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Critical Reasoning,[object Object],Put on your,[object Object],Thinking,[object Object],Caps!,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A Reasoning Teaser,[object Object],Socrates arrives at a bridge guarded by a powerful lord, Plato, and begs to be allowed to cross. Plato replies:,[object Object],I swear that if the next utterance you make is true I shall let you cross, but if it is false I shall throw you in the water.,[object Object],Socrates replies:,[object Object],You are going to throw me in the water.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A Reasoning Teaser,[object Object],Socrates arrives at a bridge guarded by a powerful lord, Plato, and begs to be allowed to cross. Plato replies:,[object Object],I swear that if the next utterance you make is true I shall let you cross, but if it is false I shall throw you in the water.,[object Object],Socrates replies:,[object Object],You are going to throw me in the water.,[object Object],What happens next?,[object Object],Is Socrates thrown in the water or not?,[object Object],If Plato does not throw him in the water, Socrates has spoken falsely and should be thrown in; but if he is thrown in, Socrates has spoken truly and should not be thrown in.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A Reasoning Teaser,[object Object],Socrates arrives at a bridge guarded by a powerful lord, Plato, and begs to be allowed to cross. Plato replies:,[object Object],I swear that if the next utterance you make is true I shall let you cross, but if it is false I shall throw you in the water.,[object Object],Socrates replies:,[object Object],You are going to throw me in the water.,[object Object],What happens next?,[object Object],Is Socrates thrown in the water or not?,[object Object],If Plato does not throw him in the water, Socrates has spoken falsely and should be thrown in; but if he is thrown in, Socrates has spoken truly and should not be thrown in.,[object Object],This is what we call a PARADOX.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Key Terms: Revised,[object Object],Premise,[object Object],Each CR argument contains at least one premise.  Premises are pieces of information that provide evidence used to support the conclusion of the argument.  For the purposes of Critical Reasoning arguments, premises are facts not subject to dispute.,[object Object],Conclusion,[object Object],The conclusion is the endpoint of the line of reasoning of an argument.  Think of it as the result of the argument.  The line of reasoning leading to a conclusion is often where errors in logic are made.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Key Terms: Revised,[object Object],Assumption,[object Object],Assumptions are unstated facts and logical connections in an argument. In order for the conclusion of an argument to be true, the assumptions upon which that argument is based must also be true.,[object Object],Argument,[object Object],Central to every CR question is the argument.  An argument is an ordered line of reasoning composed of premises, assumptions, and a conclusion.  Understanding the elements of an argument is essential to performing well in this section.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Deductive Logic vs. Critical Reasoning: A comparative,[object Object],Have a look at the argument below:,[object Object],1. 	Most actors are celebrities.,[object Object],2. 	Aamir is an actor.,[object Object],3. 	Therefore Aamir is a celebrity.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Deductive Logic vs. Critical Reasoning: A comparative,[object Object],Have a look at the argument below:,[object Object],1. 	Most actors are celebrities.,[object Object],2. 	Aamir is an actor.,[object Object],3. 	Therefore Aamir is a celebrity.,[object Object],[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Deductive Logic vs. Critical Reasoning: A comparative,[object Object],Have a look at the argument below:,[object Object],1. 	Most actors are celebrities.,[object Object],2. 	Aamir is an actor.,[object Object],3. 	Therefore Aamir is a celebrity.,[object Object],[object Object]
The argument above is a fairly good Critical Reasoning (CR)argument as the conclusion is more than likely to occur.www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Deductive Logic vs. Critical Reasoning: A comparative,[object Object],Have a look at the argument below:,[object Object],1. 	Most actors are celebrities.,[object Object],2. 	Aamir is an actor.,[object Object],3. 	Therefore Aamir is a celebrity.,[object Object],[object Object]
The argument above is a fairly good Critical Reasoning (CR)argument as the conclusion is more than likely to occur.
Additional premises can strengthen and weaken the original argument, in case of an CR argument.www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Deductive Logic vs. Critical Reasoning: A comparative,[object Object],Have a look at the argument below:,[object Object],1. 	Most actors are celebrities.,[object Object],2. 	Aamir is an actor.,[object Object],3. 	Therefore Aamir is a celebrity.,[object Object],[object Object]
The argument above is a fairly good Critical Reasoning (CR)argument as the conclusion is more than likely to occur.
Additional premises can strengthen and weaken the original argument, in case of an CR argument.
For logicians, the term ‘valid’ is only applicable to Deductive arguments.www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A practical Approach to Critical Reasoning questions,[object Object],Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship. ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A practical Approach to Critical Reasoning questions,[object Object],Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship. ,[object Object],Step 1: Identify the Premise,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A practical Approach to Critical Reasoning questions,[object Object],Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship. ,[object Object],Step 1: Identify the Premise,[object Object],Premise Indicator words:,[object Object],because		since		for			for example,[object Object],In that 		given that	as indicated by		due to	,[object Object],owing to		we know this by	this can be seen from	for the reason that	,[object Object],The premises of the argument are: ‘A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands.’,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A practical Approach to Critical Reasoning questions,[object Object],Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship. ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A practical Approach to Critical Reasoning questions,[object Object],Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship. ,[object Object],Step 2: Identify the Conclusion,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
A practical Approach to Critical Reasoning questions,[object Object],Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship. ,[object Object],Step 2: Identify the Conclusion,[object Object],Conclusion Indicator words:,[object Object],thus		therefore		hence		consequently	as a result,[object Object],so		accordingly	clearly		must be that	,[object Object],shows that 	conclude that	follows that	for this reason ,[object Object],The conclusion of the argument is: ‘They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.’ ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 3: Identify the assumption,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 3: Identify the assumption,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
In other words, the Argument can be analogized to a house; the Premises are like walls, the conclusion is like the roof, and the Assumptions are like the foundation (the hidden part of the structure).Identify the Assumption Answer: ,[object Object],In this case, the girl assumes that anyone who holds hands has to be ,[object Object],a girlfriend-boyfriend (that is in a  relationship). ,[object Object],No that wise an assumption, is it?,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 4: Weaken the argument,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 4: Weaken the argument,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
Following are some examples of words or phrases used to indicate that yourtask is to weaken the argument:,[object Object],Weaken		attack		undermine	refute		counter,[object Object],Challenge	damage		call into question	argue against	cast doubt,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 4: Weaken the argument,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
Following are some examples of words or phrases used to indicate that yourtask is to weaken the argument:,[object Object],Weaken		attack		undermine	refute		counter,[object Object],Challenge	damage		call into question	argue against	cast doubt,[object Object],[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 4: Weaken the argument,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
Following are some examples of words or phrases used to indicate that yourtask is to weaken the argument:,[object Object],Weaken		attack		undermine	refute		counter,[object Object],Challenge	damage		call into question	argue against	cast doubt,[object Object],[object Object],Weaken the argument Answer: ,[object Object],All we need to say is something as simple as this:,[object Object],A cousin was helping another by holding her hand. ,[object Object],(This way they do not have to be in a relationship),[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 5: Strengthen the argument,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 5: Strengthen the argument,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
Following are some examples of words or phrases used to indicate that yourtask is to strengthen the argument:,[object Object],Strenghten		support		helps		most justifies,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 5: Strengthen the argument,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
Following are some examples of words or phrases used to indicate that yourtask is to strengthen the argument:,[object Object],Strenghten		support		helps		most justifies,[object Object],[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Sample Argument:,[object Object],A girl said to her friend: See that boy and girl. They are holding hands in public. They must be committed to each other and must be in a relationship.,[object Object],Step 5: Strengthen the argument,[object Object],Keep in mind:,[object Object],[object Object]
Following are some examples of words or phrases used to indicate that yourtask is to strengthen the argument:,[object Object],Strenghten		support		helps		most justifies,[object Object],[object Object],Strengthen the argument: All we need to say is something as simple as this:,[object Object],In modern times, holding hands in public has become the symbol of  relationships.,[object Object],(This way they do not have to be in a relationship),[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
PRACTICE QUESTIONS,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q1. Bicycles are safer than scooters. 50 percent of scooter accidents result in death, while only 10 percent of bicycle accidents result in death. ,[object Object],Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?,[object Object],Bicycles are inspected more often than scooters. ,[object Object],The number of bicycle accidents is several hundred thousand times higher than 	the number of scooter accidents.,[object Object],Many bicycle owners are known not to stop on traffic lights whereas a most scooter owners follow the regulation.  ,[object Object],Scooter accidents are generally the fault of car owners, who bang into them and 	not those of the ones driving the scooters. ,[object Object],Bicycles do not carry pillions generally but scooters do. ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q1. Bicycles are safer than scooters. 50 percent of scooter accidents result in death, while only 10 percent of bicycle accidents result in death. ,[object Object],Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?,[object Object],Bicycles are inspected more often than scooters. ,[object Object],The number of bicycle accidents is several hundred thousand times higher than 	the number of scooter accidents.,[object Object],Many bicycle owners are known not to stop on traffic lights whereas a most scooter owners follow the regulation.  ,[object Object],Scooter accidents are generally the fault of car owners, who bang into them and 	not those of the ones driving the scooters. ,[object Object],Bicycles do not carry pillions generally but scooters do. ,[object Object],Correct Answer: B ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q2. A world-renowned painter recently won a lawsuit against an ice-cream manufacturer for commiserating another graphic designer to design the ice-cream’s packing in a style similar to the painter.  Because of the judgment of the case, manufacturers will have to stop asking graphic designers now to copy the freely available designs of famous painters. And the end result will an increase in the cost of package design as employing the services of known artists would cost more than those of graphic designer that merely imitate their style. ,[object Object],The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions? ,[object Object],People cannot distinguish between an original work and its imitation.  ,[object Object],Manufacturers will continue to use well-known painting styles in their packaging. ,[object Object],Ice-ream manufacturers around the country are shocked by this judgment.  ,[object Object],Manufacturers will continue to use graphic artists to imitate the artistic style of 	famous painters.,[object Object],The sale of the product depends on its packaging.  ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q2. A world-renowned painter recently won a lawsuit against an ice-cream manufacturer for commiserating another graphic designer to design the ice-cream’s packing in a style similar to the painter.  Because of the judgment of the case, manufacturers will have to stop asking graphic designers now to copy the freely available designs of famous painters. And the end result will an increase in the cost of package design as employing the services of known artists would cost more than those of graphic designer that merely imitate their style. ,[object Object],The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions? ,[object Object],People cannot distinguish between an original work and its imitation.  ,[object Object],Manufacturers will continue to use well-known painting styles in their packaging. ,[object Object],Ice-ream manufacturers around the country are shocked by this judgment.  ,[object Object],Manufacturers will continue to use graphic artists to imitate the artistic style of 	famous painters.,[object Object],The sale of the product depends on its packaging.  ,[object Object],Correct Answer: B ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q3. Navneet Pencils manufactures and sells the same pencils as Camlin does. Employee wages account for forty percent of the cost of manufacturing pencils at both factories. Navneet is seeking a competitive edge over Camlin’s supply. Therefore, to promote this end, Navneet’s should lower employee wages. ,[object Object],Which of the following, if true, seriously weakens the argument above? ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Because they make a small number of specialty artist’s pencils, pencil 	manufacturers cannot receive volume discounts on raw materials. ,[object Object],Lowering wages would reduce the quality of employee work and this reduced 	quality would lead to lowered sales. ,[object Object],Navneet’s Pencils has taken away twenty percent of Camlin’s Supply business 	over the last year. ,[object Object],Camlin’s Supply pays its employees, on average, ten percent more than does 	Navneet’s Pencils. ,[object Object],Many people who work for manufacturing plants live in areas in which the 	manufacturing plant they work for is the only industry. ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q3. Navneet Pencils manufactures and sells the same pencils as Camlin does. Employee wages account for forty percent of the cost of manufacturing pencils at both factories. Navneet is seeking a competitive edge over Camlin’s supply. Therefore, to promote this end, Navneet’s should lower employee wages. ,[object Object],Which of the following, if true, seriously weakens the argument above? ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Because they make a small number of specialty artist’s pencils, pencil 	manufacturers cannot receive volume discounts on raw materials. ,[object Object],Lowering wages would reduce the quality of employee work and this reduced 	quality would lead to lowered sales. ,[object Object],Navneet’s Pencils has taken away twenty percent of Camlin’s Supply business 	over the last year. ,[object Object],Camlin’s Supply pays its employees, on average, ten percent more than does 	Navneet’s Pencils. ,[object Object],Many people who work for manufacturing plants live in areas in which the 	manufacturing plant they work for is the only industry. ,[object Object],Correct Answer: B,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q4. In some cities, many writers have been winning acclaim as artists. But since writing must be useful, writers must exercise their craft with an eye to the practical utility of their product. For this reason, writing is not an art. ,[object Object],Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reason given for that conclusion? ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Some books are written to be placed in research labs where they will not be used 	by anyone. ,[object Object],Some writers are more concerned than others with the practical utility of the 	products they produce. ,[object Object],Writers should be more concerned with the practical utility of their products than 	they currently are. ,[object Object],Artists are not concerned with the monetary value of their products. ,[object Object],An object is not an art object if its maker pays attention to the objects’ practical 	utility. ,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
Q4. In some cities, many writers have been winning acclaim as artists. But since writing must be useful, writers must exercise their craft with an eye to the practical utility of their product. For this reason, writing is not an art. ,[object Object],Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reason given for that conclusion? ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Some books are written to be placed in research labs where they will not be used 	by anyone. ,[object Object],Some writers are more concerned than others with the practical utility of the 	products they produce. ,[object Object],Writers should be more concerned with the practical utility of their products than 	they currently are. ,[object Object],Artists are not concerned with the monetary value of their products. ,[object Object],An object is not an art object if its maker pays attention to the objects’ practical 	utility. ,[object Object],Correct Answer: E,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
5. Unlike the price of gold, the price of silver has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of jewelry made with silver other than gold has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall. ,[object Object], Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in raw-material prices.,[object Object],The price of gold is typically higher than that of the same volume of silver. ,[object Object],The operating costs of the average retail jewelry shop have remained constant 	during the last year. ,[object Object],The cost of mining all expensive metals other than gold has increased in the last 	year. ,[object Object],The cost of processing silver has increased during the last year.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
5. Unlike the price of gold, the price of silver has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of jewelry made with silver other than gold has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall. ,[object Object], Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? ,[object Object], ,[object Object],Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in raw-material prices.,[object Object],The price of gold is typically higher than that of the same volume of silver. ,[object Object],The operating costs of the average retail jewelry shop have remained constant 	during the last year. ,[object Object],The cost of mining all expensive metals other than gold has increased in the last 	year. ,[object Object],The cost of processing silver has increased during the last year.,[object Object],Correct Answer: E,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
6. Physician: In itself, exercise does not cause heart attacks; rather, a sudden increase in an exercise regimen can be a cause. When people of any physical condition suddenly increase their amount of exercise, they also increase their risk of heart attack. As a result, there will be an increased risk of heart attack among employees of this company due to the new health program.,[object Object], ,[object Object],The conclusion drawn by the physician follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?,[object Object],(A) Employees will abruptly increase their amount of exercise as a result of the new health program.,[object Object],(B) The exercised involved in the new health program are more strenuous than those in the previous health program.,[object Object],(C) The new health program will force employees of all levels of health to exercise regularly.,[object Object],(D)The new health program constitutes a sudden change in the company’s policy,[object Object],(E) All employees, no matter what their physical condition, will participate in the new health program.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
6. Physician: In itself, exercise does not cause heart attacks; rather, a sudden increase in an exercise regimen can be a cause. When people of any physical condition suddenly increase their amount of exercise, they also increase their risk of heart attack. As a result, there will be an increased risk of heart attack among employees of this company due to the new health program.,[object Object], ,[object Object],The conclusion drawn by the physician follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?,[object Object],(A) Employees will abruptly increase their amount of exercise as a result of the new health program.,[object Object],(B) The exercised involved in the new health program are more strenuous than those in the previous health program.,[object Object],(C) The new health program will force employees of all levels of health to exercise regularly.,[object Object],(D)The new health program constitutes a sudden change in the company’s policy,[object Object],(E) All employees, no matter what their physical condition, will participate in the new health program.,[object Object],Correct Answer: A,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
7. Economist: Technology now changes so rapidly that workers need periodic retraining. Such retraining can be efficient only if it allows individual companies to meet their own short-term needs. Hence, large governmental job retraining programs are no longer a viable option in the effort to retrain workers efficiently.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Which one of the following is an assumption required by the economist’s argument?,[object Object],(A) Workers did not need to be retrained when the pace of technological change was slower than it is currently.,[object Object],(B) Large job retraining programs will be less efficient than smaller programs if the pace of technological change slows.,[object Object],(C) No single type of retraining program is most efficient at retraining technological workers.,[object Object],(D) Large governmental job retraining programs do not meet the short-term needs of different individual companies.,[object Object],(E) Technological workers are more likely now than in the past to move in order to find work for which they are already trained.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
7. Economist: Technology now changes so rapidly that workers need periodic retraining. Such retraining can be efficient only if it allows individual companies to meet their own short-term needs. Hence, large governmental job retraining programs are no longer a viable option in the effort to retrain workers efficiently.,[object Object], ,[object Object],Which one of the following is an assumption required by the economist’s argument?,[object Object],(A) Workers did not need to be retrained when the pace of technological change was slower than it is currently.,[object Object],(B) Large job retraining programs will be less efficient than smaller programs if the pace of technological change slows.,[object Object],(C) No single type of retraining program is most efficient at retraining technological workers.,[object Object],(D) Large governmental job retraining programs do not meet the short-term needs of different individual companies.,[object Object],(E) Technological workers are more likely now than in the past to move in order to find work for which they are already trained.,[object Object],Correct Answer: D,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
8. Thirty years ago, the percentage of the British people who vacationed in foreign countries was very small compared with the large percentage of the British population who travel abroad for vacations now. Foreign travel is, and always has been, expensive from Britain. Therefore, British people must have, on average, more money to spend on vacations now than they did 30 years ago.,[object Object], ,[object Object],The argument requires assuming which one of the following?,[object Object],(A) If foreign travel had been less expensive 30 years ago, British people would still not have had enough money to take vacation abroad.,[object Object],(B) If travel to Britain were less expensive, more people of other countries would travel to Britain for their vacations.,[object Object],(C) If the percentage of British people vacationing abroad was lower 30 years ago, then the British people of 30 years ago must have spent more money on domestic vacations.,[object Object],(D) If more of the British people 30 years ago had had enough money to vacation abroad, more would have done so.,[object Object],(E) If British people are now wealthier than they were 30 years ago, then they must have more money to spend on vacations now than they did 30 years ago.,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
8. Thirty years ago, the percentage of the British people who vacationed in foreign countries was very small compared with the large percentage of the British population who travel abroad for vacations now. Foreign travel is, and always has been, expensive from Britain. Therefore, British people must have, on average, more money to spend on vacations now than they did 30 years ago.,[object Object], ,[object Object],The argument requires assuming which one of the following?,[object Object],(A) If foreign travel had been less expensive 30 years ago, British people would still not have had enough money to take vacation abroad.,[object Object],(B) If travel to Britain were less expensive, more people of other countries would travel to Britain for their vacations.,[object Object],(C) If the percentage of British people vacationing abroad was lower 30 years ago, then the British people of 30 years ago must have spent more money on domestic vacations.,[object Object],(D) If more of the British people 30 years ago had had enough money to vacation abroad, more would have done so.,[object Object],(E) If British people are now wealthier than they were 30 years ago, then they must have more money to spend on vacations now than they did 30 years ago.,[object Object],Correct Answer: D,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
9. Some teachers claim that students would not learn curricular content without the incentive of grades. But students with intense interest in the material would learn it without this incentive, while the behavior of students lacking all interests in the material is unaffected by such an incentive. The incentive of grades, therefore, serves no essential academic purpose.,[object Object], ,[object Object],The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument,[object Object],(A)  take for granted that the only purpose of school is to convey a fixed body of information to students,[object Object],(B)  takes for granted that students who are indifferent to the grades they receive are genuinely interested in the curricular material,[object Object],(C)  fails to consider that the incentive of grades may serve some useful nonacademic purpose,[object Object],(D)  ignore the possibility that students who lack interest in the curricular material would be quite interested in it if allowed to choose their own curricular material,[object Object],(E)  fails to consider that some students may be neither fascinated by nor completely indifferent to the subject being taught,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]
9. Some teachers claim that students would not learn curricular content without the incentive of grades. But students with intense interest in the material would learn it without this incentive, while the behavior of students lacking all interests in the material is unaffected by such an incentive. The incentive of grades, therefore, serves no essential academic purpose.,[object Object], ,[object Object],The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument,[object Object],(A)  take for granted that the only purpose of school is to convey a fixed body of information to students,[object Object],(B)  takes for granted that students who are indifferent to the grades they receive are genuinely interested in the curricular material,[object Object],(C)  fails to consider that the incentive of grades may serve some useful nonacademic purpose,[object Object],(D)  ignore the possibility that students who lack interest in the curricular material would be quite interested in it if allowed to choose their own curricular material,[object Object],(E)  fails to consider that some students may be neither fascinated by nor completely indifferent to the subject being taught,[object Object],Correct Answer: E,[object Object],www.wordpandit.com,[object Object]

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Critical reasoning

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  • 12. The argument above is a fairly good Critical Reasoning (CR)argument as the conclusion is more than likely to occur.
  • 13.
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  • 15. The argument above is a fairly good Critical Reasoning (CR)argument as the conclusion is more than likely to occur.
  • 16. Additional premises can strengthen and weaken the original argument, in case of an CR argument.
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Editor's Notes

  1. Copicohen page 9 and see also Chapter 9 for further examples
  2. Copicohen page 9 and see also Chapter 9 for further examples
  3. Copicohen page 9 and see also Chapter 9 for further examples
  4. Copicohen page 9 and see also Chapter 9 for further examples
  5. Copicohen page 9 and see also Chapter 9 for further examples
  6. Page 258 CR bible for detailing assumption, for this example go on explaining specific assumptions, and assumptions which are implicit.
  7. Page 258 CR bible for detailing assumption, for this example go on explaining specific assumptions, and assumptions which are implicit.
  8. Page 258 CR bible for detailing assumption, for this example go on explaining specific assumptions, and assumptions which are implicit.
  9. Page 173 CR bible to give examples in FM
  10. Page 173 CR bible to give examples in FM
  11. Page 173 CR bible to give examples in FM
  12. Page 173 CR bible to give examples in FM
  13. Page 173 CR bible to give examples in FM
  14. Page 221 CR bible for gyaan
  15. Page 221 CR bible for gyaan
  16. Page 221 CR bible for gyaan
  17. Page 221 CR bible for gyaan
  18. Page 221 CR bible for gyaan