43rd BCS Eng. Preliminary Suggestion - 2021.pdf

BCS Preli. Suggestion (English Language & Litearture) by S M Shamim Ahmed
For more join: A Gateway to English Literature (FB group) or BCS Career Plus
(Suggested according to the new the syllabus (English Language part) of the
BCS Preliminary Examination formulated by BPSC)
BCS English Language
(According to BCS preliminary Syllabus)
Final Suggestion
(Based on previous years’ Questions Analysis)
Courtesy: A Gateway to English Literature
Prepared by:
S M Shamim Ahmed
B.A (Honours) English Literature
Double M.A in English Literature & ELT
Jahangirnagar University.
Writer: A Gateway to English Literature
British Bangla & Gateway BCS Preli. Question
Bank & Model Tests.
Cliffs Toefl Grand Review

A‡b‡Ki cªkœt A Gateway to English Literature/ Ab¨ wjUv‡iPvi eB wKfv‡e coe??
DËit
1. cª_‡g cªkœ Analysis Uv ‡`L‡eb| Zvn‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb ‡Kvb cªkœ ¸‡jv cix¶vq Av‡m Ges wK wK UwcK co‡Z
n‡e|
2. weMZ mv‡ji cªkœ e¨vLvmn co‡eb G‡Z Avcbvi A‡bK wKQy m¤ú‡K© G‡Kev‡i Rvbv n‡e|
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Facebook group: A Gateway to English Literature
Part - I
BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Language Step-01)
Bs‡iwR fvlv I mvwnZ¨ covi cªwZ AvMªn m„wói Rb¨ G Avgvi GKvšÍ cÖqvm| BCS Preliminary-‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ I
fvlvZ‡Ë¡ 35 gvK©m eivÏ _v‡K hv wcÖwj‡Z K…ZKvh© nIqvi AZ¨šÍ Riæix| BPSC KZ©©„K cÖ`Ë wm‡jevm Abymv‡i English
Language & Literature As‡k 35 gv‡K©i Rb¨ mvaviYZ 35 wU cÖkœ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ 20 gvK© MÖvgvi †_‡K Ges
15 gvK© mvwnZ¨ Ask †_‡K _v‡K| BCS Preliminary Question Analysis Ki‡j †`Lv hvq ‡h, English
Language & Literature cÖavbZ 3 wU Ask wb‡q MwVZ | h_v:
1. Grammar
2. Literature &
3. Vocabulary.
wKš‘ GUv AZ¨šÍ cwiZv‡ci welq †h Avgv‡ì AwaKvsk cwiÿv_©x Bs‡iwR MÖvgvi I mvwnZ¨ fxwZ †_‡K GB As‡k h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ
‡bIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ iv‡L| ZvB BCS Preliminary Question Analysis K‡i Bs‡iwR MÖvgvi Gi †Kvb
Ask †_‡K co‡j Avcwb mn‡RB 15-17 gvK©m Kgb cv‡eb Zvi GKUv we‡kølYag©x ZvwjKv wb‡¤œ †Ìqv n‡jv| English
Language ‡_‡K †Kgb Question nq Zv jÿ¨ Kiæb |
1. Parts of Speech (3-5 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. ‘I shall help you provided you obey me.’ Here the underlined word is a/an – [41st BCS ]
Q. A lost opportunity never returns. Here ‘lost’ is a – [40th
BCS ]
Q. Which of the following words masculine – [40th
BCS ]
Q. Identity the determiner in the following sentence. I have no news for you – [40th
BCS ]
2. Idioms & phrases (wbwðZ 2/3 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. To win a prize is my ambition . The underlined part of the sentence is a/ an – [41st BCS ]
Q. ‘He ran with great speed.’ The underlined part of the sentence is a – [40th
BCS ]
Q. ‘Once is a blue moon’ means – [38th
BCS ]
Q. ‘He worked with all sincerity.’ The underlined phrase is a – [37th BCS ]
3. Clauses (wbwðZ 1/2 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|
Q. ‘Strike while the iron is hot.’ is an example of – [38th
BCS]
Q. ‘This is the book I lost.’ – [37th
BCS ]
4. Sentences & Transformation ( wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q.Select the correct comparartive form of the sentence ‘A string of pearls
was not so bright as her teeth.’ – [41st
BCS ]
Q. ‘We must not late, else we will miss the train.’ This is a – [40th
BCS ]
Q. ‘A rolling stone gathers no moss.’ The complex form of the sentence is – [37th
BCS ]
5. Corrections ( GB UwcK †_‡K cÖvq cÖwZeviB 1 gvK© Kgb _v‡K|)
Q. Which one is correct sentence: ‘The doctor took my pulse.’ [41st BCS ]

Q. Choose the correct sentence: ‘He refrain from taking any drastic action.’ – [38th
BCS ]
Q. Choose the correct sentence: ‘All of it depends on you.’ – [37th
BCS ]
6. Synonyms & Antonyms .... ( wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb| fvM¨ fvj n‡j 2 gvK©I Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q. Choose the word opposite in meaning ‘terse’– Detailed/descriptive [41st BCS ]
Q. Which word is similar to ‘Appal’ – Dismay [40th BCS ]
Q. Which word is closest in meaning to ‘Franchise’ – privilege [38th
BCS ]
7. Correct Spelling (wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. Identify the correct spelling – Questionnaire [41st
BCS ]
Q. Identify the word which spelt incorrectly – Consciencious [40th
BCS ]
Q. Select the correct spelt word – Heterogeneous [38th BCS ]
8. Same word used as different parts of speech (1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q. What is the noun form of the word ‘know’– knowledge [41st
BCS ]
Q. Verb of number is – enumerate [36th
BCS ]
Q. He has done no wrong. – Noun [Kuet 12-13]
9. Compositions
Narration (Extra) (GB 3wU UwcK †_‡K wbwðZ 2 gvK© Kgb
cv‡eb|)
Conditional Sentence
Q. An extra message added at the end of a letter. It is signed is called – postscript [40th BCS]
Q. Teacher said, “The earth –– round the sun.” [36th BCS ]
Q. This could have worked if I –– more cautious. – had [36th
BCS ]
10. One-word substitutions
Right form of verb /tense (GB 3wU UwcK †_‡K Kgc‡ÿ 1/2 gvK© Kgb cv‡e|)
BCS Previous years questions
Q. One whose attitude is ‘eat, drink and be merry’ is – epicurean [41st
BCS ]
Q. The word ‘Panegyric’ means – elaborate praise [38th
BCS ]
Q. When water –– it turns into ice. – freezes [38th BCS ]
we:`ª: BCS English Language As‡k GKUz fvj K‡i ¸wQ‡q preparation wb‡j Lye mn‡RB 15-17 gvK©m cvIqv m¤¢e|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avcbviv cixÿvi Question Pattern, Level of difficulty BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv †c‡q‡Qb| Dc‡i ewY©Z
Av‡jvPbv AbymiY Kiæb| cieZ©x As‡k Rvb‡eb wKfv‡e study Ki‡j mn‡R AšÍZ 95% cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi w`‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
The most important topics for 43rd
BCS (Step-02)
1. ****Verb, Gerund & Participle--- [ 41st
BCS, 40th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS, 36th
BCS,
35th
BCS, 32nd
BCS]
2. *** Number & Gender ------------- [41st
BCS, 40th BCS, 39th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS,
34th
BCS]
3. *** Determiner, Noun --------------- [41st BCS, 40th BCS, 39th BCS, 38th BCS, 37th BCS,
36th
BCS, 35th
BCS]
4. **** Phrase & Clause --------------- [41st
BCS, 40th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS, 32nd
BCS]
5. *** Subject verb Agreement ------ [37th BCS, 36th BCS, 33rd BCS]
6. *** Tense, voice -------------------- [41st
BCS, 40th BCS, 39th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS, 31st
BCS, 30th
BCS]
7. *** Adjective & Adverb ----------- [41st
BCS, 40th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS, 35th
BCS,
32nd
]

8. *** Preposition --------------------- [41st
BCS, 40th BCS, 39th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS,
36th
BCS, 35th
BCS, 35th
BCS, 33rd
BCS, 31st
BCS, 30th
BCS)
9. *** Conditional Sentence --------- [39th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 36th
BCS, 35th
BCS, 30th
BCS]
10. *** Analogy ------------------------ [39th BCS, 35th BCS, 34th BCS, 32nd BCS]
11. *** Spelling ------------------------ [41st BCS, 39th BCS , 36th BCS, 29th BCS]
12. *** Vocabulary--------------------- [41st
BCS, 40th BCS, 39th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 37th
BCS, 36th
BCS, 35th
BCS, 34th
BCS, 33rd
BCS, 32nd
BCS, 31st
BCS, 30th
BCS]
Avoiding Risk
13. Pronoun
14. Sentence and its kinds
15. Degree & Voice
16. Article
17. Narration
18. One-word substitutions
BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Language) According to new
syllabus (35th to 41st ) Step-03
Topic’s name
( Uwc‡Ki bvg)
KZ Zg wewmGm?
35th
36th
37th
38th
40th
41st
A. Parts of Speech
The Noun 1 - 1 1 1 1
The Pronoun - - - 1 - 1
The Verb 1 - - - - 3
The Adjective 2 - - - 1
The Adverb - - 1 1 - 1
The Preposition 1 5 1 2 2 3
The Conjunction - - - - - 1
The Determiner 2 - - - 1
The Gender - - - 1 1 1
The Number - - 1 2 1 1
B. Idioms &
Phrases
4 1 1 3 3 2
C. Clause
The Noun Clause - - - - -
The Adjective
Clause
- - 1 - -
The Adverbial
Clause
- - 1 1 -
D. Corrections 1 2 1 1 - 1
E. Sentence &
Transformation
1 - - - - 2
F. Words

Part – I I
BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature Step-01
Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ covi cªwZ AvMªn m„wói Rb¨ G Avgvi GKvšÍ cÖqvm| BCS Preliminary-‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ As‡k 15 gvK©m
eivÏ _v‡K hv wcÖwj‡Z K…ZKvh© nIqvi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæix| wKš‘ GUv AZ¨šÍ cwiZv‡ci welq †h, Avgv‡ì AwaKvsk cwiÿv_©x Bs‡iwR
mvwnZ¨fxwZ †_‡K GB As‡k h_vh_ cÖ¯‘wZ ‡bIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡ì weiZ iv‡L| ZvB BCS Preliminary Question
Analysis K‡i †Kvb Ask †_‡K co‡j Avcwb mn‡RB 10-12 gvK©m Kgb cv‡eb Zvi GKUv we‡kølYag©x ZvwjKv wb‡¤œ †Ìqv
n‡jv| English Literature ‡_‡K †Kgb Questuion nq Zv jÿ¨ Kiæb |
1. Literary Terms /Figure of Speech (1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. The literary terms ‘Euphemism’ means – [38th
BCS ]
Q. The repetition of beginning consonant sound is known as – [37th
BCS ]
2. Literary Period (wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. ‘Jacobean Period’ of English Literature is refers to – [38th BCS ]
Q. ‘Restoration Period’ in English Literature refers to – [37th
BCS ]
3. Quotation (wbwðZ 2/3 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. ‘Time held me green and dying
Though I sang in my chains like the sea.’ This lines have been quoted from– [41st
BCS ]
Q. Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart ,This woman’s whole existence– [40th
BCS]
Q. ‘All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.’ – [40th
BCS]
4. Character of famous writings (Play, poem, novel, and story) [ wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|]
Q. Shylock is a character in the play – [41st
BCS]
Q. Who is the central character of ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Bronte? [40th BCS]
Q. Cordelia is a character of – [38th BCS]
5. Who is the author/writer? ( wbwðZ 2-3 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. The play ‘The Birthday Party’ is written by –vu [41st
BCS ]
Q. ‘Ulyssess’ is a novel written by – [40th
BCS ]
Q. The play ‘Arms & the Man’ is by – [35th
BCS ]
Synonyms 3 1 3 1 4
Antonyms 1 2 1 1 1 1
Spellings - - - 1 1 1
Substitution 2 - 1 1 - 1
Right form of verbs - - - 1 -
Conditional 1 1 - 1 -
Subject verb
Agreement
3 1 2
Tense - - 1 - -
Group verb 1 1 - - -
Article - - 1 - -
Analogy 1 - - - -
Same words used as
different parts od
speech
- 1 - - -
G. Composition
Letter - - - 1 1

6. What type / kind of writing is ..... (fvM¨ fvj n‡j 1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q. ‘Riders to the Sea’ is a – [35th
BCS]
Q. ‘ The Rainbow’ is a – [13th
BCS]
7. Who is called the father /poet of......? (Poet of nature / beauty) (wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Q. Who is known as ‘The poet of nature’ in English Literature – [36th
BCS]
Q. Who is the greatest modern English dramatist? – [12th
BCS]
8. Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i weL¨vZ †kvKMv_v Ges hvi g„Z¨y‡Z †jLv| (1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q.Tennyson’s ‘In Memoriam’ is an elegy on the death of – [40th
BCS]
Q. P.B. Shelley’s ‘Adonais’ is an elegy on the death of – [37th
BCS]
9. Real name & pen name of writers
Elaboration of the names of some famous Authors (GB 3wU UwcK †_‡K wbwðZ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Homonymous / Nearly Homonymous Writings
Q. What is the full name of the greatest American writer O’Henry? [14th
,13th BCS]
Q. Dr. Johnson’s full name is –
10. Find odd man / one out. (1 gvK© Kgb ‡c‡Z cv‡ib|)
Q. (a) George Eliot (b) Thomas Hardy [35th BCS]
(c) Joseph Conrad (d) James Joyce
Q. (a) The Bluest Eye (b) Sula [35th
BCS]
(c) As I Lay Dying (d) A Mercy
11. Prominent English Poet Laureates. (GB 2 wU UwcK †_‡K 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡eb|)
Nobel Prize winners in Literature.
Q. Who among the following is not a recipient of the Nobel Prize in English literature?
Q. Who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013?
12. Thematic Questions (GwUI 1 wU ¸iæZ¦c~Y© UwcK|)
Q. ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is Shakespeare’s play about – [36th BCS ]
Q. ‘Othello’ is Shakespeare’s play about – [35th BCS ]
13. Personal Information (Biography)
Q. William Shakespeare was born in – [40th BCS ]
Q. T.S .Eliot was born in – [13th BCS ]
14. KwZcq Bs‡iwR M‡íi evsjv Abyev`|
National Poets of Different Countries (GB 3wU UwcK †_‡K Kgc‡ÿ 1 gvK© Kgb cv‡e|)
BCS Previous years questions
Q. The climax of a plot is what happens – [36th
& 35th
BCS]
Q. ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ is written by – [37th
& 36th
BCS]
we:`ª: BCS English Literature As‡k GKUz fvj K‡i ¸wQ‡q preparation wb‡j Lye mn‡RB 10-12 gvK©m cvIqv
m¤¢e| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avcbviv cixÿvi Question Pattern, Level of difficulty BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv †c‡q‡Qb|
Dc‡i ewY©Z Av‡jvPbv AbymiY Kiæb| cieZ©x As‡k Rvb‡eb wKfv‡e study Ki‡j mn‡R AšÍZ 95% cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi
w`‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
The most important writers for 43rd
& 44th
BCS (Step-02)
1. **** William Shakespeare -------- [41st BCS, 40th BCS, 39th BCS, 37th BCS, 36th BCS, 35th
BCS, 29th BCS, 28th BCS,16th BCS]
2. *** Christopher Marlowe ----------- [41st BCS, 40th BCS, 35th BCS]
3. *** Charles Dickens ------------------[41st
BCS , 39th
BCS , 36th
BCS, 29th
BCS]

4. ** Thomas Kyd ----------------------- [38th
BCS]
5. *** William Wordsworth ----------- [36th BCS , 35th BCS]
6. *** S. T. Coleridge ------------------ [38th BCS, 37th BCS, 36th BCS, 13th BCS]
7. *** W. B. Yeats ---------------------- [40th
BCS,36th
BCS,35th
BCS]
8. *** Ernest Hemingway ---------------[37th
BCS, 12th
BCS, 11th
BCS,10th
BCS ]
9. *** John Keats -------------------------[40th
BCS, 15th
BCS]
10. *** George Bernard Shaw ----------- [41st
BCS, 38th
BCS, 36th
BCS, 35th
BCS, 12th
BCS]
11. *** John Donne ------------------------ [40th BCS, 38th
BCS]
12. *** Percy Bysshe Shelley ----------- [37th
BCS, 28th
BCS]
13. ** Jonathan Swift ---------------------- [38th
BCS, 12th
BCS]
14. ** Alexander Pope --------------------- [40th
BCS, 38th
BCS, 16th
BCS]
15. ** John Milton --------------------------[38th
BCS]
16. ** T.S. Eliot--------------------------- [41st
BCS, 37th
BCS, 35th
BCS, 17th
BCS, 13th
BCS]
17. ** Thomas Gray --- -------------------- [36th BCS, 35th BCS]
18. ** Alfred Lord Tennyson-------------- [41st
BCS, 40th
BCS]
19. ** Robert Browning --------------------[37th
BCS, 17th
BCS, 11th
BCS]
20. ** Ben Jonson --------------------------- [37th
BCS, 15th
BCS]
21. ** Thomas Hardy----------------------- [36th BCS]
22. * William Blake------------------------- [15th BCS]
23. Thomas Kyd ---------------------------- [38th
BCS]
24. James Joyce ---------------------------- [40th
BCS]
Avoiding Risk
25. George Orwell
26. Toni Morrison
27. Joseph Conrad
28. Geoffrey Chaucer
29. Lord Byron
30. Mathew Arnold
31. Sir Thomas More
32. Edmund Spenser
33. John Dryden
34. Daniel Defoe
35. Chinua Achebe
36. Jane Austen
37. Henry Fielding
BCS Preliminary Question Analysis (English Literature) According to new
syllabus (35th to 41st ) Step-03
Topic’s name
( Uwc‡Ki bvg)
KZ Zg wewmGm?
35th
36th
37th
38th
40th
41st

Periods of English
Literature
- - 1 1 - -
Literary Terms 2 1 4 1 - -
Renaissance Period
i. Elizabethan Age - - - 1 -
William
Shakespeare
2 3 3 - 3 3
Christopher
Marlowe
1 - - - 1 1
Thomas Kyd - - - 1 -
ii. Jacobean Age
John Donne - - - 1 1
Ben Jonson - - 1 -
Neo-Classical Period
i.Restoration Age
John Milton - - 1 1 -
ii. Augustan Period/Age of Pope
Alexander Pope - - - 1 1
Jonathan Swift - - 1
iii. Age of Sensibility
Thomas Gray - - - - -
The Romantic Period
The Romantic
Period
- 1 - - -
William
Wordsworth
1 3 - - -
John Keats - - - - 1
S. T. Coleridge - 1 1 1 -
P. B. Shelley - 1 1 - -
Victorian Period
Robert Browning - - 1 - -
Alfred Tennyson - - - - 2 1
Charles Dickens - 2 - - - 1
Thomas Hardy - 1 - - -
George Eliot 1 - - - -
Emily Bronte - - - - 1
W.M. Thakeray 1
The Modern Period & Post Modern Period
G. B. Shaw 1 1 - 1 - 1
William Butler
Yeats
1 2 - - 1
Edward Fitzgerald - - - - 1
R. K. Narayan - - - 1 -

Thomas Stearns
Eliot
- - - - -
Ernest Hemingway - - - - -
E. M. Forster - 1 - - 2 1
James Joyce - - - - 1
T.S. Eliot 2
D.H. Lawrence 1
Harold Pinter 1
H.G.Wells 1
Dylan Thomas 1
Miscellaneous
(wewea)
1 - - - -
Name Of some important
Books and writers
1 - - -
Nobel Laureate 1 - - - -

Literary Terms
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Literary Terms ‡_‡K 1 gvK© Av‡mB | Literary Terms (Aj¼vwiK kã) n‡jv English
Literature Gi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨/¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| mvwnZ¨Kg© iwPZ nq mvwnwZ¨‡Ki cÖÁvq, B”Qvq Ges †m”QvPvwiZvq| evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ ‡hgb Q›`, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, ‡QvUMí BZ¨vw` mvwnwZ¨K Terms i‡q‡Q, Abyiæcfv‡e Bs‡iwR mvwn‡ZÏ A‡bK
Terms i‡q‡Q hv ‘Literary Terms’ bv‡g cwiwPZ| we.wm.Gm wek^we`¨vjq fwZ©mn cÖvq me cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶vq
Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ As‡k Literary Terms ‡_‡K cÖkœ _v‡K| ZvB Literary Terms ¸‡jv AvqË¡ Kiv Acwinvh©|
 Alliteration: ( AbycÖvm ) : (37Zg wewmGm )
Alliteration kãwU j¨vwUb kã ÒLitteraÓ ‡_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi A_© - Òletter of the alphabet.Ó hLb ci¯úi Lye
KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vbiZ k‡ã e¨ÄbeY© mg~‡ni cybt cybt eënvi nq (D”PviY aŸwb‡Z) ZLb Zv‡K Alliteration ev AbycÖvm
ejv nq| mvaviYZ e¨ÄYe‡Y©i ‡¶‡Î Ges k‡ãi Avw`‡Z eënvi n‡j Zv‡K G¨vwjUv‡ikb ejv n‡q _v‡K| (The repetition
of a consonant sound especially at the beginning of two or more words or within words. The
words can be adjacent or can be separated by one or more words.)
†hgbt
➢ Ruins seize thee, ruthless King! (Thomas Gray)
➢ Fair is foul, and foul is fair. ( Macbeth: William Shakespeare )
➢ Alone, alone,all,all alone,
Alone on a wide, wide sea! (Coleridge)
e¨vL¨vt 1 bs ev‡Kï GKB mvwi‡Z Òru’ Ges ÒthÒ -Gi cybive„wË N‡U‡Q, ZvB GwU Alliteration -Gi D`vniY|
✓ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Anaphora - Gi eënvi t
iex›`ªbv‡_i Òelv©g½jÓ KweZvq †`Lv hvq :
†KZKx †Kk‡i †Kkcvk K‡iv myiwf
¶wY KwUZ‡U Mvuw_ j‡q c‡iv Kiex|
Avevi,
I‡i wen½, I‡i wen½ †gvi,
GLb AÜ, eÜ K‡iv bv cvLv|
✓ bRiæ‡ji weL¨vZ Õwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvq †`Lyb:
f‚‡jvK `~‡jvK †MvjK †fw`qv
bRiæ‡ji GB PiYwU‡Z Ahy³ e¨ÄY¸”Q Ô‡jvKÕ aŸwbi µg iÿv K‡iB evi evi D”PvwiZ n‡q Abycªv‡mi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
➢ Samuel Taylor Coleridge Gi Ò The Rime of the Ancient Mariner KweZv ‡_‡K
ÒThe fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.Ó
Alliteration- Gi cÖavb êwkó¨vewj:

1. GLv‡b GKB cÖKvi eY©, D”PviY ev kãvs‡ki cybive„wË NU‡e|
2. GB cybive„wË mvaviYZ k‡ãi cÖ_g w`‡K _vK‡e|
3. kã¸‡jv nq ch©vqµwgK bv nq cÖvq ch©vqµwgK n‡e|
4. Alliteration Avgv‡`i Kv‡b Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Av‡e`‡bi m„wó K‡i|
More Examples :
➢ But a better butter makes a batter better.
➢ A big bully beats a baby boy.
➢ Sick soul to happy sleep. (P. B. Shelley)
➢ Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Grammar:
The word ‘Alliteration is an uncountable noun; Adjective: Alliterative; Adverb: Alliteratively.
 Allegory (iƒcKag©x iPbv/ cÖwZKvkªqx Kvwnbx)
Allegory kãwU wMÖK kã Ò allegora Ó ‡_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi A_© - Òspeaking in another way (Ab¨fv‡e ejv)Ó. cÖavbZ
K_vmvwn‡Z¨ GKwU M‡íi Avov‡j ‡jLK hLb Ab¨ GKwU Mí e‡j Zv‡K Allegory ejv nq| evsjvq GwU iƒcKag©x mvwnZ¨
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| (The term ‘Allegory’ is dervied from Greek ‘allegora’ which means speaking in
another way. A literary form in which one story is told in the guise of another story.)
Allegory ‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K ÒA story within a story or a story of double meaning” A_©vr M‡íi g‡a¨ Av‡iK
Mí ev wØZ¡ A‡_©i Mí| †h‡nZz †jLK GLv‡b GKwU Mí‡K Avkªq K‡i Ab¨ GKwU Mí Zz‡j a‡ib|
Allegory memgq `yBwU A_© enb K‡i| h_vt-
1. Primary or surface meaning (gyL¨ ev evwn¨K A_© )
2. Secondary or symbolic meaning (†MŠY ev cÖZxKx A_© )
Allegory cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
1. Historical and political allegory (HwZnvwmK Ges ivR‰bwZK A¨vwjMwi)
2. Symbolic allegory (fvev`‡k©i A¨vwjMwi)
More Examples:
➢ Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift
➢ The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser
➢ Animal Farm by George Orwell
➢ The Nun’s Priest’s Tale by Chaucer
➢ The Tempest by William Shakespeare
➢ The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan.
➢ Absalom and Achitophel by John Dryden .
Grammar: Singular countable noun ; Plural – Allegories ;
Adjective: Allegorical; Adverb: Allegorically.
 Elegy (‡kvKMv_v): (30Zg wewmGm )
Elegy kãwU wMÖK Ô ElegosÕ I j¨vwUb Ô ElegiaÕ kã †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q hvi A_© n‡jv ‘Lament’ ev †kvKµ›`b|
cÖvPxb wMÖK I †ivgvb mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl (cici †n·vwgUvi I †c›UvwgUvi Pi‡Y) GwjRxq Q‡›` iwPZ KweZv‡KB elegy ejv
n‡Zv| GwjwR wQj Foot song hv g~jZ hš¿ m½xZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b g„Z e¨w³ ev †kvKven NUbvi ¯§i‡Y Kwei e¨w³MZ wejvcB
Elegy wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| (The word elegy derived from the Greek ‘Elegos’ and the latin word ‘Elegia’
which means lament. In ancient Greek literature it was foot song. In Greek and Latin poetry,
elgey refers to a special type of meter (Hexameters and pentameters). At present elegy refers to
a lyric poem of mourning for the death of an individual or lamenting over a tragic event.)

GwjwR KveïxwZwU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï A½ n‡jI wcÖqRb we‡qv‡M ev †kvKven †Kvb g„Zy¨ NUbvq Kve¨wejvc iPbvi aviv c„w_exi
me©‡`kxq mvwn‡Z¨B cÖPwjZ| wKš‘ GB we¯§q †e`bv fvlvi ewntcÖKv‡k KZ bv êwPÎ¨gq! Ò In death we are all one
but in our respones to death how various!” GwjwR m¤ú‡K© K_vUv LyeB mv_©K| ZvB elegy-‡K ejv nq AvZ¥vi
mvwnZ¨|
†hgb: Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ elegy-i bvg wb‡¤œ †Ìqv n‡jv:
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ GwjwR/‡kvKMv_v
GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi elegy n‡jv Pastoral Elegy ev ivLvwjqv ‡kvKMv_v| K¬vwmK¨vj ivLvwjqv ‡kvKMv_v Kv‡e¨ ïay †kv‡Ki
KweZv bq Ab¨vb¨ welqI ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
S.T.Coleridge- Gi g‡Z. ÒElegy is a form of poetry natural to the reflective mind A_©vr ms‡e`bkxj
g‡bi Mfx‡i AviI A‡bK welq Qvqv †dj‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: MÖvg¨ cÖK…wZ, †glcvj‡Ki Rxeb, AZxZ cyiv‡Yi RMr, kvk^Z Rxeb
BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b hvi g„Zÿ‡Z †kvKcÖKvk Kiv nq Ges †h †kvK cÖKvk K‡i Dfq‡KB †glcvjKiƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kiv nq| Pastoral
Elegy- Gi D™¢veK n‡jb cÖvPxb wmwmjxq Kwe w_IwµUvm| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ †hgb †kvKMv_v i‡q‡Q evsjv mvwn‡ZÏ †Zgwb
†kvKMv_v i‡q‡Q |
†hgb:
Ò‡Zvgvwi Av‡jv‡Z iwe kwk R¦‡j,
Ze i~c gvayh© MM‡b f~Z‡j,
Ze ‡cÖg ivM Kwi‡Q civM
weKvwk ü`q Kzmyg `‡j| (kvwšÍ - Kv`w¤^bx †Nvl)
Avevi iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zvui ‘¯§iY’ KweZvq wj‡L‡Qb-
ÒN‡i †gvi bvwn †Zvi †h Ag„Z im,
wek^ gv‡S cvB †mB nviv‡bv cik|Ó
Grammar:
Elegy is a noun ; Plural – Elegies ; Adjective: Elegiac .
Writers Elegy (‡kvKMv_v ) On the death of whom
Alfred Tennyson In Memoriam Arthur Henry Hallam
Edmund Spenser Astrophel Sir Philip Sydney (Bswjk Kwe)
John Milton Lycidas (Pastoral Elegy) Milton’s Friend Edward King
Mathew Arnold Thyrsis Friend Arthur Hugh Clough
Mathew Arnold Memorial Verses Wordsworth, Byron, Goethe
Thomas Gray
(Graveyard Poet)
Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard (1751)
Fore Fathers
P.B. Shelley Adonais John Keats
W.H. Auden In memory of W.B. Yeats W.B. Yeats
John Dryden Heroic Stanzas on the Death of
Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell

 Oxymoron (we‡ivavj¼vi /wecixZvj¼vi)
Bs‡iwR oxymoron kãwU, MÖxK kã oxis Ges moros †_‡K 1657 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii gZ kãwU Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖPwjZ
n‡q‡Q| oxis A_© “sharp, keen, pointed" (avivj,Ávbx, Zxeª), Avi moros A_© ”dull, stupid,
foolish"(Avnv¤§K, †evKv)| A_©vr Oxymoron Gi A_© `vuov‡jv – “sharp-dull”, “keenly stupid”, or
“pointedly foolish”
The word oxymoron is itself an example of an oxymoron. Oxymoron kãwU GKePb| Avi Gi enePb
nj Oxymora. Oxymoron Gi AvaywbK A_© `vuwo‡q‡Q - Ggb me kã¸”Q (mvaviYZ `yB kã) †h¸‡jv fxlYfv‡e ci¯úi
we‡ivax| A_©vr, `ywU ci¯ci we‡ivax kã GKwU gvÎ Awfe¨w³‡Z Ave× K‡i GKwU avuavi fveKí ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K
oxymoron e‡j|
mnR K_vq, Oxymoron nj ev‡K¨ cvkvcvwk eëüZ `ywU ci¯ciwe‡ivax /wecixZag©x kã|
‡hgbt
He is irregularly regular in his attendence in the class.
Their love affair is an open secret .
Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ irregualarly regular GKwU Oxymoron | KviY e¨vcviUv hw` irregualar nq Zvn‡j regular wKfv‡e
n‡jv? Giv ci¯ci we‡ivax Ges kã `yBwU wecixZ A_© enb K‡i |
Ab¨ D`vniY :
He is a wise fool. GLv‡b wise fool ci¯ci we‡ivax |
AviI GKwU D`vniY w`‡j welqwU wK¬qvi n‡e All the politicians agreed to disagree. (Agreed & disagree)
Their love affair is an open secret. (open & secret )
He is irregularly regular in his attendance his class (irregularly & regular )
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv c‡o mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq , kã¸‡jv ci¯úiwe‡ivax | ZvB G¸‡jv oxymoron Gi D`vniY|
✓More examples:
➢ I am looking for the original copy of my certificate.
➢ Guest host, wise fool,
➢ O miserable abundance, O beggarly riches. (John Donne)
➢ And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. ( Alfred Tennyson)
➢ I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief. (Charles Lamb)
➢ Living dead.
➢ He is constructively destructive.
➢ Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! (William Shakespeare)
➢ Great Depression.
➢ Alone in a crowd.
➢ It is a painful pleasure.
✓ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Oxymoron - Gi eënvi t
Kwe iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi Mv‡b wj‡L‡Qb -
ÒPi‡Y Zvi wbwLj fyeb bxie MM‡b‡Z
Av‡jv-Avuavi AvuPjLvwb Avmb w`j ‡c‡Z|
GZ Kv‡ji fq fvebv ‡Kv_vq ‡h hvq m‡i,
fv‡jvg›` fvOv‡Pviv Av‡jvq I‡V fÕ‡i,Ó
GLv‡b Av‡jv-Avuavi I fv‡jvg›` kãhyMj cvkvcvwk eëüZ `ywU ci¯ci we‡ivax /wecixZ ag©x kã| ZvB GwU oxymoron
Gi D`vniY|
Avevi Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Zvui Ô cÖj‡qvjøvm Õ KweZvq wj‡L‡Qb-

✓ ÒH fvOv-Mov †Ljv †h Zvi Z‡e wK‡mi Wi?
‡Zviv me RqaŸwb Ki&|
ea~iv cÖ`xc Zz‡j ai&|Ó
Oxymoron ¸‡jv mvaviYZ Metaphysical poetry ‡Z eënvi Kiv nZ| GQvov eZ©gv‡bI KweZvq GUv eënvi nq|
D`vniY:
A careless shoe-string, in whose tie
I see a wild civility → (Delight in Disorder, by Robert Herrick)
Grammar: Oxymoron is a countable noun ; Plural –Oxymorons, Oxymora . Adjective:
Oxymoronic ; Adverb: Oxymoronically.
 Paradox (AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax wee„wZ/ K~Uvfvm)
Paradox n‡jv Ggb GKwU evK¨ hv ‡`LvgvÎ Avcwb confused n‡q hv‡eb| g‡b n‡e G information wU fyj| wKš‘ hLb
Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡eb ZLb g‡b n‡e- wVKB ‡Zv Av‡Q| G RvZxq expression ¸‡jvB Paradox. A_©vr, Paradox n‡jv
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax ‡Kvb wee„wZ hvi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K A_© jywK‡q _v‡K| (An apparently self-contradictory
statement that hides a rational meaning.)
Av‡iv mnR K‡i ewj, Avcwb fve‡Qb GK, Avm‡j welqUv Av‡iK, GB c¨vivi bvg Paradox. bvgwU ï‡bB c¨viv g‡b nq,
hwÌ Avm‡j welqwU ZZUv c¨vivi bv wKQzUv gRviI e‡U|
g‡b ivLvi mnR Dcvqt
g‡b ivL‡eb paradox Gi mv‡_ evsjv c¨viv K_vUvi wgj Av‡Q A_©vr ‡h welq Avcbv‡K c¨viv w`‡e ZvB Paradox.
Paradox- Gi c«avb ‰ewkó¨vewj:
1. AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax wee„wZ|
2. eûj¯^xK„Z gZ we‡ivax |
3. cÖ_‡g covi mgq D™¢U g‡b n‡jI c‡i GKwU hyw³MÖvn¨ A_© Avwe®‹…Z nq |
4. Paradox-G evwn¨K A_© wg_¨v wKš‘ AšÍwb©wnZ A_© mZ¨ nq|
5. GwU cvVK‡K cyiv‡bv fvebv‡K bZzbfv‡e fve‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
‡hgbt
➢ Child is the father of man. (wkïwU nj ‡jvKwUi evev|) (36Zg wewmGm)
(GwU Wordsworth Gi KweZv 'My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold' ‡_‡K ‡bqv)
cª_‡g ‡`‡L evK¨wU‡K fyj I Awek¦vm¨ g‡b n‡e| KviY AvcvZ`…wó‡Z ‡Kvb wkï evev n‡Z cv‡ibv| wKš‘ hLb Avgiv Mfxifv‡e
wPšÍv Kie ZLb mZ¨wU Luy‡R cv‡ev | Kwe ej‡Z ‡P‡q‡Qb AvR‡Ki wkïivB AvMvgxw`‡bi c«vßeq¯‹ gvbyl| A_©vr, Nywg‡q Av‡Q
wkïi wcZv me wkïiB AšÍ‡i| ZvB GwU Paradox.
wVK GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb evOvwj Kwe ‡Mvjvg ‡gv¯Ídv | wZwb e‡j‡Qb,
"fwel¨‡Zi j¶ Avkv ‡gv‡ì gv‡S mšÍ‡i
Nywg‡q Av‡Q wkïi wcZv me wkïiB AšÍ‡i|Ó → ‡Mvjvg ‡gv¯Ídv|
✓More examples:
➢Sweet are the uses of adversity. (‡h‡Kv‡bv `y‡h©v‡MI Kj¨vY wbwnZ _v‡K / K‡ói dj wgwó nq|)
➢More haste, less speed. (hZ ‡ewk Zvovû‡ov ZZ ‡ewk wcwQ‡q cov|)
➢The world will be saved by failure.
➢Ignorance is strength. (George Orwell)
➢I must be cruel only to be kind. (Hamlet-Shakespeare)
➢There is none as poor as a wealthy miser.
➢Cowards die many times before their deaths. (Julius Caesar )

➢The quarrels of lovers are the renewal of love. (Terence)
➢The golden rule is that there is no golden rule. (G.B. Shaw)
➢Silence is sometimes more eloquent than words. (Thomas Carlyle)
m‡µwUm e‡j‡Qb, "I know that I know nothing" (Avwg Rvwb †h Avwg wKQyB Rvwb bv)| GUv wKš‘ c¨vivW‡·i
D`vniY| ‡KD hw` KL‡bv e‡jb- "Avwg wKQyB Rvwb bv", Z‡e GwU Aek¨B c¨vivW· n‡e| KviY wZwb ‡h wKQyB Rv‡bb bv,
GUvI ‡Zv wZwb Rv‡bb| Zvi gv‡b c¨vivW· n‡jv ci¯úiwe‡ivax e³e¨|
Grammar: Singular countable noun ; Plural – Paradoxes ;
Adjective: Paradoxical; Adverb: Paradoxically.
Oxymoron I Paradox-Gi cv_©K¨t (Distinction between Oxymoron & Paradox)
A Comparative study between Bengali & English Literature
(evsjv I Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Zzjbvg~jK cvV)
Zzjbvi welq evsjv mvwnZ¨ Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨
cÖvPxb hyM (650-1200) (450-1066)
ga¨hyM (1201-1800) (1066-1500)
AÜKvi hyM (1201-1350) (1400-1500)
AvaywbK hyM (1800-1860) (1901-1939)
Avaywb‡KvËi hyM (1860- eZ©gvb ) ( 1939- eZ©gvb )
Avw` Kwe jyBcv Caedmon (K¨vWgb)
Avw` wb`k©b Ph©vc` Beowulf (weDjd)
M‡`ï RbK CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi John Wycliffe (Rb DBwK¬d)
KweZvi RbK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Geoffrey Chaucer (wRI‡d« Pmvi )
cÖe‡Üi RbK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævvcva¨vq Francis Bacon (d«vwÝm ‡eKb)
Basis for Comparison Oxymoron Paradox
msÁv
Oxymoron is a combination of
two contradictory terms.
(Oxymoron nj ev‡K¨ cvkvcvwk
eëüZ `ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax kã )
Paradox is a statement that hides a
rational meaning.
(Paradox n‡jv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax
‡Kvb wee„wZ hvi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K A_© jywK‡q _v‡K)
kãMZ cv_©K¨
ci¯úi we‡ivax kã `ywU kã cvkvcvwk
e‡m |
ci¯úi we‡ivax kã¸”Q |
GUv Kx? Oxymoron is a description of a
phrase, which is contradictory.
Paradox is considered to be an action
that is contradictory.
D‡Ïk¨
cvVK g‡b PgKcÖ` cÖfv‡ei m„wó Kiv| cvVK‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv Ges bZzb wPšÍvi
D‡`ªK NUv‡bv|
D`vniY Truth is honey which is bitter. I want to die young at a ripe old age.

‡QvU M‡íi RbK iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Edgar Allan Poe (GWMvi A¨vjvb †cv)
Dcb¨v‡mi RbK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævvcva¨vq Henry Fielding (‡nbwi wdwìs)
bvU‡Ki RbK `xbeÜz wgÎ William Shakespeare(DBwjqvg ‡k·wcqi)
m‡b‡Ui RbK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Sir Thomas Wyatt (m¨vi Ugvm IqvU)
AvaywbK mvwn‡Zï RbK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë G.B.Shaw (RR© evb©vW k)
gy`ªY wk‡íi RbK Pvj©m DBjwKbm William Caxton ( DBwjqvg Kv·Ub)
Kwe‡ì Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y Edmund Spenser (GWgÛ †¯úbmvi)
`ytLev`x Kwe hZx›`ª‡gvnb ‡mb¸ß Matthew Arnord (g¨vw_D Avibì)
we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Lord Byron ( jW© evqiY)
RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg William Shakespeare (DBwjqvg ‡k·wcqi)
mgv‡jvPbvi Kwe CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi John Dryden ( Rb WªvB‡Wb)
gnvKv‡eï Kwe †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq John Milton (Rb wgëb)
cÖ_g gnvKve¨ ‡gNbvè`Kve¨ Beowulf (weDjd)
cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Avjv‡ii N‡ii `yjvj Pamela or Virture Rewarded
cÖ_g e¨½ iPwqZv cÖg_ †PŠayix Jonathan Swift (Rbv_b myBd&U )
cÖ_g mv_©K †kvKMv_v Elegy cÖfveZx m¤¢lY-CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvMi Lycidas - John Milton
PviY Kwe gyKz›` `vm William Shakespeare (DBwjqvg ‡k·wcqi)
mfvKwe myfvm gy‡Lvcva¨vq William Wordsworth (DBwjqvg IqvW©mIqv_©)
¯^M‡Zvw³i Kwe Rmxg D`&`xb Robert Browning (ievU© eªvDwbs)
wK‡kvi Kwe myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© John Keats (Rb KxUm& )
‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:
Homonymous writings and the writers (mgRvZxq MÖš’ I ‡jL‡Ki bvg )
SL.No Homonymous writings Writer’s name Types of works
1  Antony and Cleopatra
 Caesar and Cleaopatra
W. Shakespeare
G.B. Shaw
Play
Play
2  An Ideal Husband
 The Modern Husband
Oscar Wilde
Henry Fielding
Play
Novel
3  Adonais
 Venus and Adonais
P.B.Shelley
W. Shakespeare
Poem
Poem
4  A Christmas Carol
 A Christmas Carol
Charles Dickens
S.T. Coleridge
Short Novel
Poem
5  A Midsummer Night’s Dream
 Midsummer Night
W. Shakespeare
John Masefield
Play
Poem
6  Arabian Nights
 New Arabian Nights
Sir Richard Burton
R.L. Stevenson
Fairy Tales
Short Story
m‡b‡Ui RbK BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK©
evsjv m‡b‡Ui RbK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
evsjv fvlvq BZvjxq m‡b‡Ui RbK cÖg_ †PŠayix
Bs‡iwR m‡b‡Ui RbK Sir Thomas Wyatt (m¨vi Ugvm IqvU)

7  A Passage to India
 A passage to England
E.M.Forster
Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Novel
Novel
8  A Tale of Two Cities
 A Tale of Two Parts
 A Tale of a Tub
 A Tale of the Pacific Ocean
Charles Dickens
Joseph Conrad
Jonathan Swift
R.M. Ballantyne
Novel
Coll. of short stories
Fiction
Adventure Fiction
9  A Way of the World
 The Way of the world
V.S. Naipaul
William Congreve
Novel
Play
10  Candida
 Candide
G.B. Shaw
Voltaire
Play
Satire
11  Crime & Punishment
 Punishment
F. Dostoyevsky
Seamus Heaney
Novel
Poem
12  Daffodils
 Daffodils
 To Daffodils
W. Wordsworth
Ted Hughes
Robert Herrick
Poem
Poem
Poem
13  The Death of the Hired Man
 Death of a Salesman
Robert Frost
Arthur Miller
Poem
Play
14  Every Man in His Humour
 Every Man out of His Humour
Ben Jonson
Ben Jonson
Play
Play
15  Endymion
 Endymion
John Keats
John Lyly
Poem
Play
16  Heart of Darkness
 Heart of the West
 The Heart of India
Joseph Conrad
O’ Henry
Alexander Campbell
Novel
Coll. of short stories
History Book
17  Holy Living
 Holy Dying
Jeremy Taylor
Jeremy Taylor
a sermon in prose
(both)
18  Lord of the Flies
 The Lord of the Rings
William Golding
J.R.R. Tolkien
Novel
Adventure Fiction
19  Morte d’ Arthur
 Morte d’ Arthur
Sir Thomas Malory
Alfred Tennyson
Prose
Poem
20  Prometheus Bound
 Prometheus Unbound
 Prometheus Unbound
E. B. Browning
P. B Shelley
Aeschylus
Poem
Lyrical Drama
Play
21  Paradise Lost
 Paradise Regained
 The Earthly Paradise
John Milton
John Milton
William Morris
Epic
Epic
Epic
22  Preface to the Fables
 Preface to Shakespeare
 Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
John Dryden
Dr. Samuel Johnson
W. Wordsworth
Literarycriticism
Literarycriticism
Literarycriticism
23  The Patriot
 Patriotism
Robert Browning
Sir Walter Scott
Poem
Poetry
24  The Rainbow
 The Rainbow
D. H. Lawrence
W. Wordsworth
Novel
Poem

25  The Rape of the Lock
 Rape Upon Rape
 The Rape of Lucrece
 The Rape of Bangladesh
Alexander Pope
Henry Fielding
W. Shakespeare
Anthony
Mascarenhas
Mock epic
Novel
Poem
War History
26  The Old Man and the Sea
 Riders to the Sea
Ernest Hemingway
J.M. Synge
Novel
Play
27  The Scholar Gypsy
 The Spanish Gypsy
 Time, You Old Gypsy Man
Mathew Arnold
George Eliot
Ralph Hudson
Poem
An epic Poem
Poem
28  The Birthday Party
 The Cocktail Party
 The Garden Party
Harold Pinter
T.S. Eliot
Katherine Mansfield
Play
Play
Short story
29  The Light House
 To the lighthouse
Edgar Allen Poe
Virginia Woolf
Story
Fiction
30  The Sun rising
 The Sun Also Rises
John Donne
Ernest Hemingway
Poem
Novel
31  The Way of the World
 The Way of All Flesh
William Congreve
Samuel Butler
Play
Fiction
32  Tom Jones
 Tom Jones
John Osborne
Henry Fielding
Play
Novel
33  The Origin of species
 The Origin of Life on Earth
Robert Darwin
Sir James Jeans
Fiction
Prose
34  The Alchemist
 The Alchemist
Ben Jonson
Paulo Coelho
Play
Novel
35  Ulysses
 Ulysses
James Joyce
Alfred Tennyson
Novel
Poem
36  Under the Greenwood Tree
 Under the Greenwood Tree
W. Shakespeare
Thomas Hardy
Poem
Novel
37  Waiting for Godot /The Dumb
Waiting
 Waiting for Mahatma
Samuel Beckett
R.K.Narayan
Play
Novel

Periods of English Literature (Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï hyMwefvM )
evsjv mvwn‡Zï g‡Zv Bs‡iwR mvwn‡ZïI hyMwefvM i‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï hyMwefvM Bs‡iR BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ
hv GKwU RvwZi Af~¨`‡qi gva¨‡g ïiæ n‡qwQj| G Kvi‡Y RvwZ wn‡m‡e Bs‡iR‡ì BwZnvm hZUv êwPÎ¨gq Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm
wVK ZZLvwb êwPÎ¨gq| BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, Bs‡iR RvwZ MV‡b A‡bK ag©xq, ivR‰bwZK, AvÂwjK, HwZnvwmK
I A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq, †ek wKQz êÁvwbK Avwe®‹vi I D™¢veb Zv‡ì Rxeb-hvc‡bi aiY I ixwZ-bxwZ‡Z cwieZ©b NUvq|
GB cÖwZwU cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖfve ‡d‡j| ZvB Avgiv †Lqvj Kwi gv‡S gv‡S wbw`©ó ivRv ev ivYxi bv‡g hy‡Mi
bvgKiY Avevi gv‡S gv‡S cÖfvekvjx mvwnwZ¨K, ag©xq cÖfv‡ei bvgvbymv‡i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï hyMwefvM wb‡q
BwZnvmwe`‡ì g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| ZeyI M.H. Abrams Gi hyMwefvM AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ I mycwiwPZ|
The Old English Period
Or, The Anglo-Saxon
450-1066
The Middle English Period
1066-1500
I. Anglo Norman Period 1066-1340
II. Age of Chaucer - 1340-1400
III. Barren Age/Dark Age - 1400-1485
The Renaissance Period
1500-1660
I. Preparation forRenaissance-1500-1558
II. Elizabethan Age -1558-1603
III. Jacobean Age -1603-1625
IV. Caroline Age -1625-1649
V.Common Wealth Period -1649-1660
VI. Puritan Age-1620-1660
The Neo-Classical Period
1660-1798
I. The Restoration Period - 1660-1700
II. TheAugustanAge /AgeofPope -1700-1745
III. AgeofSensibility/AgeofJohnson-1745-1785/98
The Romantic Period
1798-1832
The Victorian Period
1832-1901
I. The Pre-Raphaclitics - 1848-1860
II.Aestheticism & Decadence 1880-1901
The Modern Period
1901-1939
I. The Edwardian Period - 1901-1910
II. The Georgian Period - 1910-1939
The Post Modern Period
1939 - Present
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8

GQvovI Avgv‡ì g‡b ivLv DwPZ †h, 1590 mvj †_‡K 1616 mvj ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Age of Shakespeare ev
Shakespearian Age ejv nq|
Quick Memory Tips: OMR NRV MP
O ̶ Old English Period
M ̶ Middle English Period
R ̶ Renaissance Period
N ̶ Neo-Classical Period
R ̶ Romantic Period
V ̶ Victorian Period
M ̶ Modern Period
P ̶ Post Modern Period
A. The Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)
ivwb cÖ_g GwjRv‡e‡_i mgqKvj 1558-1603 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †kÖô mvwnZ¨Kg©‡K Elizabethan Literature ejv nq|
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q wcwiqW Elizabethan Period. ivwb GwjRv‡e‡_i bv‡g G hy‡Mi bvgKib Kiv nq| G hyMwU
mvwn‡Z¨ †hgb ¯§iYxq ivRbxwZ‡Z ev HwZnvwmKfv‡eI †Zgwb ¯§iYxq I eiYxq| 1558 wLªóvã †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 1603 wLªóvã
ch©šÍ †gvU 45 eQi ivwb GwjRv‡e_ Bsj¨v‡Ûi kvmb ÿgZvq wQ‡jb| GB mgqKvj‡KB Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Elizabethan
Period ejv nq|
Titles of the Age
➢ GB hyM‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï ¯^Y© hyM (The Golden Age of English Literature) ejv nq|
➢ GB hyM‡K ‘A Nest of Singing Birds’/ ‘An Age of Original Romaticism’ I ejv n‡q _v‡K|
G hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Queen Elizabeth I Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
➢ wZwb 1533 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuv‡K Virgin Queen of England ejv nq|
➢ Elizabethan Tragedy is centred on Revenge .
➢ GB hyM w_‡qUvi ev †k·wcq‡ii bvU‡Ki Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
➢ GB hy‡Mi AwaKvsk bvUK Queen Elizabeth Gi mvg‡b gÂ¯’ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g gÂ¯’ bvUK ‘Gorboduc’.
we:`ª: ‘Gorboduc’ n‡jv First Tragedy of English Literature. Gi †jLK n‡jb Thomas Sackville Ges
Thomas Norton. ( evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Uªv‡RwW n‡jv gvB‡Kj g`ym~`b `‡Ëi ÔK…òKzgvixÕ|
Famous Quote of Queen Elizabeth
➢ A good face is the best letter of recommendation (Av‡M `k©Yavix c‡i ¸YwePvix)
University Wits-(7 Rb)
University Wits n‡jv GK`j hyeK Dramatist & Pamphleteers (bvU¨Kvi Ges ÿz`ª cy¯ÍK iPwqZv) hviv
Cambridge I Oxford University Gi witty students. Zuviv ‡lvok kZvãx‡Z (1500-1600) jÛ‡b bvUK
wjL‡Zb| Zuviv wQj Bsj¨v‡Ûi bvU¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi evnK| Zvu‡ì cÖvq mK‡jB Cambridge I Oxford University Gi
witty students wQ‡jb e‡j Ggb bvgKiY Kiv nq|
University Wits
1. Christopher Marlowe (wµ‡÷vdvi gv‡©jv) 4. Thomas Lodge (Ugvm jR )
2. John Lyly (Rb wjwj) 5. Robert Greene (Ugvm MÖxb)
3. George Peele (Rb cxwj) 6. Thomas Nashe (Ugvm b¨vk)
** 7. Thomas Kyd (Ugvm KxW)
Elizabeth I

Quick memory Tips:
Marlowe Gi †cÖwgKviv Lyly , Peele, Kyd, Lodge ‡Kv¤úvbx‡Z Greene bvkcvwZi †Lvmv Qov‡bvi KvR K‡i|
Gevi wgwj‡q wbB:
Marlowe = Christopher Marlowe
Lyly = John Lyly
Peele = George Peele
Kyd = Thomas Kyd
Lodge = Thomas Lodge
Greene = Robert Greene
bvkcvwZ = Thomas Nashe
we:`ª: Thomas Kyd Oxford ev Cambridge Gi QvÎ bv n‡qI University Wits Gi AšÍf~©³ wQ‡jb|
Edmund Spenser (GWgÛ †¯úÝvi ,1552-1599)
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n:
The Poet of the Poets (Kwe‡ì Kwe)
(Note: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Kwe‡ì Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y)
Introducer of Spenserian Sonnet
(Zvi m‡bU msKj‡bi bvg- ‘Amoretti’)
The Second Father of English Poetry
The Divine Master/Quote Poet
The child of Renaissance & Reformation
The Prince of Poet/ Court Poet of England
we:`ª: Zvui g„Zzï ci eû Kwe mvwnwZ¨K we‡kl K‡i †ivgvw›UK wcwiq‡Wi KweMY Spenser Gi iPbv‰kjx AbymiY Ki‡Zb
e‡jB Zvu‡K Kwe‡ì Kwe ejv nq|
Edmund Spenser

Zuvi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg©:
Epic (gnvKve¨)  The Faerie Queen (fvev_©: cixi b¨vq my›ìx ivbx) Faerie Queen GKwU Amgvß Bs‡iwR
gnvKve¨| GwU g~jZ GKwU iæcKag©x †ivgvÝ|
Major Characters:
Arthur - ‡K›`ªxq PwiÎ, wZwb jW© jvBwm÷v‡ii cÖZxK |
Faerie Queen (Also known as Gloriana) - ivwb GwjRv‡e_|
Redcross knight (St.George) - Redcross knight Bsj¨v‡Ûi ag© msµvšÍ wel‡qi iÿK |
Duessa - ‡ivgvb Pv‡P©i cÖZxK, wZwb Una Gi wecixZ PwiÎ Ges wg_¨vi cÖZxK|
Una - Bsj¨v‡Ûi cwiï× PvP©, Redcross Gi ney ¯¿x Ges m‡Zï cÖZxK|
The Faerie Queen wel‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨: The Faerie Queen n‡jv GWgvÛ †¯úbmv‡ii
me©‡kÖô I GK Agi m„wó| wek eQi a‡i iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Faerie Queen GKwU Amgvß Bs‡iwR
gnvKve¨ hv ivwb GwjRv‡e‡ì cªksmv K‡i iwPZ| 7 L‡Ûi g‡a¨ †¯úbmvi 6wU LÛ mgvß Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb; mßg LÛwU Amgvß| hwÌ Kwei B‡”Q wQj †h, Ggb GKwU gnvKve¨ m„wó Ki‡eb hv
AZx‡Zi mg¯Í gnvKv‡eï mgZzj¨ n‡e| GwU GKwU agx© (Allegorical) DcvL¨vb| Kve¨wUi welqe¯‘
n‡jv cix‡ì †`‡ki ivwb Gloriana 12 w`b e¨vcx GKwU Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ‡Z¨K
w`b GK`j DrcxwoZ gvbyl G‡m ivwbi Kv‡Q ‰`Z¨ KZ…©K Drcxo‡bi Awf‡hvM Ki‡e Avi ivwb cÖwZw`b
GKRb K‡i bvBU†K cvwV‡q Drcxob eÜ K‡i †`b| cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvB‡Ui `ytmvnwmK Awfhvb‡K †K›`ª
K‡i iPbv Ki‡eb ev‡ivwU Kve¨ Ggb B‡”Q wQ‡jv ‡¯úbmv‡ii| wKš‘ Zv Ki‡Z wZwb mÿg nbwb| G
gnvKv‡eï bvqK Redcross Knight Avi bvwqKv Una. Redcross Knight Bsj¨v‡Ûi ag©
wel‡qi iÿK| Dbv n‡”Q mZ¨ I Bsj¨v‡Ûi cwiï× Pv‡P©i cªZxK Avi WªvMb n‡jv Rxe‡bi fzjåvwšÍi
cªZxK| 1590 mv‡j cÖ_g 3wU ce© Øviv gnvKve¨wU cÖKvwkZ nq| wØZxq 3wU ce© cÖKvwkZ nq 1596
mv‡j| Ges me©‡kl 1609 mv‡j Zvi g„Zzï ci 2q Gi 2q mM© cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z 5 ai‡Yi iƒc‡Ki
cwiPq cvIqv hvq| h_v:
1. Moral (‰bwZK),
2. Political (ivR‰bwZK), 3. Spiritual (Ava¨vwZ¥K),
4. Chivalric (exiZ¡), 5. Aristotelian (Gwi÷Ujxq)
GB gnvKv‡eï cÖavb welqe¯Íy †`k‡cÖg|
Poetry Amoretti (G‡gv‡iwU): GwU 89 wU m‡bU ev PZz`©kc`x KweZvi msKjb| ¯¿x Gwihvv‡e` i‡qj‡K
D‡Ïk¨ K‡i KweZv¸‡jv ‡jLv|
The Shepherd’s Calendar (‡gl cvj‡Ki Rxeb msµvšÍ Pastoral Poem. GB Kve¨MÖš’wU wZwb
DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb Sir Philip Sidney †K|)
Four Hymns (‡dvi nvBgm): Edmund Spenser’s Four Hymns, a series of four
hymns praising Love, Beauty, Heavenly Love, and Heavenly Beauty, combine
the worlds of philosophy and theology into a masterful 4-part poem in praise
of true Love and true Beauty.
The Epithalamion (Gwc_vjvwgqb): GwU weevn wel‡q 33 wU ¯Íe‡K iwPZ GKwU KweZv|
Astrophel (G‡÷ªv‡dj): A Pastoral Elegy upon the death of the most noble and
valorous Knight, Sir Philip Sidney. It was probably composed in 1580.

Francis Bacon (dªvwÝm †eKb ,1561-1626)
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n:
FatherofEnglishEssay(cÖe‡ÜiRbK)
FirstEssayistinEnglishLiterature
FatherofmodernProse(AvaywbKM‡`ïRbK)
FatherofEmpriricism(cÖ‡qvMev‡ìRbK)
FatherofExperimentalScience(cixÿvg~jKweÁv‡biRbK)
MasterofAphorism&Terseness
Francis Bacon m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Francis Bacon GKvav‡i Attorney General Ges Lord Chancellor `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
➢ wZwb GKRb Bs‡iR Courtier (statesman), lawyer and natural philosopher.
➢ wZwb 1584 mv‡j cvj©v‡g‡›Ui m`m¨ n‡qwQ‡jb Ges 1603 mv‡j Knight Dcvwa jvf K‡ib|
Zvui weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg©:
➢ Essays  Of Studies
 Of Love
 Of Revenge
 Of Marrige & Single Life
 Of Plantation
 Of Suitors
 Of Antheism
 Of Boldness
 Of Truth
 Of Friendship
 Of Great Place
 Of Death
 Of Beauty
 Of Adversity
 Of Envy
 Of Superstitions
➢ Other works
 TheAdvancement of Learning
 Novum Organum (A_©: New Method)
(j¨vwUb fvlvq wjwLZ)
 Instauratio Magna
 The Wisdom of Ancients
 New Atlantis
 Historie of the Raigne of
Henry VII.
 Divine and Human
Of Studies Gi mvi-ms‡ÿc:
d«vwÝm †eKb‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ M‡`ï RbK ejv nq| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Rb¨ †h mvwnwZ¨K cÖeÜ¸wj wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb
Zv AvZ¥MZ fvebvq mg„×| Zuvi †jLv AZ¨šÍ hyw³c~Y© Ges AjsK…Z| d«vwÝm †eK‡bi “Ad ÷vwWmÓ cÖeÜwU Aa¨qb ev cvV
wel‡q iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b wZwb cvV¨vf¨v‡mi ¸iæZ¡, Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, mydj BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †eKb
e‡j‡Qb †h, e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b fvlvMZ gvayh©Zv Dbœq‡b cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| KviY GKRb gvbyl cv‡Vi gva¨‡gB wb‡R‡K
AwfÁ I weØvb K‡i Zz‡jb| GKRb gvbyl wfbœ wfbœ welq Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g H wel‡q we‡kl Ávb I AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, “Histories make men wise; poets,witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural
philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.” A_©vr, ÒBwZnvm gvbyl‡K weÁ K‡i
†Zv‡j, Kwe n‡q D‡V Dcw¯’Z eyw×m¤úbœ, MwYZ K‡i m~² eyw×m¤úbœ, `k©b K‡i †Zv‡j Mfxi, ˆbwZKZvm¤úbœ, hyw³we`¨v Ges
evK¨vjs¼vi hyw³‡Z cvi`k©x K‡i †Zv‡j|Ó †jLK GUvI †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, †Kvb ai‡bi welq cvV¨vf¨v‡m _vKv DwPZ Ges
†Kvb welq¸‡jv Gwo‡q Pjv DwPZ| wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÒSome books are tasted, others to be swallowed, and
Francis Bacon

some few to be chewed and digested.” A_©vr wKQz wKQz eB Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi ïay ¯^v` MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, wKQz wKQz eB
bv ey‡SB gyL¯Í Ki‡Z nq Ges wKQz wKQz eB ax‡i ax‡i MÖnY I AvZœ¯’ Ki‡Z nq|
wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, kixi wVK ivLvi Rb¨ †hgb e¨vqvg Acwinvh© wVK †Zgwb Kv‡iv AvZœvi weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvV¨vf¨vm Acwinvh©|
➢ Father of English Prose Francis Bacon
➢ Father of English Prose John Wycliffe
➢ Founder of English Prose Alfred the Great
✓ jÿbxq Zuvi AwaKvsk cÖe‡Üi bvg Of w`‡q ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
✓ Essay kãwU wZwbB cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib|
Exceptional Notes:
Of Reformation (Pamphlet) -1641 John Milton
Of Education (Prose)-1644 John Milton
Of Human Bondage (Novel)-1915 William Somerset Maugham
William Shakespeare (DBwjqvg †k·wcqi ,1564-1616)
wet `ªt William Shakespeare 1564 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi ÷ªvU‡dvW© Ab G‡fv‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi mwVK
Rb¥ZvwiL Rvbv hvqwb, Z‡e mviv wek^e¨vcx 23 †k GwcÖj Zvui Rb¥w`b cvjb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| 1564 mv‡ji 26 †k GwcÖj
(eyaevi) nwi wUªwbwU Pv‡P© Zuvi e¨vwÞRg ( wLªó a‡g© `xwÿZKiY Abyôvb †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K cweÎ evwiØviv AwfwmuPb
K‡i †bIqv nq) m¤úbœ nq|‡h‡nZz R‡b¥i Z…Zxq w`‡b e¨vwÞRg n‡Zv, ZvB William Shakespeare Rb¥ 1564 mv‡ji
23 †k GwcÖj e‡j avibv Kiv nq|
[Source: History of English Litearture by William J Long & website]
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n
➢ National Poet of England (Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq Kwe)
➢KingwithoutCrown(gyKzUwenxbm¤ªvU)
➢TheGreatestDramatist/Playwright(me©‡kÖôbvU¨Kvi)
➢BardofAvon(Gf‡biPviYKwe)(AvonGKwUb`xibvg)
➢TheGreatestSuperstaroftheWorld(c„w_exime©‡kÖôZviKv)
➢FatherofEnglishDrama(Bs‡iwRbvU‡KiRbK)
➢Poetof HumanNature (Dr.SamuelJohnsonZv‡KGBDcvwa‡ZAvL¨vwqZK‡ib|)
➢TheDazzlingSun(LordAlfredTennysonZuv‡KGBDcvwa†`b|)
 Birth 23rd
April 1564
 Death 23rd
April 1616
 Father John Shakespeare
 Mother Mary Shakespeare
 Wife Anne Hathaway
 Children Hamnet , Susanna Hall, Judith Quiney
 Birth Place Stratford-upon-Avone, UK.
 Profession Playwright, Poet & Actor
we:`ª: Father of English Prose
cÖ‡kœ Alfred the Great ev John
Wycliff Gi bvg bv _vK‡j Francis
Bacon mwVK DËi n‡e|
William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢William Shakespeare wQ‡jb GKRb Bs‡iR Kwe , bvU¨Kvi I Awf‡bZv|
➢ Zuv‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvi †kÖô mvwnwZ¨K I mviv we‡kî †miv bvU¨Kvi g‡b Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
➢William Shakespeare Gi WvK bvg n‡jv The Swan of Avon.( Dcvwa †`b: Ben Jonson)
➢ Shakespeare is known/famous mostly for his plays.
➢ He belongs to the Elizabethan Period.
➢ He belongs to 16th
Century.
➢ wZwb Iambic Pentameters (cuvP gvÎvi Q›`wewkó jvBb) cÖ‡qv‡M AwaKvsk bvUK iPbv K‡ib|
➢ ‡ckvMZ Rxe‡b Awf‡bZv †k·wcqv‡ii m½x mv_x‡ì wb‡q 1599 wLª. jÛ‡b Globe Theatre cÖwZôv K‡ib|
➢ Zuvi bvU‡K cuvP AsK wewkó ( Five Act ) Climax ‡`Lv hvq|
➢ wZwb Zuvi wcZvgvZvi AvU mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ Z…Zxq Ges RxweZ mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡R¨ô wQ‡jb|
➢ 1585 ‡_‡K 1592 mv‡ji gaëZ©x mg‡q wZwb Awf‡bZv I bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e jÛ‡b e¨vcK L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
➢ (1590-1616) mvj A_©vr 16 eQi mgq‡K William Shakespeare-Gi mvwnZ¨Rxeb aiv nq|
William Shakespeare Gi bvUK (Plays)
Shakespeare g~jZ Pvi ai‡bi bvUK wj‡L‡Qb|
 Tragedy -12wU  Tragi-Comedy -3wU
 Comedy -15wU  Historical Play -10 wU
William Shakespeare Gi Sonnet
✓ wZwb Shakespearean Sonnet Gi cÖeZ©K
✓ wZwb †gvU 154 wU m‡bU iPbv K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi m‡bU eÜz Earl of Southampton ‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
✓ Zvi m‡b‡Ui AšÍ¨wgj abab, cdcd, efef, gg .
➢ William Shakespeare Gi wKQz weL¨vZ KweZv
➢ A Lover’s Complaint ➢ Under the Greenwood Tree
➢ The Passionate Pilgrim ➢ Venus and Adonis
➢ The Rape of Lucrece
➢ The Phoenix & the Turtle
GK bR‡i William Shakespeare Gi First, Last, Smallest & Largest Play:
➢ cÖ_g bvUK - Henry VI (Part-2)
➢ ‡kl bvUK - The Tempest (Swan song)
➢ ÿz`ªZg bvUK - Comedy of Errors
➢ `xN©Zg bvUK Hamlet
Narrative Poem

William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© (Notable works)
Tragedies Comedies Historical Plays
Notable
Works
of
William
Shakespeare
 Hamlet  As You Like it  Henry IV, Part I
 King Lear  A Midsummer Night’s
Dream
 Henry IV, Part II
 Macbeth  Measure for Measure  Henry V
 Othello  The Taming of the Shrew  Henry VI, Part I
 Romeo and Juliet  The Tempest  Henry VI, Part II
 Julius Caesar  All’s Well That Ends well  Henry VI, Part III
 Titus Andronicus  The Merchant of Venice  Henry VIII
 Antony and Cleopatra  Twelfth Night  King John
 Coriolanus  The Two Gentlemen of
Verona
 Richard II
 Troilus and Cressida  The Winter’s Tale  Richard III
 Timon of Athens  Pericles, Prince of Tyre
 Cymbeline  The Merry Wives of
Windsor
 The Comedy of Errors
 Much Ado about Nothing
 Lover’s Labours Lost
Quick Memory Tips
William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ 7wU Uª¨vwRwW g‡b ivLvi Dcvq:
RJ HAMKO
R Romeo & Juliet
J Julious Caesar
H Hamlet
A Antony and Cleopatra
M Macbeth
K King Lear
O Othello
Tragicomedy: UªvwRK‡gwW
Tragi-comedy is a play or novel containing elements of both comedy and tragedy.(Tragi-comedy
n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡Yi bvUK ev Dcb¨v‡m hv‡Z Uªv‡RwW I K‡gwW Df‡qi welqe¯‘ Avi Avw½‡Ki wgkªY _v‡K|)
wb‡¤œ D‡jøwLZ 5wU bvUK‡K William Shakespeare Tragi-comedy wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| h_v t
I. The Merchant of Venice
II. Measure for Measure
III. All’s Well That Ends well
IV. Cymbeline
V. The Winter’s Tale

GK bR‡i William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Uªv‡RwWmg~n
Uªv‡RwWi bvg cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
Hamlet ‘Hamlet’, Shakespeare Gi RbwcÖq GKwU Revenge Tragedy (cÖwZ‡kvag~jK
we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK) GwU †k·wcq‡ii me©e„nr Tragedy.
welqe¯Íy: n¨vg‡jU KZ…©K wcZvi g„Zz¨i cÖjw¤^Z cÖwZ‡kv‡ai cÖ‡PóvB G bvU‡Ki g~j welqe¯Íy|
Main Characters:
King Hamlet (wKs n¨vg‡jU) → ‡Wbgv‡K©i ivRv|
Prince Hamlet (wcÖÝ n¨vg‡jU) → Son of king Hmalet/Protagonist/central
character (‡Wbgv‡K©i ivRv n¨vg‡j‡Ui cyÎ bvqK/‡K›`ªxq PwiÎ)Rvg©vwbi D‡UbevM©
wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ wQ‡jb|
Claudius (K¬wWqvm) → Hamlet- Gi PvPv| Claudius n‡jb G Uªv‡RwWi Antagonist.
Gertrude (MviUªyW)→ Hamlet- Gi gv|
Ophelia (I‡dwjqv)→ Ophelia (Heroine) n‡jv Hamlet-Gi †cÖwgKv|
Polonius (c‡jvwbqvm)→ Claudius Gi Dc‡`óv Ges Ophelia I Laertes Gi evev|
Horatio (‡nvivwkI) → n¨vg‡j‡Ui eÜz|
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
bvqK Hamlet ‡Wbgv‡K©i hyeivR| fv‡jvevmvi g‡ZvB ü`qevb bvqK †m| bvwqKv Ophelia-
i cÖwZ Zvi fv‡jvevmv KgwZ wQ‡jv bv| Zvi PvPv Claudius Zvi evev‡K nZ¨v K‡i ivR¨ `Lj
K‡i Ges Zvi gv‡K (ivwb MviUªyW) we‡q K‡i| GB NUbv g„Zy¨‡K inm¨gq K‡i †Zv‡j| GKiv‡Z
n¨vg‡j‡Ui wcZvi †cÖZvZ¥v (Ghost) wn‡m‡e Avwe©f‚Z n‡q Rvbvq †h, Zvi PvPv K¬wWqvmB
nZ¨vKvix| n¨vg‡j‡Ui eÜ †nvivwkI †Wbgv‡K© G‡b H f‚Z‡K †`Lvq| G‡Z n¨vg‡jU cÖPÛ nZvkvq
fzM‡Z _v‡K|
gv‡qi cÖwZ wei³ n‡q Hamlet e‡jwQ‡jv-
“Frailty (noun), thy name is woman.” → ‡n Qjbvgqx (webóKvix), †Zvgvi Aci
bvg bvix| n¨vg‡jU cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Y Zrci nq wKš‘ Claudius Gi Aciva m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ bv
n‡q n¨vg‡jU Zvi weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv c`‡ÿc wb‡Z Pvb bv| ZvB n¨vg‡jU cvM‡ji Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g
ivRv
K¬vwWqvm‡K m‡PZbfv‡e ch©‡eÿY K‡i wbwðZ nq †h †mB Zvi wcZvi nZ¨vKvix| Zvi PvPv
Claudius- B †h Zvi wcZvi nZ¨vKvix Zv wbwðZ nevi Rb¨ n¨vg‡jU Zvi eÜz ‡nvivwkIi
mnvqZvq
Ô`¨v gvW©vi Ae MbRv‡MvÕ (The Murder of Gonzago) bv‡g GKwU bvU‡Ki Av‡qvRb K‡i
Ges Claudius Gi gvbwmK Ae¯’v †`‡L eyS‡Z cv‡i Zvi PvPvB Zvi evevi nZ¨vKvix I cÖK…Z
Acivax|
wKšÍy †m cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Y Kvj‡ÿcY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Polonius (c‡jvwbqvm) ivRvi mv‡_ lohš¿
K‡i n¨vg‡jU‡K Bsj¨v‡Û nZ¨v Ki‡Z Pvq| me‡k‡l Ophelia cvwb‡Z Wz‡e, Hamlet Gi gv
Gertrude welcv‡b, Claudius Hamlet Gi nv‡Z Ges Hamlet Zvi wcÖqZgv Ophelia-i
fvB Laertes Gi nv‡Z g„Z¨yeiY K‡i| Gfv‡eB we‡qvMvšÍK cwiYwZ †b‡g Av‡m `ywU AwfRvZ
cwiev‡i|
GKB KiæY Kvwnbx wek^‡K Rvbv‡Z †eu‡P wQ‡jv ïay Horatio.
“To be or not to be that is the question” –Hamlet.

wet `ªt Hamlet Gi kvwãK A_© †QvU MÖvg (A Small village that doesn’t have its own
church) .
King Lear King Lear bvUKwU William Shakespeare Gi GKwU weL¨vZ Uªv‡RwW|
welqe¯Íy: GKRb J×Z¨ ivRvi KiæY Kvwnbx G bvU‡Ki g~j welqe¯Íy|
Main Characters:
King Lear (wKs wjqvi) → Protagonist (bvqK) Ges Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv|
Goneril (M‡bwij) → myweav‡fvMx Ges wek^vmNvZK| King Lear Gi eo †g‡q|
Regan (wiMvb) → myweav‡fvMx Ges wek^vmNvZK| King Lear Gi ‡g‡Sv †g‡q|
Cordelia (K‡W©wjqv) → myweavewÂZ wKšÍy wek^¯Í| King Lear Gi †QvU †g‡q|
Gloucester (Møy‡P÷vi) → ivRv wjqv‡ii AbyMZ wWD‡Ki wb¤œ càvix e¨w³ Ges GWgÛ I
GWMv‡ii evev|
Edmund (GWgÛ) → LjbvqK (Antagonist). Gloucester Gi A‰ea mšÍvb|
Edgar (GWMvi) → Gloucester Gi ‰ea mšÍvb|
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
weª‡U‡bi `vw¤¢K ivRv Lear ‡`k kvm‡bi `vqfvi †_‡K gyw³ ‡c‡Z Zvui ivR¨‡K wZb Kb¨v (eo
†g‡q Goneril, †g‡Sv †g‡q Regan ,‡QvU †g‡q Cordelia) Gi g‡a¨ fvM K‡i w`‡Z
‡P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ AvMgyn~‡Z©, wZwb hvPvB Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb ivRKb¨viv Zuv‡K †K KZUyKz
fv‡jvev‡m| ZvB ivRv avivevwnKfv‡e wZb †g‡q‡K cÖkœ Ki‡j eo †g‡q Goneril Ges †g‡Sv
†g‡q Regan Zv‡ì PvUz ev‡K¨ ivRv‡K mš‘ó K‡i Ges †gvU m¤úwËi wZb fv‡Mi `yB fvM AR©b
K‡i| wKšÍy QvU †g‡q Cordelia-i Rev‡e ivRv mšÍyó n‡Z cvi‡jbbv| Cordelia-i Reve wQ‡jv
“My heart into my mouth; I love your majesty, according to my bond, no
more no less” A_©vr, K‡W©wjqv e‡j,Ò Avwg Avgvi evev‡K ZZUv fv‡jvevwm GKRb †g‡q
wn‡m‡e evev‡K hZUv fv‡jvevmv DwPZ|Ó Avm‡j †m eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Q †m ivRv‡K KZUzKz fv‡jvev‡m
Zv K_vi gva¨‡g ev k‡ã †evSv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Ggb DË‡i ivRv Cordelia ‡K Zuvi cÖvc¨ m¤úwË
†_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib| Cordelia Gi mv‡_ d«v‡Ýi ivRvi Av‡M †_‡KB we‡qi K_v cvKvcvwK wQ‡jv
Ges d«v‡Ýi ivRv mewKQz ‡R‡b ï‡b Zv‡K we‡q K‡i France wb‡q G P‡j hvq| cieZx©‡Z eo
`yB †g‡qi cÖK…Z †Pnviv dz‡U D‡V| eo †g‡q Goneril Ges †g‡Sv †g‡q Regan, Gloucester
Gi A‰ea mšÍvb Edmund Gi cÖ‡ivPbvq King Lear ‡K ivR¨ †_‡K ‡ei K‡i †`q| ivR¨
nvwi‡q eyS‡jb †K Zuv‡K mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© fv‡jvev‡m| wZwb cvMj n‡q hvb| NUbv cÖev‡n mK‡ji
g„Zy¨ nq Ges Goneril Gi ¯^vgx Duke of Albany I Gloucester Gi ‰ea mšÍvb Edgar
iv‡Rï `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡eB ivRv‡K Zvi Rxeb w`‡q fz‡ji cÖvqwðË Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
Ae‡k‡l ivRvi Dw³- “I am a man, more sinned against than sinning”. (Avwg hZUv
Aciva K‡iwQ Zvi †P‡q Avgvi mv‡_ †ewk m‡qwQ|)

Shakespeare’s plays (Comedies)
Shakespeare’s plays (Tragedies)
Title Setting(NUbv¯’j) Main charaters Plot summary
All’s Well that
Ends Well
France/Italy Bertram (Count of Rousillon),
Countress of Rousillon, Duke
of Florence, King of France
Woman finally
wins love of her
husband.
As You Like It Arden Forest Celia, Duke Frederick, Duke
Senior, Oliver, Orlando,
Rosalind
Rosalind and her
family live in
Arden Forest.
The Comedy of
Errors
Ephasus Adriana, Aegeon, Amelia,
Antipholus of Ephasus,
Antipholus of Syracuse, Pinch,
Solinus (Duke of Ephasus)
Twins separated in
youth search for
each other.
Love’s Labours
lost
Navarre Aridano de Armado, Boyet,
Don Princess of France,
Jaquenetta, Mercade, Vncentio
King tries to avoid
women, but
succumbs.
Measure for
Measure
Vienna Angelo, Claudio, Francica ,
Isabella, Juliet, Mariana.
Deputy tries to
enforce fornication
law.
The Merchant of
Venice
Venice Antonio, Bassanio, Jessica,
Portia, Prince of Aragon,
Prince of Morocco, Shylock
Money-lender
demands a pound
of flesh.
The Merry
Wives of
Windsor
England Anne Page, Dr. Cauis, Falstaff
(Sir John), Fenton, Mr. Ford,
Mrs. Ford, Mr. Page, Mrs.
Page
Man foiled trying
to dupe women of
money.
A Midsummer
Night’s Dream
Athens Bottom, Demetrius, Egeus,
Helena, Hermia, Hippolyta,
Lysander,Theseus, Titania
One wedding ends
up three weddings.
Much Ado about
Nothing
Aragon Beatrice, Benedick, Claudio,
Don Juan, Don Pedro, Hero
Two couples and
their tales of
marriage.
Title Setting (NUbv¯’j) Main charaters Themes
King Lear Ancient Britain King Lear, Goneril, Rega,
Cordelia, Edmund , Edgar.
The downfall of
an arrogant King.
Hamlet Denmark Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude,
Ophelia, Polonius.
Mysterious death,
Rhetoric and
Power .
Macbeth Scotland Macbeth, Lady Macbeth,
Duncan,
Macduff, Malcon, Three Witches.
The world as a
stage .

“Under the Greenwood Tree” KweZv †_‡K wek^we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿvmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq cÖkœ
Av‡m| ZvB Avgiv KweZvwU evsjv A_© + mvi-ms‡ÿcmn we¯ÍvwiZ coe|
g~j KweZv evsjv Abyev`
Under the Greenwood Tree
-William Shakespeare
Under the greenwood tree
Who loves to lie with me,
And turn his merry note
Unto the sweet bird’s throat,
Come hither, come hither, come hither:
Here shall he see
No enemy
But winter and rough weather.
Who doth ambition shun,
And loves to live ‘the sun’
Seeking the food he eats,
And pleas’d with what he gets
Come hither, come hither, come hither:
Here shall he see
No enemy
But winter and rough weather.
meyR Ai‡Y¨ Mv‡Qi wb‡P
Ñ DBwjqvg †kKm&wcqi
meyR Ai‡Y¨ Mv‡Qi wb‡P
†h fv‡jvev‡m ï‡Z Avgvi mv‡_ ,
Ges †h Zvi Avb‡›`i Mvb MvB‡e
wgwó cvwLi mv_ KÉ wgwj‡q,
GLv‡b G‡mv, GLv‡b G‡mv, G‡mv GLv‡bB,
GLv‡b †m †`L‡Z cv‡e
†Kvb kÎæ †bB
wKš‘ ˆkZ¨ Avi iæÿ AvenvIqv|
†K D”PvKv•ÿvi Zvobv Gwo‡q,
fv‡jv‡e‡m euvP‡e †iŠ‡`ªi Av‡jv‡Z|
‡LvivK †Luv‡R †m Ki‡e †fvR,
Ges cwiZ…ß nq hv cv‡e ZvB wb‡q|
GLv‡b G‡mv, GLv‡b G‡mv, G‡mv GLv‡bB,
GLv‡b †m †`L‡Z cv‡e
†Kvb kÎæ †bB
wKš‘ ˆkZ¨ Avi iæÿ AvenvIqv|
KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿct Kwe DBwjqvg †kKm&wcqi ÔUnder the greenwood treeÕ KweZvq MÖx‡®§i Qvqvgq meyR e‡bi
g‡bvgy»Ki cÖkvwšÍi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ges †jvK‡`i‡K †mLv‡b †hvM w`‡Z Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| Kwe †mB mv‡_ g‡b Kwi‡q †`b
†h, ˆkZ¨ Avi iæÿ Rjevqy Qvov GLv‡b mewKQzB Dc‡fvM¨| Kwe e‡j‡Qb hviv kvwšÍ Luy‡R †c‡Z Pvq Zviv ‡hb meyR Ai‡Y¨
Mv‡Qi wb‡P Av‡m, Zviv GLv‡b cv‡e eÜz‡Z¡i †Quvqv Avi Abvwej myL| Z‡e Qvqvgq e‡bi kvwšÍ Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvw_©e me
wPšÍv I D”PwejvwmZv‡K Z¨vM K‡i Avm‡Z n‡e| Kwe G KweZvq kn‡ii Rxe‡bi †Kvjvnj I Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi cwie‡Z© mnR-mij
wKš‘ kvwšÍc~Y© Rxe‡bi Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb|
Othello Venice Othello,Desdemona, Iago,
Emilia,
Cassio.
Fatal consequence
of doubt.
Romio and Juliet Italy (Verona
and Mantua)
Romio, Juliet, Tybalt, Mercutio,
Friar Laurence.
A tragedy of
eternal love.
Julius Caesar Rome Brutus , Julius Caesar , Antony,
Cassius, Calpurnia, Flavius.
The dilemma of
loyalty and also
demonstrates the
dark sides of
human nature.
Antony and
Cleapatra
Roman Empire Mark Antony, Cleaopetra,
Lepidus, Octavia, Enobarbus.
Honor , Loyality
and betrayal.

“Shall I Compare Thee” KweZv †_‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq wewfbœfv‡e cÖkœ Av‡m| ZvB Avgiv KweZvwU evsjv
A_© + mvi-ms‡ÿcmn we¯ÍvwiZ coe|
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day
-William Shakespeare
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of
May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course,
untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his
shade,
When in eternal lines to Time thou grow'st.
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
k¨vj AvB Kg‡cqvi w` Uz G mvgvim †W
- DBwjqvg ‡kKm&wcqi
Avwg wK Zzjbv Kie MÖx‡®§i w`‡bi mv‡_ †Zvgvq?
†Zvgvi †mŠ›`h© Av‡iv †ewk my›ì Av‡iv ‡ewk ¯’vqx G
aivq;
nVvr `gKv nvIqv bó K‡i my›ì †g dz‡ji Kuywo,
KZ bv ¯^íKv‡j dzivq MÖx®§Kv‡ji gvayix ;
KL‡bv ¯^M© Pÿzmg m~h© cÖLi DòZvq wKiY †`q,
Avevi KL‡bv †mvbviO nVvr nvivq;
Avi me †mŠ›`h©B GK`v nvwi‡q hvq wcÖqZgv,
ˆ`‡ei e‡m wKsev cÖK…wZi A‡gvN wjjvq;
wKš‘ Abvw` MÖx†®§i kvk^Z †hŠeb Zzwg, n‡e bv †Kvbw`b
gwjb
†Zvgvi iƒc _vK‡e †Zvgvi gv‡SB wPiw`b|
g„Zzï `vw¤¢KZv e¨_© †Zvgvq XvK‡Z Zvi Qvqvq,
w`b hv‡e Zzwg i‡e fv¯î KweZvq|
hZw`b wb‡e k¦vm gvbyl, †`L‡e †Pv‡Li Zvivq ,
ZZw`b euvP‡e GB KweZv Avi G KweZv Rxeb w`‡e
†Zvgvq|
KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿct gnvKwe DBwjqvg †kKm&wcqi Zuvi Kwe-Rxe‡b 154wU m‡bU KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_g 126wU
m‡b‡Ui g‡a¨ GKwU my›ì hye‡Ki iƒ‡ci eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| k¨vj AvB Kg‡cqvi w` Uz G mvgvim †W ev m‡bU-18 †Z wZwb GK
my›ì hye‡Ki iƒ‡ci my›ì eY©bvi gva¨‡g Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi eY©bv g‡Z GUv ¯úó †h, Bsj¨v‡Ûi MÖx®§Kvj me‡P‡q my›ì
GKwU mgq| KviY Kwe cÖ_‡gB Zuvi eÜzi ‡mŠ›`h©†K GB MÖx®§Kv‡ji †mŠ›`‡h©i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ c‡ivÿ‡YB wZwb
Avevi MÖx®§Kv‡ji wecixZag©x Qwe AsKb K‡i‡Qb, e‡j‡Qb Avgvi eÜzi †mŠ›`h© MÖx®§Kv‡ji †P‡q A‡bK my›ì, A‡bK AwePj|
ZvB wZwb Zv‡K Avi MÖx®§Kv‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z ivwR bb| ZvQvov MÖx®§Kv‡ji ˆ`N©¨ `xN© bq, el©v Avmvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡K
we`vq wb‡q P‡j †h‡Z nq| Kwe Av‡iv e‡jb, MÖx®§Kv‡j KL‡bv KL‡bv m~‡h©i cÖPÐ Zv‡c †hb mewKQz cy‡o hvq, gwjb n‡q
hvq MÖx‡®§i cÖK„Z †mŠ›`h©| Avevi KL‡bv w`‡bi †ejvq †g‡N AvKvk †X‡K hvq, Pvwiw`K AÜKvi n‡q hvq| wKš‘ Kwei eÜzi
†mŠ›`h© KL‡bvB ¤øvb n‡ebv| ZvB Zuvi eÜz‡K MÖx®§Kv‡ji †mŠ›`‡h©i mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq bv KviY †m †Zv Agi| Kwei wek^vm
Zuvi eÜzi †mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv Zvui KweZvq ¯’vb ‡c‡q‡Q Ges GB KweZv gvbyl AvRxeb co‡e| ZvB m‡MŠi‡e Kwe K‡i‡Qb, Zuvi
eÜz‡K Rxeb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q GB KweZvi gva¨‡g| ZvB g„Zz¨ GLv‡b wbR©xe, †m cvi‡e bv Zvi Rxeb †K‡o wb‡Z| ‡m GB
KweZvi gva¨‡g †eu‡P _vK‡e Abvw` AbšÍKvj| Gfv‡e wZwb GB KweZvq my›ì hye‡Ki iƒc Agi I gwngvwš^Z K‡i‡Qb|
A. The Restoration Period (cybtcÖwZôvi hyM ,1660-1700)
1660 wLªt †_‡K ïiæ n‡q 1700 wLªt ch©šÍ †gvU 40 eQi‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï The Restoration Period ejv nq| G
hy‡Mi Ggb bvgKib Kiv nq KviY Charlers II †K ÿgZvq Aw`wôZ Kivi gva¨‡g ivRZš¿ cybt cÖwZôvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bs‡iwR
mvwnZ¨ PP©vi HwZnÏ cybiæ×vi (Restore) Kiv nq| G hy‡M John Milton Gi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iPbvi Rb¨ GB hyM‡K
The Age of Milton e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Avevi Kwe-cÖvewÜK-bvU¨Kvi John Dryden cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Qb e‡j
A‡b‡K GB hyMUv‡K The Age of Dryden e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb|

GB hy‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv-
➢ 1660 mv‡j Charlers II Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
➢ G hy‡Mi mvwn‡Zï cÖavb êwkó¨ wQj Satirical (e¨½vZ¥K)|
➢ 1662 mv‡j weÁvbx m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDU‡bi wewfbœ Avwe®‹vi|
➢ Bsj¨v‡Û wkívqb (Industrialization) ïiæ|
➢ GB hy‡M `ywU political party MwVZ nq:
1) Whig- against the king (miKvi we‡ivax `j)
2) Tory- on the favour of king ( miKvi mg_©bKvix `j)
➢ 1695 mv‡j gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges QvcvLvbv Db¥y³KiY BZ¨vw`|
➢ Richard Cromwell-Gi cZ‡bi ci England-Gi †jv‡Kiv Caroline hy‡Mi ivRv Charles I-Gi cyÎ Charles
II ‡K wmsnvm‡b emvb| GB wmsnvmb D×vi (Restoration) ‡_‡K G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
➢ 1697-1712 mv‡j evsjvi my‡e`vi kvnRv`v AvwRgym-kvb kvmbKv‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb myZvbwU, KwjKvZv I †Mvwe›`cyi
GB wZbwU MÖv‡g Rwg`vix mb` jvf K‡i| Rb Pvb©‡Ki cÖ‡Póvq KwjKvZv e›ì I kn‡ii wfwË cÖ¯Íi ¯’vwcZ nq| 1698
mv‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb KwjKvZvq †dvU© BDwjqvg `~M© ¯’vcb K‡i|
Restoration hy‡Mi K‡qKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
John Milton (Rb wgëb ,1608-1674)
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n:
➢ Epic Poet (weL¨vZ gnvKwe) (evsjvi wgëb ejv nq †ngP›`ª‡K)
➢ Zuv‡K ejv nq Blind Poet .
➢ Great master of verse.
➢ Zuv‡K †iu‡bmv hy‡Mi me©‡kl gnvKweI ejv nq|
Zuvi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg©:
 Epics (gnvKve¨) ➢ Paradise Lost (1667)
➢ Paradise Regained (1671)
 Elegy poem (‡kvKMxwZ) ➢ Lycidas (1637) Kwei eÜz Edward King Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv|
➢ On Shakespeare
 Poems (KweZv) ➢ On the Blindness (Sonnet)
➢ On the Late Massacre (Sonnet)
➢ On the morning of Christ’s Nativity (1629): 1st
Poem
 Tragic Drama ➢ Samson Agonistes (1671)
 Prose (M`¨) ➢ Areopagitica
 Sonnet ➢ O Nightingale
 Essay (cÖeÜ) ➢ Of Education (1645)
Zuvi weL¨vZ Dw³mg~n: ‡Kv‡Ukb cvU© †`Lyb|
Paradise Lost Gi Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc: GwU John Milton Gi GKwU †ivgvw›UK gnvKve¨| Paradise Lost ‡K Bs‡iR
Kwe John Milton Gi †kÖô gnvKve¨ ejv n‡q _v‡K|
welqe¯Íy: Paradise Lost Gi g~j welqe¯Íy n‡jv Bible.
Theme: To justify the way of God to man (gvby‡li cÖwZ mªóvi `„wófw½ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~jZ Ggb c_
AbymiY Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q hv Ck^‡ii Kv‡Q gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi n‡e|)
AÜ Ae¯’vq †j‡Lb
John Milton

Main Characters:
Adam → RM‡Zi cÖ_g gvbyl| Avw` wcZv I Eve Gi ¯^vgx|
Eve → Eve n‡”Q Avw` gvZv| Adam Gi ¯¿x|
Satan → Antagonist, we‡`ªvnx †d‡imZvM‡Yi cÖavb, hv‡K ¯^M© †_‡K weZvwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Mammon → evB‡e‡ji g‡Z Zv‡K m¤ú‡ì cÖZxK ejv nq|
Kvwnbx ms‡ÿc:
evB‡e‡j ewY©Z Adam I Eve KZ…©K wbwl× dj Avnvi Kivi ìæb ¯^M© †_‡K weZvwoZ nIqvi Kvwnbx wb‡q GB gnvKve¨wU
iwPZ n‡q‡Q| 1658 †_‡K 1664 mv‡ji g‡a¨ iPbv K‡ib Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost Gi Book msL¨v 12 wU
(12wU m‡M© iwPZ)| GwU gy³ Q‡›` iwPZ gnvKve¨ hv 1667 mv‡j 10wU L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ n‡jI 1674 mv‡j 2q L‡Û ms¯‹i‡Y
GwU 12 L‡Û cÖKvwkZ nq| kqZvb Ck^‡ii weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i Ges wb‡Ri c‡ÿ Angel ‡K AšÍf~©³ K‡i| Ckî kqZvb
I Zvi m½x‡ì‡K ¯^M© †_‡K bi‡K wb‡ÿc Ki‡j Zviv Ck^‡ii weiæ‡× hy‡×i cÖ¯ÍywZ †bq| Zv‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ kqZvb e³…Zv
†`q| bvUKwU‡Z kqZv‡bi GKwU weL¨vZ Dw³: “Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.” (¯^‡M© `vmZ¡
Kivi †P‡q bi‡K ivRv nIqv AwaKZi fv‡jv)| ewY©Z Kv‡e¨ Adam I Eve Gi NUbv _vK‡jI g~jZ GLv‡b Ckî I
kqZv‡bi weev`‡K †K›`ª K‡iB g~j Kvwnbx AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Milton ivRZ‡š¿i `y:mn e¨v_v wb‡q Ck^‡ii wewa-weavb‡K
¯§iY K‡i‡Qb| “To justify the way of God to man”.
Paradise Regained: GwU 4 (Pvi) L‡Ð wef³| G Kve¨wU c~e©eZx© Paradise Lost Gi cwic~iK Ask| D‡jøL¨,
Paradise Lost I Paradise Regained Kve¨ `ywU Kwe AÜ Ae¯’vq wj‡LwQ‡jb|
Quick Memory Tips: Rb wgë‡bi weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨Kg© g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj: SP Lycides
S= Samson Agonistes
P= Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained
Lycides= Lycides.
John Keats (Rb KxU&m ,1795-1821)
Zuvi Dcvwamg~n:
➢ Poet of Beauty (‡mŠ›`‡h©ï Kwe)
➢ Poet of Sensuousness (Bw›`ªqcivqYZvi Kwe)
➢ A Pure Poet (LuvwU/weï×Zvi Kwe)
➢ Man of Medicine (wPwKrmvwe` )
John Keats m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Keats wQ‡jb Romantic Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Young.
➢ wZwb wQ‡jb Worshipper of Beauty (‡mŠ›`‡h©ï c~Rvix)
➢ Zuv‡K ejv nq Poet of beauty ÔwPimy›`‡ii KweÕ|
➢ Keats Gi Kvwe¨K RMZUv‡K we‡klvwqZ Kiv hvq- Sensuousness, Hellenism, negative capability,
aestheticism Ges escapism wn‡m‡e|
➢ Keats AwaK cwiwPZ Zvi Sense of beauty Gi Rb¨|
➢ Negative capability: It means the ability to keep one aloof from one’s poetry.
➢ Keats gvÎ 26 eQi eq‡m h²v (Tuberculosis-T.B) †iv‡M gviv hvb|

Poetry
 Poems (1817)
 Endymion (1818)
 Lamia and other poems (1820)
 Isabella (1820)
 Hyperion (1820)
Poems
 Ode to a Nightingale (IW Uz bvBwUs‡Mj)
 Ode on a Grecian urn (IW Ab G †MÖwmqvb Avb©)
 Ode on Melancholy (IW Ab †gjvbKwj)
 Ode to Autumn (IW Uz AUvg)
 Ode to Psyche
 Ode to Fancy
Sonnet  On First looking into Chapman’s Homer (1816)
Quick Memory Tips:
Keats Gi Poems g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj: MEGH NILA
MEGH NILA
M = Melancholy N = Nightingale
E = Endymion I = Isabella
G = Grecian Urn L = Lamia
H = Hyperion A = Autumn
Zuvi weL¨vZ Dw³: ‡Kv‡Ukb cvU© †`Lyb|
wb‡¤œ John Keats Gi weL¨vZ KweZvmg~‡ni Askwe‡kl e½vbyev` + KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿc †Ìqv n‡jv|
Ode on Grecian Urn
–– John Keats
When old age shall this generation waste,
Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou
say'st,
“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,"—that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.”
IW Ab G †MÖwmqvb Avb©
–– Rb wKUm
hLb Avm‡e e„×Kvj, eskvwj wb‡e we`vq
ZLbI Zzwg †gv‡ì c‡iI A‡bï †e`bvq i‡e weivRgvb
gvby‡li eÜz i‡e Avi i‡e Zzwg
my›ìB mZ¨, mZ¨B my›ì , GB †kl K_v
g‡Z©ï Rv‡bv mevB, Rvbvi ìKvi ZvB|
KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿc t Kwe Rb wKUm& Zuvi weL¨vZ MxwZ KweZv Ò Ode on Grecian Urn Ó KweZvq cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi
KviæKvh©gq GKwU f®§vav‡ii ˆkwíK w`KwU eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb: “Life is short but art is long” (gvby‡li Rxeb
bkî wKš‘ wkí Awebkî,k^vkZ|) Kwe g‡b K‡ib, GB f®§vav‡I AswKZ n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi ‡jvKMuv_v, cÖvPxb
Av‡K©wWqvi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h©| Av‡K©wWqv cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi GKwU AÂj|
Ode on Melancholy
She dwells with Beauty—Beauty that must
die;
And Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips
Bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh,
Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips:
IW Ab †gjvbKwj
‡m (wcÖqvi) Ae¯’vb †mŠ›`‡h©i gv‡S-†mŠ›`‡h©i giY n‡e
wbðq
Avi Avb›`, hvi nvZ _v‡K †Vvu‡Ui Dc‡i|
cÖ¯‘wZ †bq we`vq Rvbv‡Z Zxeª †e`bv Ae¯’vb †bq
KvQvKvwQ
cy‡®ú c‡o _v‡K wel †gŠgvwQ gay †U‡b †bevi ci;

Figure of Speech:
✓ Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold – Metaphor.
‡R‡b ivLv fvj:
Title Name
A poet who was professionally known as a man of medicine John Keats
A poet who was clergyman by profession George Herbert
A police officer in Burma of the Indian sub-continent George Orwell
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (GwjRv‡e_ e¨v‡iU eªvDwbs ,1806-1861)
Elizabeth Barret Browning m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
➢ Elizabeth Barret Browning n‡jb wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi weL¨vZ bvix mvwnwZ¨K|
➢ wZwb weL¨vZ Kwe Robert Browning Gi ¯¿x|
➢ eªvDwbs Gi mv‡_ Zvi †cÖg I weev‡ni Kvwnbx mvwn‡ZÏ BwZnv‡mi cvZvq
Awe¯§iYxqfv‡e ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿc t Kwe Rb wKUm& Zuvi weL¨vZ MxwZ KweZv Ò Ode on Melancholy Ó KweZvq myL I `yt‡Li
wewfbœ w`K bvbv Dcgv I iæc‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Kwe e‡j‡Qb `ytLev`xiv ïay `ytL Luy‡R †eovq wKš‘ Zviv Rv‡bbv
†h `yt‡Li mvM‡i AeMvnb K‡iB myL‡K wQwb‡q Avb‡Z nq| wZwb e‡jb, mwZ¨Kvi †h †e`bv‡eva †mwU Ae¯’vb K‡i
G‡Kev‡i myL †fv‡Mi gwa¨Lv‡b|
Ode to Autumn
Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves
run;
IW Uz IUvg
Kzqvkv Avi imv‡jv dj djvwÌ wgó FZz
Zzwg Nwbó wcÖqmx m~‡q©i ;
AvMgb †Zvgvi dw›` K‡i †Kg‡b Ki‡e imv‡jv Avi
Avwk©ev` cyó
Kzu‡o N‡ii Qov‡bv jZv, wN‡i Av‡Q Av½y‡ii Øviv;
KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿc t wZb ¯Íe‡Ki G KweZvq Kwe Rb wKUm& kir FZz‡K bvbv iyc êwP‡Î¨ my›ìfv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
GB KweZvq cÖ_‡g Kwe kir FZzi ¯^vfvweK Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Gici wØZxq ¯Íe‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, kir Avi †Kvb FZz
bq eis †m ZLb †`Lv hvq bvixiæ‡c Ges em‡šÍi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i Kwe e‡jb-
Where are the songs of spring? Ay, Where are they? (‡Kv_vq AvR emšÍ m½xZ? I‡n,Zviv †Kv_vq?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,( ‡f‡evbv GK`g Zv‡ì, †ZvgviI i‡q‡Q †miKg nvRviI Mvb
gb Kvov,)
hv‡nvK, GwU GKwU ‡kvKMvu_v KweZv hv Kwe kir‡K Dcjÿ K‡iB iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,
And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;
Round many western islands have I been
Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.
Ab dv÷ jywKs Bb Uy P¨vcg¨vbÕm †nvgvi
A‡bK Ny‡iwQ Avwg ¯^Y©gwÛZ bvbv iv‡R¨,
‡`‡LwQ A‡bK ivR¨, Rbc`, †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖKvk;
Ny‡iwQ `~i cwð‡gi KZ bv Øx‡c
†m_v KZ bv Kwe‡ì evm A¨v‡cv‡jvi AvIZvq|
KweZvi mvi-ms‡ÿc t Kwe Rb wKUm& Zuvi “On First Looking into Chapman's Homer” KweZvq RR©
P¨vcg¨vb KZ…©K Ab~w`Z †nvgv‡ii gnvKve¨ cvV K‡i ixwZg‡Zv wew¯§Z| KweZvi ïiæ‡ZB wZwb e‡jb, wZwb A‡bK eY©vW¨
ivR¨ cwiågY K‡i‡Qb, Ny‡i †`‡L‡Qb KZbv ØxccyÄ, A‡bK Rbc‡_i †mŠ›`h© Ae‡jvKb K‡i‡Qb `yÕ‡PvL f‡i wKš‘
G‡ZvUv gy» nbwb hZUv n‡q‡Qb †nvgvii Abyev` cvV K‡i|

Poems  How do I love thee GwU Zuvi weL¨vZ KweZv|
 Sonnets from Portuguses
 Consolation
 Grief
 Lost Mistress
Novel  Aurora leigh
How Do I Love Thee? (Sonnet 43)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and
height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day's
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's
faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints. I love thee with the
breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God
choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
‡Kg‡b †Zvgvq evwm‡Mv fv‡jv ?
GwjRv‡e_ e¨v‡iU eªvDwbs
KZUv fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvq? Ki‡Z `vI Zvi wn‡me Avgvq|
‡Zvgvq Avwg fv‡jvevwm Mfxifv‡e, wbtk^v‡m-cÖk^v‡m Avi
ZZUv D”PZvq| Avgvi AvZ¥v _v‡K †Zvgvi cv‡k, h‡e hvI
`„wói Avov‡j
Avgvi mg¯Í mË¡v Luy‡R wd‡i †Zvgvi Av`k© Avi gvqvRvj|
‡Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm ZZ, †eu‡P _vK‡Z wRwb‡mi cÖ‡qvRb
hZ;
hv GKvšÍB cÖ‡qvRb Rxeb c‡_, kc_ Kwi w`b Avi iv‡Zi
|
fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e, †hgb gvbyl jovB K‡i
AwaKv‡ii Z‡i
fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvq mwZ¨Kv‡i, †hgb K‡i Zviv cÖksmv K‡i
wd‡i
fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvq †mB mZ¨ Av‡eM wb‡q
‡hgb mZ¨ Avgvi eva©‡Kï e¨_v Avi evj¨Kv‡ji wek^vm|
fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvq, †hb AvcvZ nvwi‡q †djv fv‡jvevmv
e‡j
¯ªóvi fv‡jvevmvq- wbtk^v‡m fv‡jvevwm †Zvgvq,
nvwm‡Z evwm, evwm Kvbœvq fv‡jv, evwm AvRxeb awi! hw`
Ckî Pvq
gi‡Yi c‡iI Av‡iv †ewk fv‡jvevme †Zvgvq|
KweZvi mvi- ms‡ÿc t Òm‡bU 43Ó GwjRv‡e_ e¨v‡iU eªvDwbs Gi 1847 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Òm‡bUm& d«g w` ciZzMxRÓ Kve¨MÖš’
†_‡K †bIqv| wZwb GB Kv‡eï 44wU m‡bU ievU© eªvDwbs‡K wN‡iB iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi cÖwZwU m‡b‡Ui gv‡S dz‡U D‡V‡Q
Zuvi Zuvi ¯^vgxi cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi kÖ×v I fw³ I AK…wÎg fv‡jvevmvi wbweoZg cÖKvk|
Òm‡bU 43Ó KweZvi gv‡S Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB e¨v‡iU Zuvi ¯^vgx‡K KZUv fv‡jvev‡mb GUv wZwb nVvr K‡iB ej‡Z cvi‡eb
bv| wZwb Zuvi ¯^vgx‡K KZUv fv‡jvev‡mb Gi Rb¨ wn‡me Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Kwe e‡j‡Qb †h, Zuvi Rb¨ fv‡jvevmv Zuvi ü`‡qi
me Lvwb RvqMv Ry‡o weivRgvb| wZwb ¯^vgx‡K wbtk^v‡m-wek^v‡m. Rxe‡b I gi‡Y Mfxifv‡e fv‡jve‡mb| Kwe GUvI e‡j‡Qb
Ckî PvB‡j gi‡Yi c‡iI Zuv‡K fv‡jvevm‡eb|
wZwb Zv‡K †Pv‡Li Avovj n‡jI me mgq †hb cv‡kB cvb, KviY Kwei ü`‡q evm K‡ib Zuvi ¯^vgx| wZwb Zv‡K Zuvi ˆ`bw›`b
Rxe‡bi me KvRK‡g©i gv‡S wewiofv‡e Rwo‡q _v‡Kb| ZvB wZwb w`b I iv‡Zi kc_ K‡i e‡jb, Zuvi Rxe‡b ievU© eªvDwbs
GK AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb hv bv n‡j Zuvi c‡ÿ Rxeb aviY K‡i †eu‡P _vKv Am¤¢e| Avi Zuvi cÖwZ Zuvi †h fv‡jvevmv Av‡Q
Zv‡Z †Kvb Awek¦v‡mi †Quvqv †bB eis Zv‡Z Av‡Q evj¨Kv‡ji mijZv Avi wek¦vm| KviY wkgyKvj †_‡K e„×Kvj ch©šÍ Zuv
fv‡jvevmv KL‡bvB ¤øvb n‡e bv| Rxe‡bi nvwm-Kvbœv, Avb›`-‡e`bv, Rxe‡bi me wKQzi mv‡_ wg‡k Av‡Q ievU© eªvDwbs|
ZvB wZwb KweZvi †k‡l wZwb e‡j‡Qb, hw` Ck¦i Pvb Z‡e wZwb Zuvi m¦vgx‡K (ievU© eªvDwbs‡K) g„Zzï c‡iI fv‡jvevm‡eb|

Quotations from Drama /Poetry of different ages
BCS mn AwaKvsk cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq weL¨vZ Bs‡iR Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K Ges gbxlx‡ì Dw³i Dci cÖkœ n‡q _v‡K|
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ cÖPzi †Kv‡Ukb i‡q‡Q, hv mswÿß cwim‡i †Ìqv m¤¢e bq| William Shakespeare Gi †jLv †_‡K
me‡P‡q †ewk †Kv‡Ukb cvIqv hvq| GQvovI Francis Bacon, Marlowe, Pope, Shelley, Keats, Wordsworth,
Coleridge , John Donne cÖgyL mvwnwZ¨‡Ki weL¨vZ Dw³¸‡jvi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| ZvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡ì
weL¨vZ Dw³ evsjv A_©, DrmMÖš’ I Dw³Kvixi bvgmn ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI Quotations from Different
Discipline bv‡g Avjv`v Av‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
William Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Dw³
Source (Drm) Quotation & quoter (Dw³ I Dw³Kvixi bvg )
King Lear
➢ “I am a man more sinned against than sinning.”
(Avwg hZUv Ab¨vq K‡iwQ Zvi †P‡q †ewk m‡qwQ|) – King Lear
➢ “My love is richer than my tongue.” (Avgvi fv‡jvevmv gy‡L †evSv‡bv m¤¢e
bq|) – Cordelia, Lear’s younest daughter
N.B: It is an example of hyperbole.
➢ “Nothing will come of nothing.” (KviY webv Kvh© nq bv)
– Speech of Lear to Cordelia
➢ “How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have than thankless child!
” (AK…ZÁ mšÍvb mv‡ci wel `vu‡Zi †P‡qI Zxÿè) – King Lear
➢ Unhappy I am, I can’t heave
My heart into my mouth, I lve your majesty
According to my bond, no more, nor less. (AmyLx Avwg,g‡bi K_v gy‡L ewj‡Z
cvwibv ZvB, fv‡jvevwm Avcbv‡i i‡³i eÜ‡b, Zvi Kg wKsev †ewk bq|)
– Cordelia to King Lear
➢ As flies to wanton boys are we to the Gods-
They kill us for their sport. (gvwQiv D”Q…•Lj †Q‡j‡ì Kv‡Q †hgwb, †Ljv”Q‡j Lyb
K‡i †èZviv Avgv‡ì †Zgwb|) – Glucester.
➢ Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend,
More hideous when thou showest thee in a child
Than a sea monster! (AK…ZÁ mšÍv‡bi cv_y‡i ü`q, mgy‡`ªi ˆ`Z¨ ev wckv‡Pi †P‡qI
wbôzi|) – King Lear to Goneril
➢ “Here I stand your slave,
A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.”
(GLv‡b ùvwo‡q †Zvgvi `vm, `yf©vMv , RivMÖ¯’, `ye©j I N„wbZ e„‡×i _vm|)
➢ Men must endure
Their going hence even as their coming hither;
Ripeness is all. (hLb wec` Av‡m ZLb ‡Zvgv‡K âh©kxj I AvZ¥ mshgx n‡Z n‡e|)
– Edgar to Gloucester.
➢ Come, let’s away to prison
We two alone will sing like birds I’th cage.
(&G‡mvBbv GKUvbv †K‡U hvK KvivMv‡i
LuvPvq Ave× cvwLi g‡Zv Mvb MvB‡Z nvB‡Z hv‡ev Icv‡i|) – King Lear to
Cordelia

Hamlet ➢“Frailty (noun), thy name is woman”.(‡n Qjbvgqx (webóKvix), †Zvgvi Av‡iK
bvg bvix) – Prince Hamlet
➢“There is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so.” (fv‡jv ev g›`
ej‡Z c„w_ex‡Z wKQzB †bB, wPšÍvB †Kvb wKQz‡K fv‡jv ev g›` evbvq) – Prince Hamlet
➢ “Brevity is the soul of wit” (msw¶ßZv iwmKZvi cÖvY / msw¶ßZv eyw×gËvi g~j)
– Polonius to Claudius
➢ Though this be madness, yet there is method in it. ( ) –
➢ “To be or not to be that is the question.” (GB Dw³wU Øviv gvbe g‡bi
wm×všÍnxbZvi ewn:cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|) – Prince Hamlet
N.B: It is an example of soliloquy.
➢ “A little more than kin, less than kind” (AvZ¥x‡qi †P‡q GKUy ‡ewk Ges mvayi
Zzjbvq Kg) – Prince Hamlet
➢ “When sorrows come, they come not single spies but in battalions.”
(wec` KLbI GKv Av‡m bv) –Claudius to Gertrude
➢ “There are more things in heaven and earth.” (¯^M© I c„w_ex‡Z Av‡iv A‡bK
wRwbm i‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì ¯^cœ I `k©‡b) – Prince Hamlet
➢ “I must be cruel only to be kind;
Thus bad begins and worse remains behind.” (Aek¨B Avwg wbôzi n‡ev
`qvjy nIqvi Rb¨; Zv bv n‡j g›` ïiæ n‡e, g›`Zi i‡e wc‡Q) – Hamlet
➢ O God! O God! How weary stale and unprofitable; seem to me all
the uses of this world.( ‡n Ckî wK K¬vwšÍKi, RivRxY© I wbi_©K mewKQz; cvw_©eZv
†hb †RŠjyknxb, Zey Pwj Qy‡U Gi wcQz|) Hamlet
➢ What is a man ; If this chief good and market of this time
Be but to sleep and feed ? A beast, no more. (wK wb‡q gvbyl gË G f‡e!
†L‡q, Nywg‡qB Aw¯ÍZ¡ †kl, cï bq wK Z‡e?) – Hamlet
➢ “Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice; Take each man's
censure, but reserve thy judgment.”(cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki K_v ‡kvb, wKš‘ Aí †jv‡Ki
mv‡_ e‡jv; cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Aby‡hvM †kvb wKš‘ P‡jv Avcb wePv‡i|)
– Polonius to his son, Laertes
➢ One step forward and two steps backward.(GKcv AvMv‡j `yÕcv wcQvB)
➢ Forty thousand brother’s love
Could not with all their quantity of love
Make up my sum. (Avgvi fv‡jvevmv mywekvj| Pwjøk nvRvi fvB‡qi fv‡jvevmv
GKÎ Ki‡j Avgvi fv‡jvevmvi mgvb n‡ebv|) – Hamlet
Romeo and Juliet ➢“If love be blind, It best agrees with night.” (hw` fvjevmv nq AÜ, Z‡e ivwÎi
mv‡_ wgZvwjB me‡P‡q fvj) – Juliet
➢“It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.” (GUv nq c~e©, hw` Rywj‡qU nq m~h©) –
Romeo
➢“For you and I are past our dancing day.”(Zywg Ges Avwg Avgv‡ì ‡mvbvjx w`b
cvi K‡i G‡mwQ) – Capulet
➢“Tempt not a desperate man.” (fvev_©t hw` Zzwg Db¥v` gvbyl‡K wei³ K‡iv, Z‡e
Zzwg hv cÖZ¨vkvi †P‡q †ewk k³ cÖwZwµqv †c‡Z cv‡iv) – Romeo

➢“ What light through yonder window breaks.” (A`~‡ii Rvbvjv Mwj‡q Af‚Zc~e©
Av‡jv †hb wVK‡i c‡o) – Soliloquy of Romeo to Juliet
➢“ These voilent love delights have violent ends.”(Ggb gvivZ¥K Av‡e‡Mi
fv‡jvevmv Avb›`B wech©‡hi w`‡K avweZ K‡i‡Q|) – Friar Lawrence to Romeo
Julius Caesar ➢“Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste
of death but once.” (fxiæiv givi Av‡M evi evi g‡i wKš‘ mvnmxiv g‡i GKevi|) –
Julius Caesar to Calpurnia
N.B: It is an example of Paradox .
➢“Veni, Vidi, Vici”(Avmjvg, †`Ljvg, Rq Kijvg ) – Julius Caesar
N.B: It is an example of Climax.
King Henry ➢“Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. ” (gyKzU cwiwnZ e¨w³ kvwšÍ‡Z Nygv‡Z
cv‡i bv / ‡h wk‡i gyKyU _v‡K ‡m wki ¯^w¯Í‡Z _v‡K bv|) – King Henry
➢ “Men of few words are the best men.” (¯^ífvlx gvbylB DËg gvbyl)
– Speech of Boy in Henry V
➢“A man can die but once.” (ïaygvÎ GKeviB g‡i gvbyl, Kvcy‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ †hb dvbym)
– Feeble
Twelfth Night ➢“Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have
greatness thrust upon them.” ( †KD †KD L¨vwZgvb n‡q Rb¥vq, †KD †KD L¨vwZ
AR©b K‡i Ges Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Dci L¨vwZ Pvwc‡q †`qv nq|) – Malvalio
➢“All’s well that ends well (that).” (‡kl fvj hvi me fvj Zvi) –Helena, scene
iv
➢“ If music be the food of love, play on” (hw` ev`¨ nq fvjevmvi Lv`¨, Z‡e
evRvI) – Duke Orsino
➢“ Love sought is good but unsought is better.” (fv‡jvevmv Luy‡R †bIqv fv†jv
wKš‘ bv PvB‡Z cvIqv Av‡iv fv‡jv) – Olivia
A Midsummer
Night’s Dream
➢“ The course of True love never did run smooth.” (mwZ¨Kvi fvjevmvi c_
KLbI gm„Y nq bv) – Lysander to Hermina
➢“ Love Looks not with the eyes but with mind.” (hvi mv‡_ hvi g‡R gb, wKev
nvwo wKev †Wvg ) – Helena
➢“My soul is in the sky.”(gZ©¨ †Q‡o gg AvZœv K‡i ¯^‡M© weiv‡R )- Pyramus

As You Like It ➢“All the world's a stage
And all the men and women are merely players.” (mgMÖ c„w_exUvB i½gÂ
Ges mKj bi-bvix G g‡Âi Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎx|) – Jaques
➢“Sweet are the uses of adversity”. (‡h ‡Kv‡bv `y‡h©v‡MI Kj¨vY wbwnZ _v‡K /
K‡ói dj wgwó nq|) – Duke Senior
➢ “To the last gasp with truth and loyalty.” (mZ¨ Ges AvbyM‡Zï mv‡_B †kl
wbtk^vm Z¨vM Kiv ) – Adam
➢ “I’ll have no husband, if you be not he.” (Avgvi †Kvb ¯^vgx _vK‡e bv, hw` bv
ZzwgB †m nI) – Rosalind to Orlando
➢“ Love is merely a madness.”( fv‡jvevmv DòZv Qvov wK wKQz! Av‡eMx ü‡` avIqv
†bq wcQy !! ) – Rosalind
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï ivRKwe (Court Poets of England)
Poet Laureate n‡jb †Kvb †`‡ki mfvKwe| ‡MÖU weª‡U‡b, †h mKj Kwe‡ì ivR m¤§vbbv †Ìqv n‡Zv A_©vr, ivRv wKsev
ivwb KZ…©K wbhy³ ivR m¤§vwbZ Kwe‡ì Court Poets of England ejv n‡Zv| Poet Laureate †ì KweZvq RvZxq
Rxe‡bi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| Zuviv RvZxq Rxe‡bi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`b D`&hvc‡bi Rbª KweZv iPbv K‡ib|
(The poet laureate is the official poet of a country. In Great Britain, a poet appointed for life as
an officer of the royal household, formerly expected to write poems in celebration of court and
national events is called court poet of England.)
wb‡¤œ Zvu‡ì bvg I ZvwjKv †Ìqv n‡jv:
Year Names
1617 Ben Jonson **
1670 John Dryden **
1689 Thomas Shadwell
1785 Thomas Walton
1787 Thomas Gray
1813 Robert Southey
1843 William Wordsworth ***
1850 Lord Alfred Tennyson ***
1896 Alfred Austin
1913 Robert Bridge
1930 John Masefield
KwZcq †jL‡Ki bv‡gi c~Y©iæc (Elaboration of the names of some writers)
Short Names Elaboration of the Names
A.C. Bradley Andrew Cecil Bradley
A.C. Rossetti Andrew Cecil Rossetti
D.G. Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti
D.H. Lawrence David Herbert Lawrence
E.M. Forster Edward Morgan Forster
F.R. Leavis Frank Raymond Leavi

G.B. Shaw George Bernard Shaw
H.G. Wells Herbert George Wells
J.K. Rowling Joanne Kathleen Rowling
J.M. Synge John Millington Synge
M.K. Rowling Marjorie Kinan Rowling
O’ Neill Eugene O’Neill
P.B. Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley
R.L. Stevenson Robert Louis Balfour Stevenso
R.K. Narayan Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayanswami
S.T.Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge
T.S. Eliot Thomas Stearns Eliot
W.H. Auden Wystan Hugh Auden
W.B.Yeats William Butler Yeats
BPSC Standard-15 Model Tests
1. Who wrote “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”?
a. William Wordsworth b. John Keats
c. P B Shelley d. William Shakespeare
2. ‘A Voyage to Lilliput is written by –
a. Thomas Hardy b. S.T. Coleridge
c. Lord Byron d. Jonathan Swift
3. “Youth like summer morn and brave” is an example of --.
a. Metaphor b. Personification
c. Simile d. None
4. Who is the father of modern English Poetry?
a. Cynewulf b. Geoffrey Chaucer
c. Robert Browning d. None of the above
5. Of the following authors, who wrote an epic?
a. John Milton b. Jane Mansfield
c. William Cowper d. Christopher Marlowe
6. Which of the following was not a Romantic poet – ?
a. Tennyson b. William Wordsworth
c. Shelley d. Keats
7. “King Lear” is –
a. Play b. a novel
c. an essay d. a poem
8. What is an Allusion?
a. A kind of old poem b. Literature about children
c. A kind of reference d. A kind of science fiction
9. Who is the author of “Jane Eyre”?
a. Jane Austen b. Charlotte Bronte
c. Virginia Woolf d. Doris Lessing
10. Who is called the “Bard of Avon”?
Model Test-01

a. Edmund Spenser b. William Shakespeare
c. Lord Byron d. None of the above
11. Which is the best piece of work by Chaucer?
a. The Utopia b. Canterbury Tales
c. The Faerie Queen d. The Paradise lost.
12. William Shakespeare was born in –
a. 1616 b. 1716
c. 1516 d. 1564
13. The main theme of the poem “ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.” Is – .
a. Nature exists human imagination b. Nature is harmful for human being
c. Nature is beautiful d. We can find solace in nature
14. “Heart of Darkness” is written by-
a. Joseph Conrad b. James Joyce
c. R.S. Eliot d. Charles Dickens
15. Find the odd- one –out
a. The Sound and the Fury b. As I Lay Dying
c. A View from the Bridge d. Light in August
Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
b d c b a a a c b b b d d a c
hviv bZzb wewmG‡m AskMÖnY Ki‡eb Zv‡`i Rb¨ weMZ wewmGm wcÖwji Av`‡i wKQz bgybv cÖkœ wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jvt
01. The band has a huge ____ in Italy.
a. follow b. fall out
c. follow d. following Ans: d
02. Who wrote the following lines:
“Behold her, single in the field, you solitary Highland lass. Reaping and oinging
by herself; stop here or gently pass.”
a. Wordsworth b. Herrick
c. Shelley d. Keats Ans: a
03. What would be the right synonyne for ‘impromtu’?
a. extempore b. prepared
c. improper d. direct Ans: a
04. Which of the following words can be used as a. verb?
a. intention b. intellect
c. interim d. interest Ans: d
05. Who among the following writers is not a. nobel laureate?
a. Rudyard Kipling b. G.B. Shaw
c. James Joyce d. albert Camus Ans: c
Model Test-01: (35Zg wewmGm Gi Av`‡j)

06. The correct passive form of “You must punish him’’ is__
a. he must punish you b. punished him you must
c. punished must be him d. he must be punished Ans: d
07. His teaching methods are but successful.
a. confusion b. idiosyncratic
c. personifying d. purifying Ans: b
08. Which word is the determiner in the sentence “Have you got another red card|”?
a. have b. got
c. another d. card Ans: c
09 The play “The Doctors Dilemma” is by__
a. James Joyce b. Samuel Beckett
c. Arthur Miller d. George Bernard Shamus Ans: d
10. ‘The landlord is an extremely disagreeable man’. The underlined word is a/an_
a. noun b. adjective
c. adverb d. preposition [Ans: b
11. He would have going if he___ asked.
a. had been b. were
c. was d. has been Ans:a
12. Dramatic monologue is used in__
a. Drama b. Short story
c. Novel d. Poetry Ans:d
13. Joy: Ecstasy
a. Rain : Drought b. Breeze : Hurricane
c. River : Creek d. Deluge : Flood Ans: b
14. The Merchant of venice is a play about___.
a. A Jew b. A Roman
c. A Turk d. A Moor Ans:a
15. Separating might the risks for some, but it would reduce the risk of everyone
being captured.
a. increases b. involves
c. encourages d. increase Ans:d
16. Glorious revolution took place in___.
a. 1668 b. 1688
c. 1689 d. 1690 Ans: b
17. The poem ‘Sailing to Byzantium’ is written by ___.
a. Dulan Thomas b. Ezra Pound
c. W.H. Avden d. W.B. Yeats Ans:d
18. The poem “The Second Coming is written by___.
a. Dulan Thomas b. Ezra Pound
c. W.H. Avden d. W.B. Yeats Ans:d

43rd BCS Eng. Preliminary Suggestion - 2021.pdf

43rd BCS Eng. Preliminary Suggestion - 2021.pdf

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43rd BCS Eng. Preliminary Suggestion - 2021.pdf