APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES.pptx

Jit Kumar Gupta
Chandigarh
jit.kumar1944@gmail.com

Changing
Context of
Buildings

Role and
Importance of
Construction
industry

 Building Industry -Backbone of Economy of any nation
 Relevant to growth and development of any society
 Second largest employer of manpower after agriculture- 35 million
 Major contributor to National Economy- 8% GDP
 Essential to meet needs of Built environment- 700- 900 million Sqm of built space
 Needed for creating more built spaces- Only 60% of built space created 40% is yet to come up by 2050
 Major consumer of energy & Resources
 Largest generator of waste
 Major polluter of Environment/Ecology
 Major contributor to Green House gas emission/climate change
 Employing largest unskilled manpower
 Larging run manually,- using mechanized systems
 Having Low level of induction of technology
 Remains largely inefficient-- marked by low productivity; poor quality of construction; generating high
degree of wastage of resources
 Calls for making Building Industry more effective, efficient, qualitative and productive

 Major Actors in Construction industry’s – Architects, Designers, Engineers, Building material suppliers,
Contractors/Operations/ Maintenance companies – need to prepare strategically --to thrive amid disruptions- To Invent-
new technologies to make Construction Industry more effective/efficient for reasons that;
 Construction Technologies-Critical for making building Industry effective, efficient, productive, Qualitative
 Construction Technologies used in creating built environment must lead to;
 - Minimizing Cost of Construction
 -Minimizing Time for Construction
 -Providing Highest Quality of Construction
 Create Built Environment with Highest Utility
 Create Buildings which are Aesthetically pleasing
 Making Buildings Safe against natural/manmade Disaster
 -Optimizing Available Resources
 - Minimizing Requirement of Manpower
 - Promoting Efficiency/Speed in Construction
 - Minimizing Generation of Waste
 -Minimizing Use of Energy
 -Promoting Safety of the Manpower/Machinery deployed
 Minimizing impact on Environment /Ecology
 Minimising Global Warming
 Making Planet Earth more Sustainable

Available
Technologies-
Onsite/Offsite

PREFABRICATI
ON-Technology for
BUILDINGS

 Majority of construction in India follow;
 -- traditional on-site pattern of construction.
 --Known as linear construction
 -- where every component constructed on site &
 -- also completed before project moves to next phase.
 --Construction major implications in terms of
 -- time;
 -- cost,
 --quality,
 safety,
 noise,
 pollution,
 manpower

 Highly time consuming-time intensive
 Generating large scale waste- material inefficient- waste intensive
 Construction dictated by prevailing weather - Weather dependent
 Unsafe for workers deployed in construction.- safety Issues
 Large manpower needed for making /supervision- manpower intensive
 Large inventory of material- material intensive/Storage facilities
 Creation of accommodation for workers deployed at construction
 Loss/theft of material-- Constructed/Individual/human oriented
 Large variations in quality- dependent on work force deployed
 Use of lot of water/energy – resource intensive- Grey Buildings
 Increased initial cost of construction- cost inefficient
 Uneconomical in cost/resources- cost overrun
 Delayed return / Unpredictable project schedule- Construction inefficiency
 Limited application in hazardous areas--Large site disruption ;
 Adverse impact on surroundings- Pollution intensive;

 Prefabricated buildings are buildings,
 -- designed /constructed in factories in parts,
 -- as per modular design,
 - Transported & placed on site
 --joined through in-situ concrete or anchors.
 numerous prefab technologies used in India/ in
different countries.
 National Building Code of India,--
 -- prepared design standards for
 --various prefab Technologies being used in India.

ADVANTAGES
Building in Hazardous Area
Assured Quality Construction
Material Efficiency
Cost- Efficiency
Green Construction
Flexibility
 Reduced Site Disruption
Time Efficiency
Safety

 Building in Hazardous Area-- in remote area/ hill areas/ area hit by disasters
where-
 accessibility/manpower/transportation of materials/time available remains major
problem --best option for construction in minimum time /cost.
 --In hill areas with extreme climatic conditions--pre-fabrication helps in creating
well insulated structures/least susceptible to extreme outside climate. -Leh,
Ladakh, Lahaul, Spiti
 Assured Quality Construction
 Constructing building components in industrial setting----- under highly controlled
environment -- involving lot of quality checks/ balances, --assured uniform quality--
unlike site-built structures.
 Modular buildings manufactured to code-making owners free from worry of
quality,-- saving of time/energy involved in supervision

Material Efficiency
 Prefabricated buildings-- known for material efficiency --both onsite /off-site..
 -- Eliminate onsite waste-- since material for construction arrives in finished state .
 -- leaves/ creates very little waste --during the manufacturing, assembly, disassembly
 ---involves just putting together-- all components manufactured to approved design..
Cost- Efficiency
 -- Large Capacity to promote economy /cost- efficiency,
 -- generally achieved through; large discounts received from material suppliers,
 -- reduction in construction time,
 --- mass production of components and
 -- economy achieved through standardisation,
 ---repetitive nature of operations and large scale operations.
 --Reduction of wastage and in- house recycling of the extra materials
 -- less storage cost ,
 -- less material loss
 -- saving on labour hours /manpower cost in construction
 --without weather constraints and on-site/off-site-- work done simultaneously

Green Construction
 -Modular buildings require less power consumption compared to traditional constructions,
 -- Eco-friendly--- both in long / short-term.
 --lower life cycle energy implications-- as compared to on-site construction
 -- Minimum requirement of water --absence of onsite watering of brick/concrete
 -- Energy efficiency-- achieved through using recycled materials
 -- Resource efficient /greener construction process
 -- reduced material waste/ pollution
 --increased use of recycled materials
Flexibility
 Flexibility --based on easy dismantling /Relocation of buildings to different sites,
 permit flexibility in building structure/ design –--by changing design of specific prefab
component.

 Reduced Site Disruption
 Traditional construction-- involves major site disruption
 -- all building processes performed on site
 -- transporting/storage/mixing of materials/water storage/creating residential space for labour etc
 --- Prefab construction --much of these disruptions taken away from site
 -- factory manufacturing reduce traffic, equipment/ material suppliers around final construction site.
 Time Efficiency
 -- Time efficient to build-- taking less than half time when compared to traditional construction
 --due to better planning, reduced site disruptions / quicker fabrication of multiple components.
 -- Permits multiple projects simultaneously
 -- Reduced on-site construction manpower /supervision-- leads to construction efficiency.
 -- Minimum operation for finishing on site-- including watering of concrete/ brick walls, seasoning of wood, painting and
polishing of wood/door etc, - which minimises time span for construction

Safety
 Promote safety of workers at site during construction
 . Risks/ dangers posed by hazardous sites, weather, etc., neutralized
 -- components mostly manufactured in a controlled/ safe environment

133 Houses constructed in solar
colony, Leh- in 45 days only
Material transported -in trucks to
Leh-- in lots of 4 units
Plinths --consisting of 9 nos. Concrete
stumps were commissioned at site by
local contractors /labour
-ahead of arrival of PUF(Polyurethane
Foam) panels.
PUF panels -- more warmer than mud
blocks.
 PUF panel -- one of most effective ways to maintain energy
efficiency of the building.

Monotony
Restricting additions and alterations
Reduced Re--sale Value
Roadblock in Financing
Accuracy and Precision
High Transportation Cost
Mass Production
 Skilled Manpower and Cost

Using Local
Material In Natural
Form

• Building Centres developed by Hudco – for constructing affordable housing
• -- Generating Employment/ income at local levels. - by Skilling/Imparting Training
• -655 (577 Urban + 78 Rural) Building Centres approved -- 442 Building Centres functional
• - Trained --over 3,10,854 artisans
• -- promoted Cost effective- technologies
• - introduced technologies in ---production of building components/ construction of houses &
buildings
• - Saving cost savings from 15 to 40% over conventional costs.
--Rated Best Practices -Global 100 List 1998 of the UNCHS (HABITAT)
-- Centre promoted sustainable construction-
-- helping creation of micro enterprises.
-- Introduced;
-- Solid/Hollow concrete Blocks
-- Pavement tiles -- substituting bricks.
-- Ferro Cement,--FAL-G Products- Flyash-- lime –Gypsum products
--Wood Substitute Products
-- In southern states, --- ferro cement elements, FAL-G components,
-Micro –Concrete Roofing Tiles-
- RCC ---doors/window frames-- widely used in construction

MICRO –CONCRETE ROOFING
TILES

 A thin walled composite concrete with a uniform distribution of reinforcement of chicken wire
mesh and weld mesh, encapsulated in a rich cement mortar
 Drastic reduction in section thickness & reinforcement; by using an arch Geometry

FERRO-CEMENT
Ferrocement-- a construction material consisting of;
-- wire meshes / cement mortar.
 - Large Applications in construction due to
-- low self weight,
-- low-skilled workers/ framework etc.
developed by P.L.Nervi,-- an Italian architect in 1940
. Quality of ferrocement works – assured
-- because components manufactured on machinery set up
-- execution time at work site is less.
-- Cost of maintenance is low. .
• Strength depends on two factors-- quality of sand/cement mortar mix and
quantity of reinforcing materials used.

FERROCEMENT-ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
• Advantages
• Basic raw materials readily available.;
• Fabrication into any desired shape.
• Low skilled labour required.
• Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.
• Low construction material cost.
• Better resistance against earthquake.
• Disadvantages-- Structures punctured by collision with pointed objects.
• Corrosion reinforcing materials-- incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.
 Difficult to fasten to Ferrocement with bolts, screws, welding and nail etc.
 Process of Ferrocement Construction--Fabricating skeletal framing
system. Applying rods/meshes. Plastering Curing
 Applications of Ferrocements in Construction--Housing Marine
Agricultural ,Rural Energy ,Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.

Construction of Ferro-cement
Columns and Slabs

 Building Material
Technology
Promotion Council’
India-BMTPC

 Established 1990,
 -promotion of— cost-effective, environment-friendly & energy-efficient
 innovative building materials / construction technologies/ disaster resistant
technologies
 for housing in urban / rural areas /disaster prone areas
 .-Taking technologies from lab to land.
 Using , mechanization, standardization, dissemination, capacity building /field level
application.
 . introduced building materials / technologies
 –using agro-industrial wastes
 --flyash based bricks/blocks,
 -- cellular light weight concrete,
 -- bamboo based materials, bagasse boards etc.
 -- Partial pre-fabrication / pre-fabricated components,
 -- Constructed demonstration houses .-- Increased productivity /quality,
 --- developed easy-to-operate simple machines, used in construction

Hollow blocks allow ;
- Adoption of thinner walls
- Increased floor space,
- Air space of -- 25% block’s
total area,
- Saves material.
- Lightweight
- - Less self-load of building-
--- Use less material for
jointing
- - Withstand earthquake
better
- - Easy to install
- -- Since blocks are
precast,
-- surface is smoother
-- requires less plastering
material.

 Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime-
Gypsum bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy of
masonry.
 • Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired
Fly Ash technology -- CO2 emissions in
manufacturing process limited..
 • Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using
fly ash bricks -- cool in summers and warm in winters.
 • Fire Resistance: very high-- as these bricks
composed of fly ash as its major constituents, which is
un-burnt residue of the coal fired in a thermal power
plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and other
sulphate attack, ensuring no efflorescence in
structure.

Innovative
Technologies-
Light House
Projects- PMAY

https://ghtc-india.gov.in/Content/Video-Gallery.html

GLOBAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGE- INDIA (GHTC-INDIA
MoHUA initiated GHTC-India to identify a basket of innovative construction technologies-- across globe --for
the housing construction sector that is sustainable, eco-friendly, and disaster-resilient.
GHTC-India
54 Innovative
Construction
Technologies
Shortlisting
Light House
projects with 6
selected
technologies
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
AGARTALA,
TRIPURA
Light Gauge Steel
Structural System &
Pre-Engineered Steel
Structural System
CHENNAI,
NADU
Precast
Construction
TAMIL
Concrete
System-
Precast Components
Assembled at Site
INDORE, MADHYA
PRADESH
Prefabricated
Sandwich Panel
System
LUCKNOW,
UTTAR PRADESH
Stay in-place
Formwork System
RAJKOT,
GUJARAT
Monolithic
Concrete
Construction
System
RANCHI,
JHARKHAND
Precast Concrete
Construction
System-3D Pre-
Cast Volumetric

LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS- INTENT
LHPs are model housing projects with houses built
with;
 -- shortlisted alternate technologies-
 --suitable to Geo-climatic / hazard conditions of
region,
initiative under Climate Smart Bldg. Programme.
 --Projects demonstrates
 - deliver ready to live houses
 -Constructed with speed,
 - Economical in construction
 -Better quality of construction
 - Based on sustainability
Currently LHPs’ being implemented in
six states
--(UttarPradesh, Gujarat,
--Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand;
-- Tamil Nadu;Tripura)
--under Global Housing Technology
Challenge (GHTC).
Projects Involve
---- use of modern technology
-- innovative processes
-- reduced construction time
-- making Housing- more resilient/
affordable, comfortable for poor.

LIGHT HOUSE
PROJECTS

LHP- Rajkot-
 Monolithic Concrete Construction using
Tunnel Formwork

MONOLITHIC TUNNELFORMWORK TECHNOLOGY – LHP RAJKOT
Stripping of the
formwork from the
previous day.
Positioningof the
formwork for the
current day’s
phase, with the
installation of
mechanical,
electrical and
plumbing services.
Installation of
reinforcement in
the walls and slabs.
Concreting
--Concrete walls and slabs are castin one go at site-- giving monolithicstructure
-using high-precision, re-usable, room-sized, Steel forms or molds called ‘Tunnel Form’.
--system replacesconventional RCC Beam-Column structure--which uses steel/plywood shuttering-uses customizedengineered steel
formwork–
consisting of two half shellswhich are placedtogether --concretingis thendone to form a room size module. Severalsuch modules make
an apartment.
Construction Process

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY – 24 HOUR CYCLE
The task to be done each day is defined
by the 24-Hour cycle. The overall
structure is divided into a numberof
more or less comparable construction
phases, each matching to aday's work, to
establish this cycle. The amount of labour
andequipment requiredis then
calculatedbasedon the magnitude of
these phases. Every day, the phasesare
similarto achieve optimal efficiency.
1. Stripping of the
formwork from previous
day
2. Positioning of the
formwork for the current
day's phase, with the
installation of mechanical,
electrical and plumbing
services
3. Installation of
reinforcement in walls
andslabs
4. Concreting andif
necessary, the heating
equipment
The implementation of 24-HourCycle shall be in
accordance with IS456:2000 – Code of practice
for plain and reinforced concrete. However, the
structuralengineer shall furnishdetails aboutthe
actualprocess of removalof formworkafter
casting of concrete

MONOLITHIC TUNNELFORMWORK TECHNOLOGY – LHP RAJKOT
Facilitating rapid construction
of multiple/ mass modular
units (similarunits).
Making structuredurablewith
low maintenancerequirement.
The precise finishing can be
ensured with no plastering
requirement.
The concretecan be designed to
use industrialby-productssuch
as Fly Ash, Ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS),
Microsilica etc.resulting in
improved workability&
durability,whilealso
conserving naturalresource
Being Box type monolithic
structure,it is safe against
horizontal forces (earthquake,
cyclone etc.)
The large number of modular
units bring economy in
construction.
Special Features

LHP- Indore-
Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System


PREFABRICATED SANDWICH PANEL SYSTEM – LHP INDORE
• Factory made PrefabricatedSandwich Panel System is made out of –
• cement or calcium silicate boards -- andcement mortarwith EPS granules balls, ---- act as wall panels
• . These replace conventional brick &- mortar walling construction practices and
• -- can be used as load-bearing andnon-load bearing wallingfor residential and commercial buildings.
• -- For buildingshigher than single storey, the systemcan be used either with RCC or steel framedstructure.
• --- , houses are being constructed using Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System ---with Pre-Engineered SteelStructural System.
• -- EPS CementPanelsare manufacturedatthe factory in controlledcondition,-- which are then dispatched to the site.
• The panelshaving tongueand groove are joint together for construction of the building.
Being dry walling system,
brings speed in construction,
water conservation (no use of
water for curing of walling
components at site).
The sandwich panels have
light weight material as core
material, which brings
resource efficiency, better
thermal insulation, acoustics
& energy efficiency.
Being light in weight results
in lower dead load of
building & foundation size.
Special Features

WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Indore
• Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System
• S and 08 Floors
• Lightweight composite wall, floor, and
roof sandwich panels made of thin fiber
cement/calcium silicate board
• Face covered boards and the core
material is EPS granule balls

LHP- Chennai-
 Precast Concrete Construction System – Precast Components
Assembled at Site


PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM – PRECAST COMPONENTS
ASSEMBELED AT SITE – LHP CHENNAI
, Precast concrete construction is a system
• where individual precast components such as walls,slabs,stairs, column, beam etc, of building are
• manufactured in plant or casting yard in controlledconditions
• . The finished components are then transported to site,erected& installed.
• Technology provides solution for lowrise to high rise buildings, especially for residential and commercial buildings.
The construction process comprises of manufacturing of precast concrete Columns, Beams and Slabs in steel moulds.
The reinforcement
cages are placed at the
required position in
the moulds.
Concrete is poured
and compaction of
concrete is done by
shutter/ needle
vibrator.
Casted components
are then moved to
stacking yard where
curing is done for
requited time and
then these
components are ready
for transportation and
erection at site.
These precast
components are
installed at site by
crane and assembled
through in-situ
jointing and/or
grouting etc.

Nearly all components of
building work are
manufacturedin plant/casting
yard & the jointing of
components is done In-situ
leading to reduction in
construction time.
The controlled factory
environment brings resource
optimization, improved
quality, precision & finish.
The concrete can be designed
industrial by-products suchas
Fly Ash, Groundgranulated
blastfurnace slag(GGBFS),
Micro silica etc. resulting in
improved workability &
durability, while also
conserving naturalresources.
Eliminates use of plaster.
Helps in keeping neat & clean
construction site anddust free
environment.
Optimum use of waterthrough
recycling.
Use of shuttering & scaffolding
materials is minimal.
All weather construction &
bettersite organization.
Special Features
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM – PRECAST COMPONENTS
ASSEMBELED AT SITE – LHP CHENNAI
Precast Concrete Construction System – Precast Components Assembeled at site
– LHP Chennai

LHP- Lucknow
 PVC Stay in Place Formwork System

Light House Project: Lucknow
• PVC Stay in Place Formwork System
• S and 13 Floors
• Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based formwork
system serves as a permanent stay-in-place durable
finished form-work for concrete walls
• The PVC extrusions consist of the substrate (inner)
and Modifier (outer). The two layers are co-
extruded during the manufacturing process to create
a solid profile.

LHP-Ranchi
 Ranchi,Jharkhand
Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric
 PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–3D Volumetric

Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric – LHP Ranchi
An already established System for building construction in Europe, Singapore, Japan & Australia, this 3D Volumetric concrete construction is the
modern method of building by which solid precast concrete structural modules like room, toilet, kitchen, bathroom, stairs etc. & any combination of
these are cast monolithically in Plant or Casting yard in a controlled condition. These Modules are transported, erected & installed using cranes and
push-pull jacks and are integrated together in the form of complete building unit.
Subject to the hoisting capacity, building of any height can be constructed using the technology.
Sequential construction in the project here begins with keeping the designed foundation of the building ready, while
manufacturing of precast concrete structural modules are taking place at the factory.
•Factory finished
building
units/modules are
then installed at the
site with the help of
tower cranes.
•Gable end walls are
positioned to
terminate the sides of
building. Pre stressed
slabs are then
installed as flooring
elements.
•Rebar mesh is finally
placed for structural
screed thereby
connecting all the
elements together.
•Consecutive floors
are built in similar
manner to complete
the structure.

Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric – LHP Ranchi
Special Features
•About 90% of the building work
including finishing is complete in
plant/casting yard leading to
significant reduction in
construction & occupancy time.
•The controlled factory
environment brings resource
optimization, improved quality,
precision & finish.
•With smooth surface it
eliminates use of plaster.
•The monolithic casting of walls
& floor of a building module
reduces the chances of leakage.
•The system has minimal
material wastage (saving in
material cost), helps in keeping
neat & clean construction site and
dust free environment.
•Use of Optimum quantity of
water through recycling.
•Use of shuttering & scaffolding
materials is minimal.
•All weather construction &
better site organization

LHP-Agartala-Ranchi,Jharkhand
Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre-engineered Steel
Structural System

Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre – engineered Steel Structural System – LHP
Agartala
An already established System for building construction in Japan, Australia & North America; Light Gauge Steel Frame (LGSF) System uses factory
made galvanized light gauge steel components. The components/sections are produced by cold forming method and assembled as panels at site
forming structural steel framework up to G+3 building. LGSF is used in combination with pre-engineered steel structural system for buildings
above G+3 for longevity, speedier construction, strength and resource efficiency.
Under this Light House Project, houses are being constructed using Light Gauge Steel Frame System (LGSF) with Pre-Engineered Steel Structural
System.
The sequence of construction comprises of
foundation laying, fixing of Pre-
Engineered Steel Structural System, fixing
of tracks, fixing of wall panels with
bracings as required, fixing of floor panels,
decking sheet, fixing of electrical &
plumbing services and finally fixing of
concrete walling panels with light weight
concrete as infill.
The other options of dry walling
components such as sandwich panels with
insulation material in between can also be
used.
Similarly, the floors can either by
composite slab/deck slabs/precast hollow
core slabs as per the need & requirements.

Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre – engineered Steel Structural
System – LHP Agartala
•High strength to weight ratio.
Due to light weight, significant
reduction in design earthquake
forces is achieved. Making it
safer compared to other
structures.
•Fully integrated computerized
system with Centrally
Numerical Control (CNC)
machine primarily employed
for manufacturing of LGSF
sections provide very high
Precision & accuracy.
•Construction being very fast, a
typical four storied building
can be constructed within one
month.
•Structure being light, does not
require heavy foundation
•Structural element can be
transported to any place
including hilly areas to remote
places easily making it suitable
for far flung regions including
difficult terrains.
•Structure can be shifted from
one location to other without
wastage of materials.
•Steel used can be recycled
multiple times
•The system is very useful for
post disaster rehabilitation
work.
Special Features

Light House Project: Agartala
• Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure
with Infill Concrete Panels (LGSFS-
ICP)
• Ground and 06 Floors
• Weight of the LGSFS-ICP building is
about 20-30% lighter
• The LSG frames are manufactured
using numerically controlled roll
• forming machine using CAD design

Innovative
Rural
Technologies-

 With millions of homeless families,
 “Cost Efficiency” of housing important
 Money available used in an optimum manner
 Money used -ONLY for essentials, -- none for fancy frills!;
 MATERIALS to be used – LOCALLY AVAILABLE?
 Keep CLIENT in mind.-- should be able to house
 --for accommodating comfortably all dependents?
 Ability to extend house-- when, family grows up /earn money?
 Make house STRONG / SECURE?
 Extending House- with sheds /verandah for home occupations,
 -- carpentry or weaving etc?
 Plan must allow for local cultural/religious ways of living?
 Making available Water and sanitation / accessibility

 Rat trap bond--Architect Laurie Baker introduced --in Kerala in 1970s
 -- brick masonry method of wall construction, in which;
 -- bricks placed in vertical position
 - instead of conventional horizontal position
 -- creating a cavity (hollow space) within wall. -- used extensively
 -- lower construction cost,
 -- reduces material
 -- provide better thermal efficiency
 --than conventional masonry wall
 --without compromising
 - with strength of wall

 -Bricks placed in vertical position,
 - 110 mm face seen from front elevation, instead of 75mm face
 (considering brick of standard size 230 X 110 X 75 mm).
 - width of wall remains 230mm,
 -- internal cavity created.
 -- Saving Apprx 30% Material (brick and mortar)
 --Cavity--Reduces cost of construction
 -- Cavity provides- effective thermal/sound insulation
 --making rat trap bond-- energy /cost efficient building technology
 - resulting in cooler interiors during summer / warmer interiors during winter
 All vertical / horizontal reinforced bands/ lintels (for standard size openings),
 -- electrical conduits hidden inside wall,
 -- better aesthetic appearance without plastering (exposed brickwork)

 Things to consider while using rat trap bond
 Good Quality Bricks used
 with consistent size /straight edges
 First layer (bottom) / last layer (top) of wall—
 should be solid (without cavity).
 Layer at sill / lintel levels of opening /
 sides of opening to be solid (without cavity) for fixing frames.
 Reinforcement bars put in vertical cavities at corners / around openings
 --to improve earthquake resistance. -- Reinforcement bars can be put in horizontally
 --to make lintels / improve earthquake resistance.
 Electrical conduits /plumbing pipes, with prior planning, --can be put inside cavity for better aesthetics.

In rural Nigeria, a few creative visionaries have
created something called bottle brick technology that
allows them to build strong structures using water
bottles and soil.

Need for
Innovative
Construction
Technologies-

 Digital technologies- Globally transformed industries- ushering Fourth Industrial Revolution-
 improved productivity,
 promotes sustainability,
 reshaped skills/competencies needed
 However, construction industry continued operating with reliance on
 manual labour,
 mechanical technology,
 established operating / business models.
 Productivity has stagnated
 Digital technologies - gradually entering construction industry, changing
 how infrastructure/real estate / built assets designed, constructed, operated /maintained.
 Those technologies include;
 Building information modeling,
 Prefabrication,
 Wireless sensors,
 Automated and Robotic Equipment, and
 3D-printing.
 Construction industry accounts for-- 6% of global GDP
 Employs more than 100 million people worldwide.
 Within 10 years, full-scale digitization in construction sector -could help in;
i. Providing Economic /social benefits
ii. Save 12-20% in cost-- between $1 trillion - $1.7 trillion annually
 Besides overcoming challenges posed by;
i. Fast urbanization,
ii. Minimising impact of Climate change,
iii. Overcoming Resource Scarcity and
iv Overcoming Growing Talent Gap

Image: Future of Construction, World Economic Forum, Boston Consulting Group

SIX KEY WAYS TO THRIVE AMID
DISRUPTIONS
 Players in Construction industry’s – architects, designers, engineers, building material suppliers,
contractors/operations/ maintenance companies – need to prepare strategically --to thrive amid disruptions new
technologies/ trends could cause.
 Based on studies made--World Economic Forum& Boston Consulting Group & 30 leading construction – suggested;
 Building in a virtual world-- Artificial intelligence (AI); Software systems; Autonomous Construction Equipment- to
replace most manual work in engineering/construction
 • Factories run the world. Construction activities move largely to factories/industry --uses lean principles/ advanced
manufacturing processes --to pre-fabricate modules that are later assembled on-site.
• A green reboot. Construction industry uses sustainable technologies/ new materials to meet tough environmental
regulations
 Attract new talent and build up required skills – Construction Industry requires talent- with
substantially different skills than today's workforce -- adequate upskilling processes largely not in place.
 • Integrate and collaborate across construction industry’s value chain – construction industry
characterized by a disintegrated / highly fragmented value chain, which hampers seamless data flows --
integrated systems essential in future scenario.
• Adopt advanced technologies at scale – Construction industry slow to adopt new technologies / still
heavily relies on manual labour and mechanical technologies, resulting in poor productivity-Need adoption
of advanced technologies.

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES.pptx

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