Research thesis writing skills help DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION 4.0. Introduction 4.1. Demographic Characteristics (Depends on what aspects the were represented in the questionnaire i.e. Age, Gender, Work experience, e.t.c. 4.2. Findings based on the 1st objective 4.3. Findings based on the 2nd objective 4.4. Findings based on the 3rd objective Abdirahman A.Mohamoud Sameeco

1. Research
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Methodology
Title: How to Write a proposal/ Thesis or Dissertation
Abdirahman A. Mohamoud (Sameeco)
General psychology (Amoud university)
Research and data analysis (Beder University)
Educational planning and administration (Gollis university)
Public administration (Civil service institute)
Education (Beder International university)
English language (Islamic online university)
Teacher training (national teacher training college)
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Research thesis writing skills help

2. DATA ANALYSIS,
INTERPRETATION AND
DISCUSSION
Lecture 6 Research Methodology
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3. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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“Core of the study”
This is a very important part of your study.

4. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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• In this section, students provide findings of their thesis. The
findings are presented in an orderly manner, mostly based on
objectives and variables under each objective.
Results and Discussion

5. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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Overview of Research Design
4.0. Introduction
4.1. Demographic Characteristics (Depends on
what aspects the were represented in the
questionnaire i.e. Age, Gender, Work
experience, e.t.c.
4.2. Findings based on the 1st objective
4.3. Findings based on the 2nd objective
4.4. Findings based on the 3rd objective

6. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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Topic 1: Introduction to Data Analysis

7. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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• Terminologies in Data Analysis
• Importance of Data Analysis
• Characteristics of good Data analytical Skills
• Types of Data Analysis
• Careers opportunities in Data Analysis
INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS

8. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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• Data: consists of information coming from observations, counts,
measurements, responses or Factual information (such as numbers,
words, measurements, or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation.
• Data can be field notes, videos, transcripts, documents
• Analysis: It is as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling
data to discover useful information for decision-making.
• The purpose of Data Analysis is to extract useful information from
data and taking the decision based upon the data analysis.
• Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into
small parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.
Definition of Key terms

9. • Data Analysis: is the process of cleaning, changing and processing
raw data
• Data analysis is a process of finding insights from information.
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Research Methodology
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Descriptive research design

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Types of Data Analysis
1. Descriptive Analysis
2. Inferential Analysis

11. DATA ENTRY
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Research Methodology
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Practical Data Analysis
Abdirahman A. Mohamoud (Sameeco)
Master of Research and Data analysis

12. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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Introduction to
IBM SPSS STATISTICS
IBM SPSS STATISTICS

13. Research Methodology
Introduction to SPSS
Originally, it is an acronym statistical package for social science
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14. • Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is a software
package used in statistical analysis of data.
• Now, it stands for statistical product service solution.
• It is also know predictive analytics software
• SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social
science, market research, health research, survey companies,
government, education research, marketing organizations, data
miners, and others.
• SPSS provides a user interface that creates a more intuitive
environment for analysis for all levels of users that allow you to
perform most tasks simply by pointing and clicking.
Research Methodology
Introduction to SPSS
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15. Research Methodology
HISTORY SPSS
• The company was started in 1968 when Norman Nie, Dale Bent, and
Hadlai "Tex" Hull developed and started selling the SPSS software.
• SPSS was originally developed to facilitate statistical analysis in the
social sciences.
• The current version (20+) are officially named IBM SPSS statistics.
• SPSS is a leading worldwide provider analytic software and solution.
• SPSS Inc. was a software house headquartered in Chicago and
incorporated in Delaware,
• Today SPSS has more than 250,000 customers worldwide, served by
more than 1, 200 employees in 60 countries.
• SPSS can import from many different sources
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16. BASIC OPERATIONS IN
SPSS
Orientation to SPSS Research Methodology
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17. Windows in SPSS
1. Data Editor window
2. Output Viewer window
3. Syntax Common menus
1. Data Editor window
• SPSS' main window is the data editor.
• The Data Editor window is a default window and opens when
SPSS starts.
• This window displays the data file similar to a spreadsheet for
defining, entering, editing and displaying data.
Windows in SPSS
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Research Methodology
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18. Data Editor window Research Methodology
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19. Research Methodology
What are the two views of SPSS data editor?
 There are two types of ways to view data in SPSS and these can be
changed using
1. “Data View” and
2. “Variable View”
Tabs on the very bottom left of the window. The “Data View” tab
shows the variables in columns and each observation in rows, which is
most useful to look at the actual values presented in the dataset.
The views data editor
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20. Abdirahman Sameeco,
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Target population DATA VIEW
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Research Methodology
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Sample frame and Sample size VARIBALE VIEW
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22. Research Methodology
• In “Variable View”, SPSS shows each variable as rows and has a
series of columns with more information about the variable such
as “Name”, “Type”, and the “Label” given.
Variable veiw
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23. Research Methodology
Variable names cannot contain spaces. Note that when you change the
name of a variable, it does not change the data; all values associated
with the variable stay the same.
Renaming a variable simply changes the name of that variable while
leaving everything else the same. For example, we may want to
rename a variable called highest education to education level.
To change a variable's name, double-click on the name of the variable
that you wish to re-name. Type your new variable name.
Name
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24. Type
The various type of variables include (e.g. numeric, string and e.t.c)
(a) Numeric
Numeric variables have values that are numbers (in standard format or
scientific notation).
Example: Continuous variables that can take on any number in a
range (e.g., height, weight, blood pressure, ...) would be considered
numeric variables.
This particular type of numeric variable can be used for
calculations—e.g., we can compute the average and standard
deviation of heights.
Research Methodology
Abdirahman Sameeco,
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25. Width
The number of digits displayed for numerical values or the length
of a string variable.
To set a variable's width, click inside the cell corresponding to the
“Width” column for that variable.
Then click the "up" or "down" arrow icons to increase or decrease
the number width.
The SPSS default width is 8 characters but can be change
depending on the characteristics of the data at hand.
Research Methodology
Abdirahman Sameeco,
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26. The number of digits to display after a decimal point for values of that
variable. Does not apply to string variables. Note that this changes how
the numbers are displayed, but does not change the values in the
dataset.
To specify the number of decimal places for a numeric variable, click
inside the cell corresponding to the “Decimals” column for that
variable. Then click the “up” or “down” arrow icons to increase or
decrease the number of decimal places.
Example: If you specify that values should have two decimal points,
they will display as 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, and so on.
Research Methodology
Decimal
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27. For coded categorical variables, the value label(s) that should be
associated with each category abbreviation.
Value labels are useful primarily for categorical (i.e., nominal or
ordinal) variables, especially if they have been recorded as codes (e.g.,
1, 2, 3)
When value labels are defined, the labels will display in the output
instead of the original codes.
Note that defining value labels only affects the labels associated with
each value, and does not change the recorded values themselves.
Values Research Methodology
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28. Missing Research Methodology
The user-defined values that indicate data are missing for a variable
(e.g., -999). Note that this does not affect or eliminate SPSS's
default missing value code (".").
This column merely allows the user to specify alternative codes for
missing values.
To set user-defined missing value codes, click inside the cell
corresponding to the “Missing” column for that variable. A square
button will appear; click on it.
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29. Column
The width of each column in the Data View spreadsheet.
Note that this is not the same as the number of digits displayed for
each value.
This simply refers to the width of the actual column in the
spreadsheet.
To set a variable's column width, click inside the cell corresponding to
the “Columns” column for that variable. Then click the “up” or
“down” arrow icons to increase or decrease the column width.
Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
+252 63 4179350

30. The alignment of content in the cells of the SPSS Data View
spreadsheet.
Options include left-justified, right-justified, or center-justified.
To set the alignment for a variable, click inside the cell
corresponding to the "Align" column for that variable.
Then use the drop-down menu to select your preferred alignment:
Left, Right, or Center
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Research Methodology
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Align

31. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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This property indicates level of measurement of data source.
The three measure properties include scale, ordinal and nominal.
Interval and ratio levels of measurement are grouped as scale
measures.
To define a variable's measurement level, click inside the cell
corresponding to the “Measure” column for that variable.
Then click the drop-down arrow to select the level of measurement
for that variable: Scale, Ordinal, or Nominal.
Measure

32. 2. Systematic Sampling Research Methodology
DATA VIE
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33. • When you open the SPSS program, you will see a blank spreadsheet
in Data View.
• If you already have another dataset open but want to create a new
one, click File > New > Data to open a blank spreadsheet.
• You will notice that each of the columns is labeled “var.” The column
names will represent the variables that you enter in your dataset.
• You will also notice that each row is labeled with a number (“1,” “2,”
and so on).
• The rows will represent cases that will be a part of your dataset.
When you enter values for your data in the spreadsheet cells, each
value will correspond to a specific variable (column) and a specific
case (row).
Research Methodology
DATA VIEW
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34. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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Follow these steps to enter data:

35. 1. Click the Variable View tab. Type the name for your first variable
under the Name column.
You can also enter other information about the variable, such as the
type (the default is “numeric”), width, decimals, label, etc.
• Type the name for each variable that you plan to include in your
dataset.
• In this example, I will type “School_Class” since I plan to include a
variable for the class level of each student
• (i.e., 1 = first year, 2 = second year, 3 = third year, and 4 = fourth
year).
• I will also specify 0 decimals since my variable values will only
include whole numbers. (The default is two decimals.)
Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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36. VARIABLE VIEW EXAMPLE
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Research Methodology
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37. Data View EXAMPLE
Click the Data View tab. Any variable names that you entered
in Variable View will now be included in the columns (one variable
name per column). You can see that School_Class appears in the first
column in this example.
Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
+252 63 4179350

38. •Now you can enter values for each case. In this example, cases
represent students. For each student, enter a value for their class
level in the cell that corresponds to the appropriate row and column.
For example, the first person’s information should appear in the first
row, under the variable column School_Class.
•In this example, the first person’s class level is “2,” the second
person’s is “1,” the third person’s is “4,” the fourth person’s is “3,” and
so on.
Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
+252 63 4179350

39. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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Repeat these steps for each variable that you
will include in your dataset. Don't forget to
periodically save your progress as you enter
data.

40. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
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41. Abdirahman Sameeco,
Research Methodology
+252 63 4179350