) Here coomes the Genetic Engineering Techniques is use to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) , to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism. Maintenance of sterile environment -Maintenance of sterile ambience in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe/ eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes etc. How living organisms work? Ex., Mendel Law of Inheritance which says that biological traits are passed on to the next generation through particular ratios and expressed accdng to dominance. This was became the foundation of artificial breeding in agriculture and aquaculture where animals and plants are bred selectively to develop preferred biological traits. However, in modern day, the central principles lies in genetics or DNA. The Dna building blocks composed the T, G, C.. It is some sort of LIFE CODES that is universal to all living things. This codes will be put in particular sequence and instruct formation which is LIFE as we know it. Similar to alphabets that can be reagraded as communication codes. If you put that string of codes in particular order ex. SICK, upon forming it result to communication as we know it. So this lead to many applications ranging from GMO to theraphy in medicine. So in summary, biotechnology is technological application of biology that would improve life. Traditional-use natural organism to create products. Ex. wine making, they use yeast to aler fermentation process by transforming sugar into alcohol, as well as manipulating the level of CO2 off. Modern-gene manipulation For example: Insulin is produce by our body to regulate our blood sugar, however people who suffer from diabetes, did not produce sufficient quantity that’s why they are advise to take insulin injections. Now how is insulin produce? It is being synthesize by a pro carrier (E.coli). Scientist isolated the insulin gene producing form our beta cells, introduce it in e. coli, and in e. coli, the gene goes transcription and translation to produce insulin. Then that insulin, was package to be use by human. In the process, they use microorganisms which is e coli to synthesize insulin which is already a successful application of biotechnology. Another one is vaccines, these were came from microorganism too that is killed /weakened for development of immunization (memory cell). Here they take protein (gene) of the microorganisms and inyroduce in a plant that make it edible vaccine. So when this plant is eaten by human, the antigen would enter the body and syntheize antibodies. Another one is Firefly, firefly produces a protein which absorb light when light is available. But when light is unavailable, light is emitted, that is why firefly glows in the dark. In plants, once this protein synthesized it undergoes transcription and translation of genes, and thus protein is synthesized and at night these plant glows, it became light in the streets.
- The technique of genetic engineering includes : • Creation of recombinant DNA • Use of gene cloning, and • Gene transfer. Genetic recombination is the exchange of information between two DNA segments. This is a common occurrence within the same species. But by artificial means, when a gene of one species in transferred to another living organism, it is called recombinant DNA technology. In common, this is known as genetic engineering. Definition ofDefinition of recombinant DNArecombinant DNA • Production of a unique DNA molecule by joining together two or more DNA fragments not normally associated with each other • DNA fragments are usually derived from different biological sources. A series of procedures used to recombine DNA segments. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate. Cloning or making multiple copies of any template DNA needs that an alien DNA is linked with the origin of replication (a desired DNA sequence responsible for initiating replication) so that alien (foreign/desired) pieces of DNA can replicate and multiply itself in the host organism. With this technique, we can isolate and introduce only the desired genes without introducing undesirable genes into target organisms. The first recombinant DNA was constructed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972 by; • Isolating the antibiotic resistance gene by cutting out a piece of DNAfrom a plasmid which was responsible for providing antibiotic resistance. The cutting of DNA at specific location was done by molecular scissors – restriction enzymes. • The cut pieces of DNA were then linked with the plasmid DNA. • The plasmid DNA acts as vector to transfer the pieces of DNA attached to it, to the recipient host bacterium. • Linking of antibiotic resistant gene (alien DNA) with plasmid DNA (vector) was possible with enzyme DNA ligase, which joins the cut ends of DNA molecules. • Hence, a new circular, autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro is formed called as recombinant DNA. • It replicates using the new host’s DNA polymerase enzyme and makes multiple copies. The ability to multiply copies of antibiotic resistant gene in E. coli is called cloning.
- Have you ever seen your ‘spitting image’? It is commonly accepted that all humans are different. It also true for other sexually reproducing organisms. Every salmon (Salmo salar) is different from every other salmon that has ever lived. Every mussel (Mytilus edulis) is different from every other mussel that has ever lived. This uniqueness of individuals within species is a consequence of the following: Nucleic acids are the macromolecules present in all living cell. The two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms are, 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] 2. Ribonucleic acid [RNA]. Which molecule is genetic material?DNA.. Characteristics: should replicate. As we say, genetic material is the one which is getting iinherited from the parents to offsprings. DNA is present in nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for inheritance and contains the genetic. Info. Of all living organisms. RNA are responsible for protein synthesis. The RNA carries the message contained in the DNA to the cell area where protein is synthesized and will have to perform the synthesis as well. Protein contain the series of amino acids which is responsible to perform most cellular functions. Do proteins control traits and inheritance? Inherited traits are coded for in your DNA and contained in segments of DNA called genes. Genes being expressed causes a protein to be made, and it is the proteins that will do many of the jobs in the body. proteins determine the structure and function of each cell in the body. Which is the central dogma… The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation. What act as the genetic material in most of the living organism? DNA • In virus what act as the genetic material other than DNA? RNA DNA & RNA - polynucleotide chain • A nucleotide – 3 components 1. A nitrogenous base 2. A pentose sugar (DNA- deoxyribose sugar, RNA- Ribose sugar) 3. A phosphate group • Nitrogenous base- Nitrogen containing compound • Two types- Purines (Adenine & Guanine) & Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil & Thymine) • Adenine, Guanine & Cytosine- Both DNA & RNA • Thymine- only in DNA • Uracil- Only in RNA in place of Thymine • Nitrogenous Base linked is linked to pentose sugar through N- glycosidic linkage- Nucleoside Structure of polynucleotide chain
- The birth of genetic engineering or modern technology,Helps to overcome the limitation of undesired genes getting multiplied along with the desired genes in traditional hybridization techniques. • Allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes into the target organism.
- The key tools of recombinant DNA technology are: Enzymes: a) Restriction Endo Nucleases(REN): acts as Molecular Scissors and cuts DNA at specific sites. b) DNA Ligase: helps to join two DNA molecules • Cloning Vectors (Vehicles for Cloning): Vector serves as a vehicle to carry a foreign DNA sequence into a given host cell. Ex: Plasmids, or Bacteriophages • Host cell: The cell into which rDNA is transferred for multiplication of desired gene copies, usually E.coli. • Bioreactors: Specially designed container used to carry out biological reactions under controlled condition.
- Recombinant DNA is the DNA that is composed of sequences that are derived from different sources. The process of recombination DNA technology consists of the following steps: Recombinant DNA is made at the pachytene stage during the end of prophase-1. The homologous chromosomes come together physically to cross over and exchange parts of their chromosome. This results in recombination of DNA in homologous chromosomes. Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while meiosis involves the division of sex cells. The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis. Two daughter cells are produced after mitosis and cytoplasmic division, while four daughter cells are produced after meiosis. ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector, The DNA fragments generated with a cloning vector can be done by sticky ends ligation, blunt-end ligation and homopolymer tailing.
- Insertion of DNA into the host cell. The recombinant DNA can be inserted into the host cell by transformation, transduction, and vectorless gene transfer.
- The selection and screening of transformed cells can be by any of the following methods- immunological method, nucleic acid hybridization and blue-white screening or insertional inactivation.
- The Following shows the diagrammatic representation of basic steps in recombinant DNA technology, using the bacterial plasmid as cloning vector. At initial stage, construction of recombinant DNA molecule takes place, then the cell is transported in host cells, followed by multiplication of recombinant DNA molecule, then division and finally t.he division results in a clone
- Biotechnology uses a variety of techniques to achieve its aims and common techniques include polymerase chain reaction, DNA cloning, and gel electrophoresis.
- They have identical gene (same DNA) Tissue culture: few cells will be taken from the parent cell and produce new plants Dolly, the 1st mammal to be cloned: Unfertilized egg cell is taken from adult female A and the nucleus is remove. Body Cell is taken for Female Adult B and nucleus is removed and is inserted from the egg cell. Then via heat shock, the egg cell divide to form the embryo, this embryo cell contain same ge. Info. As adult body cell. When embryo grows, it will be inserted to female surrogate to continue its devt. So basically, they use 3 adults and baby born will be a clone of the adult who donated the body cell bec. It has the same DNA.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technology used for quick and easy amplifying DNA sequences, which is based on the principle of enzymatic replication of the nucleic acids. This method has in the field of molecular biology an irreplaceable role and constitutes one of the basic methods for DNA analysis. Step 1 - Denaturation The solution contained in the tube is heated to at least 94°C (201.2°F) using a thermal cycler. The heat breaks the hydrogen bonds of the original DNA sample and separates the DNA into single strands (this is termed denaturation of double-stranded DNA). Step 2 - Annealing The sample mixture is then cooled to between 50 to 60°C (122 to 140°F) allowing the DNA primers and the DNA polymerase enzyme to bind to the individual strands of DNA that were separated by the heat (this is termed annealing of the primers). At this point, the nucleotides (A, T, C, G) from the added mixture solution will pair with the individual separated strands of DNA that resulted from the heating Step 3 - Extension Once joined together, they form a new complementary strand of DNA (termed extension of the DNA). Thus, a new duplicate double-stranded DNA molecule has been formed from each of the single strands of the original sample molecule. process. The cycle is then repeated about 35 to 40 times using the thermal cycler which automatically repeats the heating and cooling cycles of the process. Resulting DNA sequence is doubled each time the heating/cooling cycle is conducted by the cycler. Thus, what started out as a single short segment of DNA from one sample can be amplified to form millions of copies after 35 doubling cycles.
- Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size as well as to isolate, identify, and characterize properties of DNA fragments. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. DNA is visualized by including in the gel an intercalating dye, ethidium bromide. Agarose gel
- Punnett Square – a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. The diagram is used to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. (As illustrated above, one would predict (with adequate sample size) that a cross between two individuals heterozygous for a trait (in this case, flower color) will produce 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, and 25% homozygous recessive (1:2:1) offspring, with phenotypic ratios of 75% dominant to 25% recessive (3:1).)
- Low environmental influence Strong env. Influence Discrete variables are countable in a finite amount of time Continuous variables are numeric variables that have an infinite number of values (real values)
- use of biotechnologies in fisheries is very limited whilst in aquaculture biotechnologies are represented in a few fields such as genetic improvement, disease control, feeds and nutrition and environmental improvement. In this Module, you will be learning the different technologies used in Fisheries sector particularly in genetic improvement & control of reproduction.
- This is a Hormone-induced spawning which is the only reliable method to induce reproduction in these fishes. Its pulsatile secretion determines the pattern of secretion of the gonadotropins follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, which then regulate both the endocrine function and gamete maturation in the gonads. Reproduction in fishes is regulated by external environmental factors that trigger internal mechanisms into action. The final event of the reproductive cycle, the release of eggs and sperm resulting in spawning, can be controlled by either placing the fish in an appropriate environment or by changing the fish’s internal regulating factors with injected hormones or other substances. In terms of application Ex. Use of Synthetic Salmon GnRH and Domperidone (Ovaprim®) in Sharks: as we all know, Shark populations are constantly decreasing owing to environmental destruction and overfishing; thus, sharks are now at a risk of extinction, with 27.9% of shark species classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List. their extinction will create an imbalance of the entire marine ecosystem. Assisted reproductive technology is the last resort for protecting animals facing severe extinction. possibility of germ cell maturation by administration of Ovaprim®, a commercially produced synthetic salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone,…effectively induced the maturation and ovulation of oocytes and the release of semen…. results confirm that Ovaprim® is a suitable tool for shark hormone-induced artificial insemination and indicate that this method may enable the conservation of the endangered shark species.
- Most fish are diploid (2N) which is the normal condition of most animals. with each individual inheriting one set of chromosomes from their mother and one from their father. In normal condition, Normally, they produce haploid (1N) gametes. Yet in the case of Polyploidy, a normally diploid cell or organism acquires one or more additional sets of chromosomes. Which means that the fish duplicates the chromosome set inherited from each parent, Polyploidy is the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
- Mechanisms of Polyploidy How does an organism become polyploid? Polyploids arise when a rare mitotic or meiotic catastrophe, such as nondisjunction (Nondisjunction in meiosis I occurs when the tetrads fail to separate during anaphase I.), causes the formation of gametes that have a complete set of duplicate chromosomes. Diploid gametes are frequently formed in this way. When a diploid gamete fuses with a haploid gamete, a triploid zygote forms, although these triploids are generally unstable and can often be sterile. If a diploid gamete fuses with another diploid gamete, however, this gives rise to a tetraploid zygote, which is potentially stable.
- Tri.ploidy is induced directly by blocking of second polar body extrusion during second meiotic division shortly after fertilization of fish eggs using various physical shocks (ex. temperature (cold and heat) ) and chemical treatments. The mating of normal diploid and tetraploid fish is an alternative method for producing hybrid triploids.
- Gynogenesis is a process in which the embryo genome originates exclusively from female origin, following embryogenesis stimulation by a male gamete. In contrast, androgenesis is the development of embryos that contain only the male nuclear genetic background. Diploid gynogenetic fish can be generated by blocking first cleavage during oocyte maturation, or by blocking the extrusion of the second polar body. Often such eggs are fertilized with irradiated sperm to ensure further embryo development without any male genetic contribution. Diploid androgenic fish can be produced by irradiating eggs then fertilizing with normal sperm, and then allowing doubling of the paternal genome by blocking the first cleavage, resulting in a doubling of the sperm donated genome. Although such clonal lines of fish are normally less attractive for aquaculture and more prone to disease and reduced growth, they are of considerable interest to scientists studying fish immunology, since clonal fish may accept tissue grafts such as scales from one another without rejection.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znVkO2ZScII
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znVkO2ZScII
- mixed sexed populations can behave poorly in production conditions due to the negative side-effects of early reproductive onset that decrease the growth rate through a series of physiological mechanisms. Monosex populations were originally achieved by hormonal sex reversal of newly hatched fry using mainly methyl testosterone added to feed or the “immersion” technique, whereby fry are immersed in a concentrated solution of hormone.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znVkO2ZScII
- Microinjection is the process of transferring genetic materials into a living cell using glass micropipettes or metal microinjection needles. . .. DNA or RNA is injected directly into the cell's nucleus wherein you could deliver antibody targeted to a specific protein domain. Electroporation is employed By applying an external electric field, Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) is a transgenic technique that transfers genes based on the ability of sperm cells to spontaneously bind to and internalize exogenous DNA and transport it into an oocyte during fertilization to produce genetically modified animals.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVV1EXcJAdU
- The process of cooling and storing cells, tissues, or organs at very low temperatures to maintain their viability. For example, the technology of cooling and storing cells at a temperature below the freezing point ('196' C) permits high rates of survivability of the cells upon thawing. In summary, Cryopreservation is a long-term storage technique to preserve the biological material without deterioration for extended period of time at least several thousands of years. Glycerol is used primarily for cryoprotection of red blood cells, and DMSO is used for protection of most other cells and tissues. A sugar called trehalose, which occurs in organisms capable of surviving extreme dehydration, is used for freeze-drying methods of cryopreservation.
- Disease outbreaks are a serious constraint to the development of intensive aquaculture systems and can have a major impact on production due to mortality and decreased growth. It has been recognized that disease is the most significant factor impacting the intensive production in many aquatic species. outbreaks effectively. There is a greater need for management intervention in intensive systems. Here biotechnological tools can be a valuable part of management approaches. Their scope of application is broad – they can be used as sensors in the production environment, for waste management (through controlled microbial technologies), and for disease detection and control (molecular methods).
- The control of disease outbreaks relies heavily on having rapid and accurate diagnostic tools available in order to detect and identify the pathogen causing mortality. The techniques rely upon the fact that each pathogen species carries a unique DNA or RNA sequence that can be used for identification. DNA and RNA methods have been used extensively for detecting a number of viral and bacterial pathogens in aquaculture worldwide. Histopathology (electron microscopy), ELISA- AB based identification (works on amplifying/replicating DNA) PCR amplification –dna BASED identification (ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.)
- A vaccine works by training the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens, either viruses or bacteria. To do this, certain molecules from the pathogen must be introduced into the body to trigger an immune response. These molecules are called antigens, and they are present on all viruses and bacteria. Oral, Immersion, Injection During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protection. Soak
- development of SPF strains is the penaeid shrimp. SPF shrimp are produced in SPF facilities using many biotechnological tool particularly DNA-based pathogen detection and diagnostic techniques. The primary goal of SPF facilities is to produce strains of shrimp that are disease-free, domesticated and genetically improved for aquaculture. Genuine SPF shrimp are produced in biosecure facilities that have been repeatedly examined and found free of specified pathogens using intensive surveillance protocols, and originate from broodstock developed with strict founder population development protocols
- Animal health surveillance Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), which is caused by bacteria; white-spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which is caused by virus; and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), the fungal microsporidian, YHD
- Here we will learn other applications of biotechnology in other fields of fisheries as well as the issues of biotechnology.
- The main goal of fish nutrition as a scientific discipline is to produce feeds that support good growth rates while maintaining fish health and quality, resulting in a safe and healthy product for the consumer at least cost. Isolating a potential growth hormone gene and subsequent transfer of that gene to enhance the fish production is approaching near to reality. Use of Plant-base proteins as alternatives to fish meals (Plant protein has the potential to decrease the problem of phosphorus pollution, since plants do not contain such high phosphorus levels. Moreover, the use of plant protein as a feed ingredient can help to reduce the burden on fish meal supplies) Feed additives-Adding specific nutrients to feed can improve animal digestion and thereby reduce feed costs 4Enzymes-enzymes are mainly produced from microorganisms by a process of fermentation and extraction. These enzymes can be produced in large quantities from genetically modified microbes with desired properties Dietary amino acids through GMOs-Essential amino acids are added as supplements to the feed improve the balance of the amino acid profile. Genetically enhanced micro-organisms are being used to produce threonine and tryptophan … Probiotics in fish nutrition-The microbial ecology of the gut merits greater attention due to its implications for nutrition, feed conversion and disease control. Probiotic bacteria also release enzymes, which help in the digestion of feed. Probiotic bacteria directly uptake or decompose the organic matter or toxic material and improve the quality of water. Prebiotics in fish nutrition-Prebiotics are basically feed for probiotics. mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), fructo-oligosaccharide and mixed oligo-dextran.
- In fisheries management, conservation is an important concept. One of the most important population parameters for assessing the fate of a population is the effective population size (Ne), which determines the amount of genetic variation, MAS-Molecular markers can also be used in genetic improvement through MAS, where markers physically located beside (or even within) genes of interest (such as those affecting growth rates in salmon) are used to select favourable variants of the gene. The development of molecular markers and linkage maps can greatly help scientists to understand the different factors that influence the expression of quantitative traits.
- Reducing the impact of effluent discharge, improving water quality and the responsible use of water are key areas to be considered during aquaculture development. Bioremediation is a promising biotechnological approach for the degradation of hazardous waste to environmentally safe levels using aquatic micro-organisms or other filtering macroorganisms. Microbes, bivalves, seaweeds, holothurians (sea cucumbers) etc., have been tested to assess their ability to reduce organic loading or reduce the excess nutrients produced during culture production. Probiotics and dna vaccines-This vaccines contain DNA that codes for specific proteins (antigens) from a pathogen to induce immune response. How does it works… When fish get the DNA vaccine, their cell translate the gene particle from the virus/bacteria into protein which recognize their body as foreign particle. Then, their immune system creates AB that fight the particular proteins, stop them fr. Attaching and eventually destroy them. The vaccine teach the fish body to recognize these proteins to prevent infections.
- Algal biotechnology the technological application of algae (both microalgae and macroalgae) or their derivatives to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Extraction of biocompounds that is useful for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals Genetic selection to produce gene of interest for better algal production (Tissue culture, transgenic technology and molecular markers are the main three biotechnologies applied in modern seaweed breeding).
- Genetic engineering, cloning and to a lesser extent ploidy manipulation have opened a can of ethical worms that have wriggled into all aspects of modern society. Lets take the case of GMO- in terms of size of fruits… seedless… etc… salmon, more reddidh flesh and bigger sizes… Unnatural… Concern about safety and risk. (a) humans, (b) non-GMOs of the same species and (c) the environment? Risks to humans of exposure to GMOs began when a common intestinal microorganism, E. coli, was infected with DNA from a tumor-inducing virus…. recombinant organisms might be used as weapons… POLICY MAKERS….. recommended that risk assessments be performed on a case-by-case basis. Since then, the case-by-case approach to risk assessment for genetically modified products has been widely accepted; however, the U.S. has generally taken a product-based approach to assessment, whereas the European approach is more process based (Devos et al., 2007). Although in the past, thorough regulation was lacking in many countries, governments worldwide are now meeting the demands of the public and implementing stricter testing and labeling requirements for genetically modified crops. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/#:~:text=The%20ethical%20issues%20surrounding%20GMOs,abstained%20from%20for%20religious%20reasons.