Analysis Of Alternate Possibilities And Moral...

Analysis Of Alternate Possibilities And Moral...
Harry G. Frankfurt addresses the concern of moral responsibility regarding the actions of an agent
and the notion of free–will in his article Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility. I will first
present "the principle of alternate possibilities", as Frankfurt describes, and explain its relation to
free–will along with the concept of moral responsibility. Afterwards I will incorporate Frankfurt's
argument that "the principle of alternate possibilities" is false and explain how one can still be held
morally responsible even under certain circumstances, under threat, if the agent had an intent.
Finally, I will propose that intention does not constitute an action and thus one would still not be
morally responsible. Regarding the topic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stump highlights "first–order volition" and "second–order volition" through the case of Smith the
smoker. In the case, Smith has a second–order volition to not smoke, "he wants to have a will that
wills not to smoke.", however he also has a first–order volition to smoke and the first–order volition
usually leads to Smith submitting to the desire to smoke. Here we have a case in which an agent,
Smith, intends to do something, not smoke, however his intention is overwhelmed by his desire to
smoke and as such, him smoking is involuntary and should not be held morally responsible since he
failed to follow through with his intention. Similarly, in the case of my philosophy essay, I intended
to not finish my essay, but I did not follow through with my intent and completed the assignment.
However because my action, completing the essay, was not what I intended to do, I did not act
freely, so I should not be morally responsible for finishing the essay. Therefore, we are not morally
responsible for actions we perform that are in opposition to our intentions as they are acts that are
not completed
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Adorno And Horkheimer Mass-Deception
Preface
Within this paper I will describe Adorno and Horkheimer best known work in their article, The
Cultural Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception. I will describe in great detail their concept of
the culture industry and its mass deception on society. Then, I will compare Adorno and
Horkheimer's view of the creator and receiver to that of the Birmingham School touching on both
their similarities and differences. Lastly, I will explain both schools influence on sociology and
sociological research concerning mass cultural production and describe how an empirical study
based on both schools would compare.
Horkheimer & Adorno– The Culture Industry
Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer studied Sociology within called the Frankfurt School. The
Frankfurt school was founded in 1924 in Germany at Goethe University. The aim of the Frankfurt
school, according to Horkheimer, was to study "the interconnection between the economic life of
society, the psychic development of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structuralism is based off looking at the structures, or the bigger picture within a study. Since
Adorno and Horkheimer are concerned with the mass–deception that is created by the larger
structures in society such as the entertainment industry, an empirical study today would look similar
to that. The study could focus on the use of advertisements to create mass–deception but it would
not be a study of individual behavior as so much one of the larger institutions within society.
Methods that would be used would be perhaps a literature reviews, a survey on different
advertisements and their purpose and a survey of people's perceptions of advertisements and their
purpose. For the study the goal is to study the effects of the creator on the social world and its
receivers and study the links between them all, as in the cultural diamond explained in the

Mass Culture And The Culture Industry
Witnessing the crucial role that media played to dominate the population ideologically in both Nazi
Germany and America, Adorno and Horkheimer realized that there was an aberration, rather than a
development in the nature of culture. They created the concept 'culture industry' to represent the
increasingly standardized and commodified media that was effected by capitalism, and used to
manipulate people' opinions and behaviors. As time goes by, features of the culture industry remain
relevant today in many ways. This essay will critically review how the three selected articles below
have effectively employed the concept 'culture industry'. In Culture industry reconsideration,
Adorno further developed his theory, which was firstly mentioned in dialectic of enlightenment, and
effectively explored the relationship between the culture industry and the mass. In the beginning of
this article Adorno clarified the reason why he has employed the term 'culture industry' instead of
the 'mass culture', which is to reflect the true nature and characteristics of culture on that stage. In
his point of view, the 'mass culture' represents the culture that spontaneously comes from the mass
itself (Adorno, 1963), it should emphasis the internal growth of the cultural products within the
masses. Whereas according to Adorno, this term could no longer represents the essence of culture,
as he though culture products are standardized produced and consumed to the mass in line, they 'are

Critique On Frankfurt School By Using The Mlosso Movie...
Title: Critique On Frankfurt School by Using The Lego Movie Marxism is a convoluted idea which
includes classical Marxism, Neo–Marxism, Hegemony and Althusserianism etc. Frankfurt School
must be the imperative one in contributed to Marxism. The contribution of the Frankfurt School is
the critical theory. In 1923, a group of Marxists established the Institute for Social Research at the
University of Frankfurt. Horkheimer, Adorno and Benjamin were the great contributors to that
theory. They are attempting to reconstruct classical Marxism in Neo–Marxism which was
influencing our society or cultural industry. In this essay, it would focus on demonstrating and
critique the ideas of Neo–Marxism by using The Lego Movie (2014) to illustrate the relationship
with dominant and subordinate class, popular music is a kind of tool to exploit workers and ability
to step out of the framework by society directly.
First of all, most people would comply with people who maintain power in the society, like Emmet
Brickowski who an everyman and construction worker follows ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(1941). On popular music. Cultural theory and popular culture: A reader, 202–214.
Benjamin, W. (1936). The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (H. Zohn, Trans.).
Retrieved October 31, 2015, from
http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm
Horkheimer, M. (1978). 'Art and mass culture', in Literary Taste, Culture and Mass Communication,
Volume XII, edited by Peter Davison, Rolf Meyersohn and Edward Shils, Cambridge: Chadwyck
Healey.
Lord, P., & Miller, C. (Directors). (2004). The LEGO Movie [Motion picture]. Warner Bros.
Pictures.
Lowenthal, L. (1961). Literature, Popular Culture and Society, Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books.
Navia, L. E. (1996). Classical cynicism: a critical study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Storey, J.(Ed.) (2009). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture – An Introduction (5thed.). Harlow:
Pearson

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the Specials. The company ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
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Who Is Max Horkheimer's Work?
Max Horkheimer was born in 1895 in Stuttgart, Germany. Horkheimer's father was a prominent
Jewish manufacturer that encouraged him to travel throughout Europe. Horkheimer worked for his
father's business but then pursued academic studies. After completing his military service, he wrote
his doctoral thesis on Immanuel Kant and became the director of ISR. Horkheimer, Adorno, and
Marcuse worked in Frankfurt, New York, and Europe. Their work was not well received in
Germany, but was in the U.S. and Europe. (Dillon, 2014) During Horkheimer's time, the Nazis came
to power in 1933 and shut down the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany. Despite the
Nazi's dominating power, Horkheimer continued his research all across Europe and the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept of hegemony is used to capture the many ways in which a society's culture is organized
such that it makes certain practices appear so normal that we freely consent to them. (Dillon, 2014)
This concept can be identified as the central issue that Horkheimer addresses. This promotion of a
culture of sameness suppresses individuality and variation. Television does not "bring the entire
world into our homes" as much as it moves everybody who is watching to the same place and into
the same events. (Wexler, 1991) Critical theorists conclude that mass consumer society produces a
new form of totalitarianism, a cultural totalitarianism. Cultural totalitarianism is the repression of
diversity in the expression of individual needs and opinions that is at odds with those mass
marketed. (Dillon, 2014) Even though cultural totalitarianism accurately describes how our society
is today, there are still individuals who actively reject mass media and consumer culture.
Horkheimer's critical theory allows us to create an emancipated society that is autonomous from the
controlling demands of competitive

Walter Benjamin Essay
Walter Benjamin looks into the shift in perception and its affects at the beginning of film and
photography in the twentieth century. He writes about how a sense changes within humanity's way
of looking at visual works of art. Having its differences now and its consequences remain to be
determined. Benjamin attempts to underline something exact about the modern age and of the
effects of modernity on the work of art in particular. (Benjamin, 222) Film and photography directly
lead into this movement, he writes about the loss of aura through the mechanical reproduction of art
it's self. So in turn what leads me to believe he felt if a degree of authenticity was lost, it had less
appeal and stigma presented with it; every time an art piece is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"The act of reaching for a lighter or a spoon is familiar routine, yet we hardly know what really goes
on between hand and metal, not to mention how this fluctuates with our moods. Here the camera
intervenes with the resources of its lowerings and liftings, its interruptions and isolations, its
extensions and accelerations, its enlargements and reductions. The camera introduces us to
unconscious optics as does psychoanalysis to unconscious impulses"(Benjamin, 237). The way he
views the play on aura, authenticity, and uniqueness of art is fundamentally associated to that of
their insertion in a traditional role. Reproduced art is completely dissociated from the small circle of
tradition. Shedding light to the positive side of breaking tradition helps to bring works of art into
different realms of thought becoming appealing to different types of viewers, enabling the work of
art to be disconnected from its pass uses and brought back with different appeal and outlook. For a
very millennial example, Memes, some memes take 18th century paintings like the self–portraits of
Joseph Ducreux. Taking art such as this and basically mocking still makes it visible to certain people
who might not of had interest or availability to see the man behind the words. This would obviously
be an issue to Walter Benjamin but it begs to ask the question on weather he believed art was only
meant for the upper class

Difference Between Adorno And Max Horkheimer
The Culture Industry – Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer Theodor Adorno and Max
Horkheimer are known as two great critical theorists who are primarily known for their work The
Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception. Adorno and Horkheimer originally were
members of the Frankfurt School, which was a group of scholars that were a part of the revival of
Marxist thought. Adorno and Horkheimer were third wave scholars of Marxist thought which meant
that they were concerned about the occurrence of the communist revolution. However, the
revolution never took off instead the spread of fascism and Hitler's regime occurred. Adorno and
Horkheimer, both of Jewish descent, were forced to flee to New York. The Culture Industry:
Enlightenment as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A criticism made by Adorno and Horkheimer that is still relevant to the modern movie industry is
the criticism that "the people at the top are no longer so interested in concealing monopoly...Movies
and radio need no longer pretend to be art" (Adorno and Horkheimer). The modern movie industry
is an industry of commodities in sense, what this means is that the movies produced today are
produced simply as means for profit and not as form of art. As Adorno and Horkheimer stated "the
movie–makers distrust any manuscript which is not reassuringly backed by a bestseller" (Adorno
and Horkheimer) this attitude can be seen by simply observing the Avengers, Spider–man and
Transformers franchises. These types of movies are given top priority at movie studios simply
because they are movies with large target audiences and the movie studios know that they will bring
in mass amounts of profits. These types of movies often lack substance of any kind for example take
the Avengers franchise, the movie itself has very little plot or characterization but it is still produced
over and over again because it is a source of revenue. This is an example of how new media
technologies how what Adorno and Horkheimer mean by when they say art is becoming a
commodity (Adorno and Horkheimer). Another criticism found within

Home Improvement Plan
For almost all homes, a kitchen is the hub of activity. A home is often judged clean based on the
kitchen. From that aroma to the tastiest dish prepared inside, the kitchen is a favourite spot for any
person at home. Along with those spices, a crisp remodel will add an overall polish and look to your
home and leads to overall home improvement. If you find some damages in your kitchen walls,
countertops, cabinets and on other attachments then you should go for the kitchen renovation
project. Now you can replace your old kitchen cabinets and install some latest designer cabinets
with a maximum storage space. Apart from that, there are some modern countertops available,
which can make your kitchen more aesthetic.
When Should You Renovate?
You should renovate the kitchen for the simple reason that your kitchen is falling apart. Missing ...
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Permit them to suggest innovative designs, models, cutleries, and lighting. Kitchen services offer a
range of collection for one to choose from. Get in touch with some expert through online or by
directly approaching them at an outlet. They offer to install and repair kitchen countertops and
maybe even attend a leaky faucet. They will prepare the kitchen layout and they will show you some
templates of their previous work. So, you can choose the design from their templates, and they will
incorporate the same for your kitchen renovation.
The Three Kinds of Kitchen Renovations
1. Cosmetic Makeover: With a low budget and an intention to make small changes, this makeover is
the best one to go for. This one takes care of lighting, or replacing countertops and thereby ensuring
to give a good overall new look.
2. Custom Renovation: Looking to change all the aspects of your kitchen? Then this is the package!
This takes off all the things that need to be mended in your kitchen and gives it an overall huge

The Philosophy of Erich Fromm
Philosopher Erich Fromm was born in the early 20th century and could witness all of its major
developments (Cherry). Not only did it bring technological progress and new ideologies, but also
bitter fruits of war unseen by mankind before. He contemplated the motives behind aggression and
violence which led him to the study of psychology and sociology (Cherry). Fromm's last work, "To
Have or to Be" (1976), is the culmination of his strive to find and explain the purpose of human life.
He perceived our existence as being driven by either the having or the being mode and explained
this idea by using psychological finds merged with sociological evidence.
To Fromm, the two modes of existence are inherent to our nature. The two conflicting ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the contrary, he pays more attention to the influence which society has on a person and even
rejects some of Freud's concepts ("Erich Fromm" Encyclopædia Britannica.).
Whereas Fromm discards some of Freud's ideas, he agrees with much of Marx's theory. He uses an
example of class war where those who are concerned with material equality are as obsessed with
possession as those on top. On the contrary, "if everybody's possessions are functional and personal,
then whether someone has somewhat more than another person does not constitute a social
problem" (Fromm 84). Fromm provides evidence that Marx was an advocate of this idea. One of the
good qualities of the book is that Marx's philosophy is explained from the point which people often
overlook because of the general negative perception of the Soviet Union as an example of a
Marxist–Leninist state.
Besides, Fromm states that the problem of having and being is a topic that was examined for a long
time even before Freud and Marx. He employs the theological motifs of Christianity and Judaism.
He gives an example of Moses, who led his people into the desert, where they were free from
possession and could fully appreciate the joy of being. In the Christian tradition, Jesus acts for the
sake of all people while, at the same time, he has nothing material. Such appreciation of the Jewish
and Christian traditions can be explained by Fromm's personal background. He was born into an

Political Message In The Film Dirty Harry, By Don Siegel
Film is an art form that has the power to influence its audience by creating impactful messages. Don
Siegel cunningly and cleverly utilizes film grammar and the mise–en–scene to promote a
conservative political message in his 1971 film, Dirty Harry. There are many opinions on the film
Dirty Harry and its controversial political message. Some believe that the film is a visual
embodiment of how the Warren Court went too far in regulating the way police officials do their
jobs. In my opinion Scorpio, Dirty Harry's deadly adversary, engages in criminal behavior
throughout the film that contributes greatly in establishing and promoting this message. Scorpio's
actions and statements in several scenes throughout Dirty Harry, demonstrate how criminals can
exploit the civil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two court case rulings were made by the United States Supreme Court under chief justice Earl
Warren. The first being Escobedo v. Illinois 1964, which essentially gave suspects a Sixth
Amendment right to the assistance of counsel. The second being Miranda v. Arizona 1966, which
held that statements obtained through interrogation were valid only so long as it could be
demonstrated that the suspect had willingly waved his fifth amendment right not to incriminate his
self. These Warren court rulings, and Callahan's disobedience to modern law, combine to ensure that
the evidence against Scorpio is inadmissible and consequently he can go free. First, Callahan
illegally searches the football stadium because he didn't have a warrant. Second, he interrogates
Scorpio without reading him his Miranda rights. Lastly, he tortures a confession out of Scorpio.
Thus, the case against Scorpio was invalidated. Scorpio, a criminal, was protected by the very legal
sanctions, which were set up to promote

David Hesmondhalgh
David Hesmondhalgh claims that, "as the media came to dominate symbol–making in the twentieth
century, more and more people have aspired to work in the supposed glamour of the cultural
industries" (2013, 83). While creative work and symbolic creation may be "glamorous" for some,
Hesmondhalgh reminds us that a greater percentage of individuals wanting to work professionally in
the cultural industries have failed in comparison to those who have succeeded (2013, 83). That
being said, prior to embarking on a career in the lucrative cultural industries, it is important to
research the conditions shaping work in the complex professional era. This essay will analyze the
positive and negative aspects of working as a digital journalist to demonstrate how workplace
flexibility, stress, precarious labor, limited creativity autonomy, and future job insecurity are
defining factors of work for journalists. As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of primary importance to me is that a job's outputs are directly involved with influencing social
change. Moreover, as someone who is critical of the meaning and importance of capitalist work, I
believe that for a job to be considered "good", its goal must not be monetary, but rather
philanthropic. Additionally, I require a job where my personality and creativity can flourish. Having
the ability to produce unique work and not be constrained by rigid guidelines is very important to
me. In regards to salary, I value a stable pay and thus an income that is not in flux or contingent on
the work I produce, current economy, or company's success. I also believe that "good work" is
employment with an adequate work–life balance whereby when you leave the office, there is no
pressure to continue working. As such, a philanthropic job that allows for creativity, minimum
stress, and stability are important aspects to me when considering a future career

Liquidated By Karen Ho Summary
In the book Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street, Karen Ho describes the culture of Wall
Street. Karen Ho is an American anthropologist, who earned her undergrad and graduate degrees
from Stanford University and got her Ph.D. in anthropology from Princeton University. In 1997,
during the middle of Ho's Princeton education, she took a leave of absence to work in lower
Manhattan and observe the natural habitat for investment banking. Bankers Trust New York
Corporation (also known as BT) hired Ho to be part of the Management Consulting Group. After six
months, Ho was fired due to downsizing. Based on Ho's stint at BT in 1997, fieldwork from 1998 to
1999 and over 100 interviews with investment bankers, Ho depicts an insider's account of how ...
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Downsizing creates multiple consequences in the workplace such as: job insecurity, less loyal
workers, high levels of unemployment, and high turnover. Outside of the Wall Street market,
downsizing has not shown to increase productivity, and instead it accounts to many employers
quitting often because they can foresee these downsizes (Class Notes, 9/22/14). Yet, in Wall Street,
these downsizes have desensitized the workers to layoffs. In addition, contracts have not become
legally binding and there are now severance packages and outplacement services for these
constantly uprooted workers. Overall, Ho (2009) argues that "it is the cultural understandings and
organizational incentives of investment banks that help contribute to the creation of both unstable,
unsustainable markets and jobs" (p.

Critical Theory: The Frankfurt School
What is critical theory? The critical theory is basically aimed to critiquing and changing the society
and the world that we live in. critical theory is basically aimed to look deep into our society and
daily lives in order to find a full and true understanding of what is going on.
The critical theory came from a study by a group of sociologists at the University of Frankfort in
Germany who were also know as the Frankfurt school. The Frankfurt school is known for its
scholars that are always after developing the critical theory and popularizing the dialectical method
of learning by questioning and interrogating the society's contradictions, and is mostly associated
with the work of max Horkheimer. The school or institute was founded by Marxist scholar carl
Grunberg in 1923, and initially financed by another Marxist scholar, Felix Weil. Critical theory as it
is known today can be traced to Marx's critique of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The politics and economic structures of the time influenced their thought and writing, as they
existed within the rise of national socialism–including the rise of the Nazi regime, state capitalism,
and the rise and spread of mass–produced culture. Max Horkheimer, in the book Traditional and
Critical Theory, said that the critical theory must do two important things: 1– it must account for the
whole of society within historical context. 2– It should seek to offer a robust and holistic critique by
incorporating insights from all social sciences. Furthermore, Horkheimer said a theory can be a true
critical theory only if it can be explained, practical, and normative. Basically, the theory should
explain the social problems that exist, it must offer practical solutions for responding and making
the change, and it must tolerate the criticism established by the

The Media Production Program At Ryerson University
Polaroid photographs can be thought of as tangible moments in time. They give off vibes of
nostalgia and whimsy. These feelings lead me to incorporate Polaroid's in my personal media
artifact. And since I am in the Media Production program at Ryerson University, I found it
appropriate to apply what I learned digitally in Photoshop to represent myself in an assemblage of
hanging Polaroid's.
Corkboards are commonly used for reminders, organizing and possibly posting things we like on
them. These elements often come into play when I try to start a project. I often need to plan in
advance but even when I try to stay organized, I am scattered much like the board. The texts are
what I used to be inspired when I am creating something of my own. And like many aspects in life,
the Polaroid's and board have imperfections, but it is these imperfections build character. When
hung together they form a tapestry that tells a story of my life. I will now explain part of that story
by analyzing three of these texts from my collage by applying key concepts commonly studied in
popular culture.
Habitus, described by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu is the manifestation of culture through developed
habits and predispositions. Habitus can be thought of as the procedural memory one develops when
one improves in a sport by practicing it for many years (as cited in Cultural Capital, 2016). This
metaphor fits perfectly for something I love to watch and play: hockey.
Canada has been the catalyst that

Analysis Of Horkheimer And Adorno 's Dialectic Of...
Published in 1944, Horkheimer and Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment raises certain themes
curated by different institute members of the Frankfurt School. A Psycho–analytical theory is
applied to 'anti–Semitism', authoritarianism and fascism; it initially however, discusses the mass
culture industry, the power of instrumental reason and of course the philosophy of enlightenment.
Adorno argued, in regard to both cultural production and mass culture that Capitalism has: 'hi–
jacked' art and its requirements of the market, this notion can also be applied to the 'relationship'
between media/power and the elite, today. Thus, reliance needs (dependency) are fashioned in the
minds of consumers of said culture by fresh forms of culture curating a set of conditions of
dependency by the powerful. The aim of commercial 'art, it goes on to argue, is to be presented
without any critique, thus making its produce essentially ideological; the extra dominated
interpretations of reality are reproduced, reinforced and strengthened through this.
The authors' state that the Enlightenment and science, developing from the thoughts and concepts of
Francis Bacon, has focused primarily on dominating nature and therefore other humans and thus
formulating a critique of both positivism and the philosophy of history.
The domination of nature is integral to the philosophy of the Enlightenment. However, it could even
be said that a basis that was once linked to liberation has been modified into a

Critical Theories Of Critical Theory
Critical theory emerged from the work of German theorists collectively known as The Frankfurt
School. The origins of Critical Theory are directly centered in the creation of The Institute for Social
Research and the social thinkers who promoted the Idealism of Karl Marx. The first Marxist
oriented research school (Frankfurt school) was in Europe and scholars at school developed a
critical theory of society called `Kritisch Theory` which was designed for a specific approach to
interpreting Marxism. This approach sought to revise Marx's. Criticizing of capitalism and the idea
that revolution was the best way to change the social and political structure since his death. The first
president of the school was Carl Grundberg, who wanted Scientific Marxism. Max Horkheimer, the
second president, wanted a more philosophical and less dogmatic approach, which was open to
diverse intellectual currents. The dilemma that the first generation of Critical Theorists had to
reconcile was Marx's emancipatory dream with the stark reality of modern society as conceptualized
by Max ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first criticism of critical theory is that it reproduces idealist (utopian) positions. The second
criticism is that critical theory shows undue concern about philosophical and theoretical problems
.The third criticism of critical theory is its preoccupation with negativity. The fourth criticism of
critical theory is the claim that it developed from a purely academic setting and thus was isolated
from working–class politics and became increasingly embroiled in abstract issues and "second–
order" discourse. The fifth criticism leveled against critical theory is that it is a historical that the
critical theorists have examined a variety of events without paying much attention to their historical
and comparative contexts. Moreover, according to Agger, Critical theory can either be a museum
piece or a living medium of political self–expression (Ager,

Installing A High Price Tag
It 's said that bathrooms and kitchens are what sell houses. This is in large part because renovations
on these rooms carry a higher price tag. Whether fixing up a kitchen to improve the sale price of a
home or remodeling to meet personal tastes, some smart shopping has the potential to save
thousands while still creating a high–end look. Odd Lots and Closeouts As home décor trends
change, companies who manufacture everything from light fixtures to floor tiles discontinue some
merchandise to make way for newer styles. Shopping for clearance prices on closeout items may
garner savings of 75% or more off of retail prices. Keep in mind that discontinued items are
available in limited quantities. When purchasing items such as wall coverings or floor coverings,
take accurate measurements and be sure to purchase enough to finish the entire job. Also remember
that sales on discontinued items are often final, so avoid purchasing in excess. As with fashion,
home décor lines usually introduce new styles in the spring and fall. These time of year are prime
times for closeout shopping. However, many home improvement stores change their inventory
throughout the year, marking items at clearance prices to clear out shelf space for other products.
Shopping frequently at many different stores will likely turn up a wider array of products at the bet
possible prices. Slightly Irregular Merchandise Companies that sell high–end merchandise put all
products through rigorous quality control

Difference Between Theological Fatalism And Free Will Essay
In this paper, I will argue that it is almost impossible for someone to be free while all of his/her
actions are predicted by a higher being in such a way that he/she does not have the choice of
choosing between various courses of actions. In other words, I don't think that the concept of a fore
knowledgeable god and the concept of free will can be maintained together. First, I will broadly
describe free will. Second, I will explain, through the argument of theological fatalist, why there
might be a possibility, regardless of their opinion, have ever been free. Then, I will explain the
dilemma that there is between theological fatalism and free will. In addition, the Frankfurt solution
will be explained. Finally, critics of the Frankfurt solution will be mentioned and critiqued.
To begin with, free will is broadly defined as being able to choose between different courses of
actions without being restrained by any physical or divine forces ("Free Will", n.d.).
In addition, there is an argument called the theological fatalism argument that states that there is a
perfect supreme being who predicts all human courses of actions ("Fore Knowledge and Free Will",
n.d.). From this argument, we might conclude that none of us have ever been free since all human
acts were predicted in advance by a divine being. Thus, leaving us unfree of choosing between
various possible courses of actions. Here are the basic premises of theological fatalism:
1) Yesterday God infallibly believed that a

Adorno Criticize Pop Music
Moreover, Adorno criticizes pop music because it leads audiences to passive reaction. Adorno
argues that pop music tends to produce passive reactions, referring to an insect who has the jitters,
who is passively by light ("On Popular Music" 45). But, in reality, audiences' reactions to pop songs
are more active than he believes. For instance, Braca reviews the song by criticizing how social
perception about girls is skewed to the one side ("The One Thing"). More specifically, she first
explains how people have a stereotypical image of girls which is someone who manages appearance
in feminine features. For this reason, people generally imagine feminine outfit rather than causal one
when we think of girl image. In this view, one girl is better

The Principle Of Alternate Possibilities
Intuitively, a person is morally responsible for what she has done only if she could have done
otherwise. This is the Principle of Alternate Possibilities (PAP). For any person and any action, that
person is morally responsible for performing or failing to perform that action if and only if she had a
genuine alternate possibility open to her at the time. An alternate possibility is simply another option
that an agent has at the time that he or she acts. This principle may hold in part because of the Ought
Implies Can principle, which states that a subject ought to do something only if she can do that
action.1 So, someone ought to refrain from a morally incorrect action only if she has the option, or
an alternate possibility, to do so.
But, is this really the case? Is it truly the case that you need to be making a choice between two
genuine alternatives in order to be responsible for your actions?
Harry Frankfurt famously argued that alternate possibilities are not necessary for moral
responsibility, and therefore that PAP is false. Consider a case in which one subject, Jones, wishes to
vote Democratic in a forthcoming election. Now suppose that another subject, Black, wants very
badly for Jones to vote Democratic. He is, in fact, prepared to go to considerable lengths to ensure
that Jones votes accordingly. If it becomes clear that Jones is going to refrain from voting
Democratic, Black will intervene to ensure that Jones casts a Democratic vote. Perhaps Black is
even able

Moral Responsibility and Harry Frankfurt
The incompatibilists argue that one is morally responsible for what she has done given that she
could have done otherwise. Further, they think that if determinism is true then one could not have
done otherwise, so if determinism is true, one is not morally responsible for things she has done. In
debates surrounding the issue of free will, philosophers have focused on discussing whether
determinism is true or false. Harry Frankfurt thinks even though the requirement of alternative
possibilities in order to be held morally responsible for our actions seems intuitively plausible, it is a
questionable premise in the argument provided by incompatibilists. Frankfurt calls the premise that
"a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise" the
principle of alternative possibilities or PAP (Frankfurt, 829). He argues that PAP is false and a
person can be held morally responsible even if she could not have done otherwise. Frankfurt
presents counterexamples to PAP to prove its falsity. He tells us to assume that there is a universal
controller that wants to ensure certain outcomes. The controller makes it impossible for an agent to
act otherwise, which causes her to act exactly as the controller wishes. Frankfurt argues that in such
a case it is true that agent is not responsible for her action and that she could not have done
otherwise, but he thinks that the agent's lack of responsibility does not follow from her inability to
do otherwise.

Relationship between Mechanical Reproduction, Art and Culture
Marxist criticism concerns itself with class differences and the modes of production that produce
oppression. Class conflict will be reflected in different forms of art because the marxist school
believes that everything in a society is based on the current modes of production. A change to the
mode of production will bring change to politics, law, philosophy, religion, and art. Max
Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin are three of the most notable critics of
Marxism. They write about the production of cultural subject in capitalist societies, agreeing that
reproduction of art has drastically changed due to mechanization. Horkheimer and Adorno's The
Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception and Benjamin's The Work of ... Show more
Art will be made for the purpose of reproduction to reach the highest audience. The aura of an
object will no longer matter because it will not be part of the class consciousness. As Benjamin
brings up the debate of the cult value versus the exhibition value, the value of art will change so that
it's only function will be based on how many times it can be reproduced. Horkheimer and Adorno
describe the culture industry as, " millions participate in it, certain reproduction processes are
necessary that inevitably require identical needs in innumerable places to be satisfied with identical
goods" (1256). Benjamin argues that as soon as the authenticity is lost, art's function is transformed.
Horkheimer and Adorno describe a new function of art, to produce for mass consumption. Those in
control of the modes of production want to replace the ritual value with a exhibition value to
increase profit. Thus creating a bigger divide between the working class and the upper class. Art is
being given a new value under capitalism. Benjamin suggests that what is being created within the
society is correlated to that value that society puts on art. The quality of art being produced will shift
from the cult value and the exhibition value. As Horkheimer and Adorno describe as art being
created for almost instantaneous disposal, the culture doesn't allow art to be held on to but rather be
discarded for the new. Mechanical

Clockwork Orange And The Age Of Mechanical Reproduction...
Clockwork Orange and the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
For Walter Benjamin, the defining characteristic of modernity was mass assembly and production of
commodities, concomitant with this transformation of production is the destruction of tradition and
the mode of experience which depends upon that tradition. While the destruction of tradition means
the destruction of authenticity, of the originally, in that it also collapses the distance between art and
the masses it makes possible the liberation which capitalism both obscures and opposes. While
commodity fetishism represents the alienation away from use–value and towards exchange–value,
leading to the assembly line construction of the same––as we see ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"The desire of the contemporary masses to bring things 'closer' spatially and humanlyis just as
ardent as their bent toward overcoming the uniqueness of every reality by accepting its
reproduction."
The fact of this desire for the reproduction over and above the original is precisely what Horkheimer
and Adorno believe is destroying culture, for contrary to Benjamin, Horkheimer and Adorno assert
that any emancipatory possibilities are re–absorbed into capitalism, and fascism turns out to be the
midget in the Chess–playing machine of capitalist oriented democracy. They set out, like Poe in his
article "Maelzel's chess player," to show that capitalism has a hidden motor and it is
none other than fascism.
Benjamin's essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" provides us
with an outline of the history of the work of art and the historical changes, which have led to the
transformation of experience from Erfahrung to Erlebnis. It is only in the post–modern or so called
post–industrial age that the concept of autonomy handed down to us from Kant, among others,
begins to reveal it ideological nature. Benjamin's analysis of autonomous art not only destroys our
notions of the wholistic work, but also dispels the illusion of the artist as transcendental creator. Let
us

Kitchen Remodel Or New Kitchen?
Kitchen Remodel or New Kitchen?
You can never plan too much
The reason why you are planning a new kitchen will often dictate some of the choices you make.
Your budget can vary from a few hundred dollars for a fresher look to tens of thousands for a
custom kitchen renovation.
Planning a kitchen remodel in a home where you plan to stay for a long time means you can make
personal choices that might not be right for someone else. You want the kitchen that works for your
family and lifestyle, not some generic kitchen.
If you love blue countertops go for it. If you want to eliminate the breakfast table area and double
the size of the kitchen you don't have to address what someone else would want in the future. But
make sure that these choices will not limit you if you change your mind and want to sell your house
to someone else who might not have your taste. In this case you might want to choose a more
neutral counter and go crazy with blue wall paint which can easily be changed. Explore lots of
kitchen remodeling ideas before you make your decisions.
If you are doing a complete home remodeling then you can make major changes to the kitchen floor
plan. Removing walls, shifting or adding plumbing and electrical to accommodate a kitchen island
all become much easier when while you are undertaking a major home renovation. Take your time
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Buyers will be looking for a kitchen that they can image putting their personal touch on so that
means a very neutral kitchen décor. It might be helpful to have a guide to staging a house for sale.
There is a proven way to remove objections when a potential purchaser views your house. You need
make your home a blank slate so they can see themselves adding their personal touches. This means
removing all of your personal items in preparation for the sale of the house. It helps to mentally
prepare you to move in to your next new

The Effects Of Modern Film On Our Rational And Critical...
In twentieth century Germany, Frankfurt School philosophers fiercely debated the effects of modern
film on our rational and critical thought processes. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno assert
film is an oppressive technology that makes us intellectually docile, while Walter Benjamin contests
their assertion by recognizing film 's liberatory potential. Although Horkheimer and Adorno make
important points about the current relationship between film and the masses, they fail to
acknowledge any possible changes to it. In the context of futurity, Benjamin presents a convincing
argument–the technology of film can create subjectivities that will help the masses assimilate into
modernity. Horkheimer and Adorno 's understanding of film reflects ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Kantian schematism expects us to, "from the first, relate sensuous multiplicity to fundamental
concepts" (Horkheimer 98). Film, however, leaves the consumer "nothing... to classify, since the
classification has already been preempted by the schematism of production" (98). Because modern
film only presents classified information (pre–cut, pre–chewed, and pre–swallowed bits of
information), there is no room for individual interpretation and critique. Horkheimer and Adorno
note how "the spectator must need no thoughts of his own: the product prescribes each reaction, not
through actual coherence... any logical connection presupposing mental capacity is scrupulously
avoided" (109). In prescribing the narratives of each action and reaction, Horkheimer and Adorno
argue film attempts to prevent individuals from utilizing their mental faculties (rational and critical
thought). That is, film forces the masses into a state of mental lethargy solely for commercial pursuit
of capital. Such is achieved by overstimulation; film is a "stimulant concocted by the experts" which
cannot "escape the weary eye" of the viewer (110). Succinctly put, Horkheimer and Adorno detest
modern film because it oppresses human thought by means of sensorial overstimulation. In "The
Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility," Benjamin recognizes the liberatory
function film may have in

Examples Of Ohpa Cleopa Apa Europa
Last semester my documentary production professor told my classmates and I to avoid making films
that were too much like Holocaust or civil rights films. This really struck me as an almost cold
statement, however this semester in both this class and the film and Holocaust class that I took I
began to understand what he meant. After reading most of Aaron Kerner's book I understood it even
more, it wasn't a statement on the subject matter but the filmic techniques that have been overused
in this genre. The most burnt out are the tropes within each film; like the crafty jew trope, the jew as
a victim, or as a hero, and the usage of naziploitation. These are all found in films revolving around
the Holocaust and the film Europa Europa (Agnieszka ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Agnieszka Holland's film Europa Europa (1990) is a Holocaust film through and through. While the
Holocaust itself takes a bit of a backseat to the story of Solomon Perel who lives on the opposite end
of the Holocaust, there is no denying that this film is centered around the Holocaust. The film
utilizes tropes commonly found in this film genre such as the jew as a victim trope, which depicts
solomon as an almost passive presence as the Nazis around him place him where they see fit and set
him down a path that would mentally devastate anyone. And while Solomon was passive in the path
he was led down he did work very hard to maintain that path and in doing so his life, which
demonstrated Holland's use of the crafty jew trope. Holland also made good use of the passive
observer with her use of peephole like shots and placing "Jupp" in a position of someone who wants
to do something but can't if he wishes to preserve his own life. The film also utilizes a bit of
naziploitation during its more sexually charged scenes and it's factoring in of the Lebensborn
program with Leni. The filmic techniques used were very sturdy throughout the film and the use of
close ups and medium shots assisted in conveying the character's emotions and helped to more
visually place them into certain tropes. The longer cuts also helped in allowing the film to build
tension and

Alternate Possibilities And Moral Responsibility By Harry...
Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility talks about the principle of alternate possibilities.
The principle of alternate possibilities states that someone is morally responsible if they could have
chosen to do otherwise. People who believe in free will are very supportive of the principle Free
will is the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at one's own
discretion. The principle of alternate possibilities, moral responsibility, and free will are all involved
in this paper written by Harry Frankfurt. Frankfurt states that "its exact meaning is a subject of
controversy, particularly concerning whether someone who accepts it is thereby committed to
believing that moral responsibility and determinism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarity is that all 3 of them can be coerced into doing something by a threat. There are also
differences between each of these Jones'. Jones 4 had another person in the picture unlike any of the
other Jones' and his name was Black. Black is a "lurker" who watches what Jones 4 does, but Jones
4 is totally unaware that anyone is watching him. If Jones 4 decided to do what he was going to do
then Black will stay away without making any threats, but if Jones 4 decides to not do what he is
going to do then Black will reveal himself to threaten and force Jones 4 into doing what he had
decided not to do. If Jones 4 decided to do what he was going to do without Black having to
intervene in anyway then that makes Jones 4 morally responsible for since he had chosen to do it
himself. If Jones 4 had decided to not do what he was going to do and Black intervened by
threatening and forcing Jones 4 into doing something he initially decided he didn't want to do, that
would make Black morally responsible. In the case of Jones 4, he never really had a choice on
whether or not he could or could not do what he was going to do. Either way he was going to have
to do what he was going to do. Jones 4 situation proves the principle of alternate possibilities wrong
in the fact that Jones 4 never had a choice so someone can be morally responsible even without
having a choice in the matter, which Jones 4 never knew he did not have. Harry Frankfurt then
presents a revision of the principle of alternate possibilities. The new principle says that someone is
morally responsible for their action if they did it only because they could not have done otherwise.
This revision on the principle of alternate possibilities made it work for each of the different Jones'

Krishna Pauroti Essay
For anybody living in Kathmandu in the 50s, Krishna Pauroti was synonymous with "pauroti"
(bread).
Set up in 1949, when the now pervasive white bread was an oddity, the pastry kitchen is an
establishment, with three eras of Rajkarnikars keeping its legacy well and alive, even today.
Established by Krishna Bahadur Rajkarnikar, the pastry kitchen acquainted Nepalis with bread when
there was none, and its story runs parallely with the historical backdrop of majority rules system in
the nation.
The Rajkarnikar family has dependably been included in cooking. Haluwa, jalebi and swari were
their claim to fame; even Janga Bahadur Rana knew this.
Gajraj was the first of the Rajkarnikars who worked for the Ranas amid the one–family run the
show. After his passing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amid the 10 years since its origin, the pastry shop had seen monstrous development with request
regularly exceeding accessibility. In 1951, the entire nation itself saw a monstrous change, and
popular government rolled out this improvement obvious.
Venturesome people like Krishna Bahadur were at more freedom than any other time in recent
memory. The air in the city was diverse with numerous others opening up business to take into
account the rising urban populace of that time.
Krishna Bahadur understood that the time was simply ideal for the development of the business.
Modern scale stove and apparatuses were requested from Britain.
Amid the 10 years since its initiation, the pastry kitchen had seen huge development. In 1951, the
entire nation itself saw an enormous change, and majority rules system rolled out this improvement
unmistakable.
Sadly, before the hardware made it to Kathmandu, Krishna Bahadur Rajkarnikar was met with his
end. His four children assumed control over the business clearing path for a cutting edge bread shop
that we see

World Class Home Improvement Show
Within the average American home, the kitchen is one of the rooms in which the majority of time is
spent. Regardless if you are preparing a meal or cleaning up after words, the kitchen area receives a
lot of attention. If so much of your time is going to be spent in your home's kitchen, shouldn't you at
least create an area where you enjoy the atmosphere? The kitchen is also one of the rooms which
can have the biggest impact on the value of your home if you ever decide it's time to move.
Experiencing a World Class Home Improvement Show
By attending one of the World Class Home Improvement Shows, you will have an opportunity to
see creative and inspiring ideas that will set your mind and imagination in motion. You will have the
chance to see firsthand examples instead of boring magazine photos. You will be able to gather ideas
and see current styles and brands that can be used in order to make your own kitchen part of the
character and identity within your house.
The Main Attraction
New Cabinets
Any time a kitchen remodel is taking place, the style of cabinets is always a great place to start. The
cabinets take up a lot of the room within the kitchen, so it often makes sense to start here and create
a style and theme that will match. You will want to know how much cabinet space you want to have,
how they will configure around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creating storage space within your kitchen is not always as easy to do as you might think. The trick
is to make storage convenient without taking away from the style and flare of your kitchen. A World
Class Home Improvement Show will give you ideas on how to maximize cabinet and counter space.
You will also have a chance to see other ideas put to work such as hanging racks from the ceiling for
pots and pans, adding an island to your kitchen area, and using shelves in order to create an
organized appearance that naturally blends in with the rest of the

What Is An Example Of Consumerism In Fight Club
In Fight Club, there are multitudes of examples of the culture industry and its effects on the masses.
As an audience, it can be seen from two different perspectives; the first is in terms of the Narrator
and the second is through Tyler Durden, a second personality of the narrator who suffers from
mental illness. The narrator lives an empty life and tries to find meaning or purpose through the
IKEA catalogue while decorating his home. In turn, Tyler is the exact opposite he doesn't answer to
anybody, he does what he wants, when he wants and doesn't let anything or anyone stop him.
Evidently this is the version of himself that the narrator wants to be, as he lives vicariously through
Tyler, which he is unaware is his own imagination for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As an audience, throughout the film it is evident that there is a significant contrast between the
narrator and Tyler as they view many things differently. Just like the Fight Club and the IKEA
furniture, the narrator becomes obsessed with Tyler and the life he leads. When Tyler is first
introduced as a passenger on the airplane, the narrator is immediately drawn to him in a way that is
different than any other person he has met. He feels a connection with him that he has not felt
before, which is why he calls him when his apartment burns and he loses all of his important IKEA
furniture. Tyler tells him it's "just stuff" (Fight Club) and "the things you own end up owning you"
(Fight Club), which completely contradicts everything the narrator had previously believed about
his home and the furniture. Through Tyler, the narrator starts to lose his need for material objects
when Tyler tells him "Fuck off with your sofa units and strine green stripe patterns, I say never be
complete, I say stop being perfect, I say let... let's evolve, let the chips fall where they may" (Fight
Club), instead he focuses on the fighting and his friendship with Tyler since he has finally found
something that fills the void in his life and gives it meaning. Though it may seem abstract that Tyler
would fit into this argument, it all comes together at the end of the film when the audience finds

Culture in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer’s Book...
"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max
Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment" it goes onto discus the conflicts presented by the
"culture industry." Adorno states that the culture industry is a main phenomenon of late capitalism,
encompassing all products from Hollywood films, to advertisements, and even extending to musical
compositions. Adorno is very deliberate in noting the term "culture industry" over "mass culture"
this was done to specifically distinguish, that it is not to be understood as something which
spontaneously stems from the masses themselves. Products of the culture economy take on the
appearance of artwork but are in fact dependant on industry and economy, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The author goes on to explain that the public refrains from criticizing the media because they are
dependent upon it. They need the culture industry in order to achieve pleasure and satisfaction and
cannot imaging their lives without it. The industry preserves its power by presenting an ideal of "the
good life" as reality and through false conflicts that trade him for his real ones. The industry spreads
false values and establishes the individual's willingness to be a part of society and to coordinate his
interests with it. Adorno also states that the culture industry takes advantage of the weaker classes
by making its content shallow and widely appealing and thus demoting the value of culture
"Everyone knows that they are helpless within the system, and ideology must take account for this"
The main argument behind the article is that the commodification of culture is the commodification
of human awareness. The culture industry provides easy entertainment which is able to distract the
masses from the wrongs of a capitalist ruling order. It goes onto argue that the culture industry has
over taken reality and the way that it is experienced, where it completely shapes and conditions the
experiences we have creating an alternate reality of consumerism. Popular culture gives the allusion
of a distraction from our everyday lives, but in fact it causes those consuming to further dwell into

Biography Of Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno And Max...
Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer were alltheorists of the Frankfurt School
and they were the first to introduce the idea of the "culture industry, the mass marketing of culture in
the modern era. However, Walter Benjamin gives a different perspective on the role of culture in
modern society, he believed that the possibility of mechanical reproduction (photography) was
demolishing the integrity of art in modern society . He gives the example of the Mona Lisa painting
by leonardo da vinci. The painting has a specific the existence and particular location but with
mechanical reproduction it can be copied multiple different times and occupy more than one place at
a time. The question posed by Benjamin is what are we missing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For Benjamin, the mechanical production of art "democratizes cultural production" Thus It loses its
aura and authority as it becomes available to everyone. We can extend this to an analysis of media
today in which everyone can be an actor and everyone can be a producer; the difference between
high art and the popular culture are blurred. Therefore, from these two Frankfurt theorists we have a
different view of the culture and the culture industry. Benjamin focuses on the "democratization of
culture" that is made available by the production of art while Adorno and Horkheimer argue the
ways in which art become more linked to commercial exploitation. It can be suggested through the
readings of Adorno and Horkheimer 's work that they seem to be eliciting the question of whether
people believe everything that the culture tells them and trying to make sense of the distinct
differences between the messages of the culture industry and the public's realities thus creating an
environment where autonomous independent individuals, who are able to think for themselves, can
form. Both theorists seem to be exploring how cultural meaning is generated and believe that the
structures which promote and deliver these messages of cultural influence is powerful. It is safe to
say that we may be

Research Paper On Kitchen Hutch
Title: Kitchen Hutch– The Ultimate Space Saver for the Dining Room or the Kitchen
Description– The kitchen hutch is one of the best pieces of furniture for people who want to
showcase the expensive dinnerware and kitchen utensils that they possess.
Kitchen entertainment and gatherings have become the latest trend in the use of homes and to do so
a good amount of kitchen space is needed. Nowadays the top priorities for homeowners include
organizational structure, freedom and the convenience of moving about in the kitchen. The present
day society is a streamlining society where people have this desire of creating wonderful dinner
services and enjoying the company of the guests. This is the main reasons why the kitchen designs
of the modern times are found incorporating modern innovations for accommodating the dual
purpose of entertaining and cooking: the need for space and organization. The kitchen hutch is one
of the greatest solutions to the problem of organization and space in the kitchen. ... Show more
This is due to the fact that they are available in a variety of styles and colors along with artistic
designs making them perfect for the kitchens of the modern times. Style coordination is not a big
deal with the modern kitchen hutches available in the market. You can easily get hold of a kitchen
hutch that will serve as a very beautiful addition to the kitchen or the dining room décor. However,
there is only one drawback of using the hutch and that is the fact that the conventional designs of
hutches are no more available. Kitchen hutches not only add practicality to a dining space or a
kitchen but they also add a kind of decorative touch to these spaces. They possess this ability of
catching the eyes of the onlookers because of the fact that they are made of attractive materials
along with decorative accents and appealing

Postmodernism vs. Marxism Essay
Postmodernism vs. Marxism
Postmodernism is perhaps the most difficult thing to define at this point in time. That is in large part
due to the fact that we are currently still in the movement, political view, or economy (to classify
postmodernism as only one of the above is to have already defeated your definition). One of the few
things that have been empirically proven is that it indeed focuses on culture. Jameson once argued
that postmodernism was a more of a cultural dominant than anything else (Storey, p. 184). This
would tend to classify postmodernism as an assimilation of all cultures, with a survival of the fittest
effect. Take for example the effects of one culture, regardless of that culture's size, on mass culture
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Postmodernism succeeded modernism as the dominant form of culturalism. Modernism began
around the turn of the nineteenth century, when science began to rear its ugly side. The renaissance
saw the birth of science; a study that would further mankind's search for truth. The 1900s saw the
first use use of science to eliminate life. This shockwave that hit most Western cultures (including a
few Asian cultures) started a general distrust of science. The French filmmaker Godard was one of
the first filmmakers that was truly a modernist. Godard used many tactics to reproach the science
reliant society that had been growing for the past several centuries. The self–consciousness of
Godard's films forbids the viewer from ever becoming completely sutured into the narrative
(Aumont, p. 220). It is as if Godard is constantly reminding the viewer that film is nothing more
than a construct of mankind, twenty–four frames of static motion per second. Soon after the
modernist movement began cultures around the world started to question why it was that they had
adapted a new form of living; curious if it had been a choice or an imposition. While not all
countries, such as the Philippines, China, Columbia, etc... had experienced an industrial revolution,
most countries of the "First" world had. At the same time that the modernist movement was ceasing
to exist, roughly the mid–twentieth century, the Frankfurt

Frankfurt : The Principle Of Alternative Possibilities (...
Zhiyuan Li Philosophy 3000 Frankfurt Without Counter–Examples: An Alternative Possibility
Harry Frankfurt (1969) argues that the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP): (PAP) a person is
morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (829) is false,
because there are cases where a person is morally responsible for what she has done even if she
could not have done otherwise (835–6). Call such cases Frankfurt–style cases. A lot of literature
thereafter has been targeted on these Frankfurt–style cases, particularly whether it's really possible
to construct them. Among critics of Frankfurt, David Widerker (2003) takes one step further and he
grants, for the sake of his argument, that it is possible to construct Frankfurt–style cases ; however,
he argues that even so, Frankfurt's argument still fails because there are counter–examples to
Frankfurt–style cases, which are in favor of PAP (60–2). This paper is a defense of Frankfurt.
Having said that, however, I think Widerker has developed a very strong criticism of Frankfurt
which in some sense takes away his prima facie intuition. Therefore, it seems to me not enough for
defenders of Frankfurt to respond by just refuting the counter–examples Widerker provides against
Frankfurt–style cases – they must somehow bring their intuition back. This is exactly what I want to
pursue in this paper. I will argue that Frankfurt's argument may be reconstructed in an alternative
way, which does not depend

Modern Film On Our Rational And Critical Thought Processes
Frankfurt School philosophers fiercely debated the effects of modern film on our rational and
critical thought processes. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno assert film is an oppressive
technology that makes us intellectually docile, while Walter Benjamin contests their assertion by
recognizing film 's liberatory potential. Although Horkheimer and Adorno make important points
about the current relationship between film and the masses, they fail to acknowledge any possible
changes to it. In the context of futurity, Benjamin presents a convincing argument–the technology of
film can create subjectivities that will help the masses assimilate into modernity. Horkheimer and
Adorno 's understanding of film reflects our current reality. Although Benjamin acknowledges film
's current state, he envisions a future where film trains us to cope with the pressures of modernity. In
"The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception," Horkheimer and Adorno argue film
oppresses our ability to think critically. They base their argument on how "culture today is infecting
everything with sameness" (Horkheimer 94). That is, the ubiquitous nature of film "infects"
everyone with identically diseased notions. The connotations of "infection" are clear: affliction,
contamination, and disorder. For Horkheimer and Adorno, the "infection" (film created by the
bourgeois cultural elite) forces us into a state of mental lethargy–the masses uniformly accept film
content with "little resistance"

The Graduate Movie Essay
Films communicate cultural messages. The 1960s were a time of social rebellion and dissonance, as
a younger generation coming of age in a time of war and unrest came to call into question the mores
of their parents and authority figures. The Graduate portrays relationships, coming of age,
expectations, moral dilemmas, values, and sexuality and among many other issues that were
relevant in the 1960's.
The main character, Benjamin, is the pride of his wealthy Southern California suburbanite parents
and they expect nothing but the best from their beloved son. They have a whole lot of expectations
for him as he enters the world of adulthood. Ben is confused and frustrated, trying to transition into
this new world. He is struggling to find his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leaves more time spent dealing with isolation, which is how Benjamin exactly feels at the
hands of adult society and it is driving him into moral dilemmas and losing his values.
Nichols utilizes a variety of camera tricks and nuances in order to convey his message. Throughout
most of the film, shots are filmed from certain angles that reduce Benjamin's figure, to show that he
is not in control of his own life (Rob 2004).
For example, before he goes down to his graduation party, he is sitting in his bedroom, the camera
uses a dolly effect and is pulled far back from him. When his father enters he sits very close to the
camera so that the back of his father's head, is captured with an over–the–shoulder shot, almost
completely blocking out Benjamin. The placement of these two in this scene shows how different
they are from one another. They are in the same room but on opposite sides and they could not be
further from each other's own mindset. Nichol's captures this very well with his camera

Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the...
Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities (1)
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses how higher education can help us in accomplishing our
humanization. It looks at the critical educational theory of Herbert Marcuse, and examines his
notion of the dis–alienating power of the aesthetic imagination. In his view, aesthetic education can
become the foundation of a re–humanizing critical theory. I question the epistemological
underpinnings of Marcuse's educational philosophy and suggest an alternative intellectual
framework for interpreting and releasing the emancipatory power of education. "Truth is ugly. We
possess art lest we perish of the truth."
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power #822
What is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper, I want to examine critically some of the problematic implications of Herbert Marcuse's
philosophy in particular for an emancipatory theory of education.
Marcuse's continuing appeal stems especially from his work on the problems of knowledge and the
political implications of education, particularly his critique of the prevailing mode of schooling in
the United States as education to alienationand to single–dimensionality. It also arises from his
emphasis on the emancipatory and dis–alienating potential of artand the humanities. It must be
admitted from the start that Marcuse's analysis is unusually absorbing. Even those who strongly
disagree with certain of his formulations, as I do, will find in him sources of immense insight into
philosophical traditions largely eclipsed in the usual forms of U.S. higher education.
Marcuse philosophizes about education under conditions of oppression and alienation, and this
concern and activity has been central to his entire intellectual effort. His work communicates the
vibrancy of his German intellectual sources and an appreciation for much of the real stress and
tension in our lives, which, as he finds, are continually torn in the conflicts between sensuousness
and reason, longing and gratification. The essential connection of education to the attainment of the
social potential of the human race is an integral part of his general theoretical discourse. Marcuse's
final book, The

Analysis Of Alternate Possibilities And Moral...

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