This lecture discusses about pidgin, creole and spelling reforms.

1. 5. Pidgins and Creoles
Spelling reforms
Lecture No.5
Zafar Ullah,
zafarullah76@gmail.com

2. Sociolinguistics
• Study of language in context of the society
• Social interactions in virtual world
• Global village
• Trade
• USA is a country of immigrants. Intercultural
marriages, pluriculturalism, plurilingualism
• Canada etc has immigration programs
• CPEC
• China Pak marriages and repercussions
• Language change 2

3. Causes of the Start of Pidgin
• Marriage of two cultures
• Trade, tourism, education
• Political crises in Syria, Palestine, Burma,
Kashmir, Afghanistan,
• Natural calamities
• Migration due to intolerance
• Colonialism motivates pidgins
• Need of a third common language, lingua franca
and it is called pidgin.
• Swahili in East Africa is a pidgin.
• Espearanto, 3

4. Definition of Pidgin
• A pidgin or contact language is a restricted and
extended language which arises with an urgency
of communication to serve specific needs
between social groups that are ethnically and
linguistically different from each other .
• Contact linguistics
• The reduction and simplification of input
materials, internal innovation, and regularization
of structure, with L1 influence also play their role
in pidginiation process.
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5. Creole
• A creole is a pidgin that has become the first
language of a new generation of speakers.
• Creolization is a process where a pidgin
expanded in structure and vocabulary in order to
express the range of meanings and serve the
range of functions required of a first language.
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6. Characteristics of Creole
• Nativization is when pidgin passed onto new
generations and it became a mother tongue
which is acquired by children.
• Its speech becomes faster,
• It is the expansion of morphology and syntax.
• It expands phonology.
• It publishes the lexicon.
• Publication is started.
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7. Decreolization
• Reversal to standard language
• Linguistic purism
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8. Pidgin Creole Development
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9. Spelling Reforms
• A lot of work was printed in middle English
period. Handwritten manuscripts
• Variations in spellings in one book
• Homer’s Illiad had different spellings for one word
• Great vowel shift in modern English, changes in
phonology
• Refashioned words according to their Latin origin
for example middle English “dett” was fashioned
as “debt” because of Latin word “debitum”
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10. Cont…
• Why? Ease, standard, international
• Printing press, unification
• Harry Lindgren proposed SR1 (short sound to be
spelled “E” e.g friend as frend
• Webster Noah- 1806 wrote ‘A Compendious
Dictionary of the English Language’
• 1828 ‘An American Dictionary of the English
Language’
• In 1837, Isaac Pitman published system of
Phonetic Shorthand.
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11. Cont…
• In 1848, Alexander John Ellis published ‘A Plea
for the Phonetic Spellings’
• In 1870, Philological societies were formed in the
USA and UK
• In 1876, English Spelling Reform Association
• In 1876, American Spelling Reform Association
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12. Cont…
• US Newspaper, Chicago Tribunal reformed
• In 1883, American Philological Association, 24
spelling reform rules
• In 1898, American national Association adopted
12 words “paragon, prolog, pedagog,demogog,
decalog, catalog, thruout, thru, tho, altho, thoro,
thorofare
• In 20th century, Roosevelt started
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13. 11 Changes by American Spelling
Reform Association
• Are…….ar
• Given….giv
• Have….hav
• Live….liv
• Though…tho
• Through….thru
• Guard…….gard
• Catalogue…catalog
• Definite….definit
• Wished…wisht 13

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