La Cordoba Case Study

La Cordoba Case Study
As the Sandinistas adjusted to their new position of power, they made decisions that put their own
political agenda ahead of the welfare of Nicaraguan citizens. They controlled everything from menu
prices to water to electricity. Sandinista policies angered the newly instituted Regan administration
in Washington, and they were determined to overthrow them. The counter–revolution offered the
perfect opportunity and the CIA agreed to secretly fund the contras (over $15 million between
1981–1982). Argentina, with its efficient and brutal military regime, was the perfect candidate.
Along with Honduras, who agreed to let the contras build bases on their border and receive supplies
for them, the three countries formed La Tripartita.
However, many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Pastora had often been seen as the the head of the FSLN during the war, he cut his ties
with them in 1981 and that same year declared war against them. In the end, the search for a new
leader came down to Daniel Ortega and Tomas Borge. The two men's characters could not be more
different. Borge was seen as radical, and even though he was not a skilled fighter, he was a great
conspirator and skilled in the black arts. He was also the only one of the Sandinista commandates to
be tortured by Somoza; this inspired his own security system, which centered around El Chipote, the
infamous short–term interrogation center and prison, where many counter–revolutionaries were held
prisoner and questioned. Daniel Ortega, on the other hand, was more moderate with a long history
of defying the Somoza regime, beginning in his teenage years. He was jailed for 7 years for his
revolutionary activities and was one of the political prisoners released after the 1974 Christmas raid.
But the real reason that Ortega ultimately rose to power, becoming the president of Nicaragua in
1985, was because none of the other commandates could ever fully trust Borge and he could never
fully trust
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Iran-Contra Scandal And President Reagan
First, the Lebanese magazine Ash Shiraa reported that the United States had been secretly selling
weapons to Iran in an effort to guarantee the release of seven American hostages. Furthermore, this
illegal sale contradicted President Reagan's vow never to negotiate with terrorists and violated the
U.S. arms embargo against Iran. Additionally, documents were shredded to mask the paper trail in
the White House. Therefore, no connection between the scandal and President Reagan was ever
proven. Whenever Reagan was asked about his knowledge of the Iran–Contra affair, he would
claim, "I don't remember." Regardless, during the Iran–Contra Scandal, only 14 percent of
Americans believed the president when he said he had not traded arms for hostages.

The Iran-Contra Affair
The Iran–Contra Affair The Iran–Contra Affair was an underground operation within the CIA that
was interwoven between two foreign policy issues that were unlikely to connect had the players in
the ordeal not utilized one to benefit the other. In the early 1900's, the United States aimed to protect
its interests in Central America, specifically Nicaragua. The United States sent in troops of Marines
to help maintain order in Nicaragua due to civil unrest over a Presidential dispute. The United States
was willing to send in the troops over a concern about Mexico gaining prestige in Nicaragua by
backing Juan Bautista Sacasa, who was previously overthrown as Nicaragua's President. Sacasa was
trying to regain his status of President, though the United States supported Adolfo Diaz. Sacasa
withdrew from trying to claim the presidency after he made an agreement with the U.S., though in
1932 he did finally become the President of Nicaragua through an election. Anastasio Somoza
Garcia was one of Sacasa's subordinates. He was the head of the Nicaraguan National Guardsmen.
In 1936, with the aid of the United States, the National Guardsmen overthrew Sacasa. The United
States was instrumental in the efforts to overthrow Sacasa through providing food, training, and
uniforms to the National Guardsmen. On January 1, 1937, Anastasio Somoza Garcia assumed the
title of President of Nicaragua. The Somoza family dynasty remained in power for the next 46 years.
A group of rebels called the

Essay about iran contra scandal
Iran–Contra Scandal
The Cold War peaked the interest of the entire globe. Each threat, policy and action that took place
had ramifications far more reaching then ever imaginable. The world sat on edge because it feared
its own destruction, after the introduction of nuclear warfare at the close of World War II, another
World War could result in the Earth's demise. This fear ran through the hearts and minds of citizens
of both the United States and the Soviet Union, but it is the citizens elsewhere that had to pay the
consequences for these fears. The "race" to become the premier superpower of the world between
the U.S. and U.S.S.R. did not always remain as subsided as many like to believe. Many regions of
the world were held accountable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To understand the Iran–contra Affair it is necessary to understand American–Iranian relations
leading up to the scandal. Since the origin of both major powers, Iran had managed to "to maintain
its independence as a nation–state by playing the two superpowers against one another." And it was
when the two rivals came to an understanding that, "Iranian leaders saw their country's
independence and identity in serious jeopardy."[2] The turning point in the relationship between the
Iran and the United States began "after [the United States] part in the overthrow of Muhammad
Musadiq in 1953, the United States found itself the object of growing Iranian criticism."[3]
Moderate, nationalistic opposition forces and radical leftist began to refer to the United States as an
"imperialistic, oppressive external force," all as Shi'i religious leaders begun condemning America
and their policies. "Iranians of all political persuasions increasingly formed a negative image of the
United States."[4] America exposed itself as no longer an external liberating force that was held
responsible for protecting Iran from Great Britain and the Soviet Union, and instead, became the
exploiter.
"Throughout the 1970's the United

I Have Danced Before But Contra Dancing Essay
I have danced before but never contra dancing. I have done two weeks of ballet dancing and also
two weeks of Hip Hop dance. Before this contra dance experience, I was expecting six different
instructors teaching us how to "country" dance. I envisioned us all being each other's dance partners
and dancing in a barn sort of setting. I was incredibly neutral about the complete experience and
didn't genuinely know how to feel. I thought that I would simply go with the flow of how the trip
would go. But as soon as we arrived and I see how many people there was I was extremely nervous.
Nervous about learning so much with several experienced contra dancers. I was incredibly nervous
that one incorrect move could ruin the entire dance. I was also exceptionally excited to be learning
something so new since I hadn't even heard of contra dancing before. I was also dreadfully excited
to get to know so many unique and experienced dancers.
Walking to the building where it was we walked through this playground and the building seemed to
be a little inconspicuous so that reinsured my thought that there wouldn't be many people. There was
also an awfully small parking lot that would fit about seven cars. When I arrived in this space I
realize how enormous it was and questioned myself "Are we really going to need all of this space?"
As people started to arrive I was able to see all the different types of attire that people would wear to
contra dance. I also got to see how many people were

The Iran Contra Affair Case
The Iran Contra Affair
Cpl Justin P. Cameron
Cpl Justin P. Cameron
CI HUMINT Research Paper
The topic which I have been assigned to research for my application to lateral move into the 0211
Counter Intelligence MOS is the Iran Contra Affair. The Iran Contra Affair was essentially labeled
as an, "arms for hostages deal," which was politically charged and lead by different officials in the
United States, including the President at the time, Ronald Reagan. The facts surrounding the entire
incident still remain somewhat unknown and many accused the President of having much more
involvement than he let on. Ultimately Reagan's support from the people rebounded during this era
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So we have a proverbial arm wrestling match between the west and communism. Everything
reaches its tipping point in two unsuspecting places. Fueled by a relentless group of U.S. Officials
and what some have labeled as an "obsessed" Ronald Reagan, the Iran Contra became a pivotal
point in U.S. history and wrote the book on covert foreign policy.
NICARAGUA
The history between the U.S. and Nicaragua has always been aimed at making sure there politically
ideologies remain in line with our own. With the spread of communism, the U.S. had been involved
in Nicaragua since 1912. The U.S. has acted as Big Brother and used military force when pro U.S.
leaders were facing rebellion. Unfortunately in 1936 when the U.S. began training the Nicaraguan
National Guard, there was a forceful takeover by a man named Somoza Garcia. The era of rule
under the leadership and guidance of Garcia lasted for 43 years until a group known as the "FSLN"
which stands for the Sandinista National Liberation Front was created which was essentially anti
Somoza Garcia. The FSLN was a communist group which wanted to make Nicaragua a socialist
state. Ultimately the group took control of the country and committed numerous human rights
violations and also stole foreign aid for themselves. So with this takeover began a very rocky and
difficult relationship with the U.S.

IRAN
Amazingly at one point in time Iran was one of the U.S.'s most important

The Iran Contra Affair Was A Shocking Incident
The Iran–contra affair was a shocking incident nonetheless, two covert operations that took place
under the Ronald Reagan administration. It was a secret operation that involved an agreement to
provide funds or assets to the Nicaraguan contra fighter to aid them to overthrow their Marxist
government. However, it was money gained from Iran weapons deals. The affair took place around
the year 1980s and had two initiatives. First, was the agreement to help Contras that were at war
with the Sandinista Government of Nicaragua. Secondly, was the use of placating moderators within
Iran government to make deals with us to extend the hold of American hostages and influence
foreign policy. This conspiracy would alter the general public ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What they predicted came to live.The united states congress enacted a law named Boland
Amendments. The Boland Amendment was a law that prohibited the C.I.A, Defense Dept., and
other government facilities to aid the Nicaragua war going on. From December 1983 to September
1985. With no funds continue the Reagan administration decided they would keep a hidden profile
from the public, Congress, and the nation. They were able to go around the law by also using the
national security council. The NSC (national security council) directed by John Poindexter and
Robert McFarlane used private funds to help the contras succeed in their plans. Nonetheless, in 1985
while Iran and Iraq were at each other's throats, Iran proposed a request to buy weapons from the
united states. The general Mcfarlane needed confirmation from Ronald, despite the law prohibiting
sales weapons to conflicted nations, such as Iraq and Nicaragua. Mcfarlane believed that
establishing a bond with Iran would not only lead to better relations with the U.S but also a greater
relations with Lebanon, increasing U.S influence. In august 20,1985 around 100 bgm–71 tow
missiles made by the U.S were sent to Iraq as the first arms deal trade. In addition, on September 14,
1985 408 tow missiles were sent to Iraq. These were the first of many arms deals going on behind
the country 's back
Nevertheless, Reagan had another agenda in mind. He felt conflicted and frustrated by his
incompetence of

The Iran Contra Affair The Public
During the Iran–Contra affair the public, as well as congress, were left in the dark about a deal was
made with the enemy country of Iran to sell weapons to them to aid in their war with Iraq. Once sold
the Profit were given to the Contras in Nicaragua. I will be arguing that advertising dollars, using the
military as a source, and flak were used to skew the public's perception of how the affair took place.
When all of this began President Reagan had told Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who also
worked as the head of the National Security Council, that he needed a way to get Iran back on our
side after the fall of their previous leader Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, known as "The Shah".
While The Shah was in power Iran was one of America's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Now North had to find a way to both help the president fulfill his desire of getting Iran back on our
side and helping the Anti–Communist regime down in south America. So North, along with other
government officials, sold the 12.5 million dollars worth of weapons to Iran for 30 million. To avoid
detection the 12.5 million was transferred into an American bank account while the remaining profit
of 17.5 million was transfer to a Swiss bank account. From there the money was wired to the
Contras and used in the war effort. Once this information had started spreading throughout the
American public artist began to make work based on the Conflict as both a way of raising awareness
and to put blame on those who are responsible. When looking at Steve Greenberg's work you see he
is focusing on President Reagan and adding in type that is an American citizen's point of view on
how that affair took place. Each from does not play out second to second but more in one motion
then the next used as a way to show a longer period of time passing. President Reagan was known
for always having jelly beans on his desk so that artist uses that as a way for the viewer to recognize
who it is without writing it somewhere on the page. This was one of multiple pieces of work
Greenburg did as a way of letting the American people know that even though he may not be taking
blame for it, the President knew what was happening. Others

Iran Contra Affair Research Paper
The Iran–Contra Affair The Iran–Contra affair is one of the largest examples of what occurs when
government communication breaks down. Within this communication breakdown, simple
negligence over details or issues can create scandals that otherwise would not happen. This rocked
the nation in the 1980s and is undoubtedly one of the largest scandals in American history. The Iran–
Contra affair consists of two different situations that are linked simply by money. The Contra
portion of the Iran–Contra affair began in Nicaragua where the United States continued to be
involved in the matters of other countries. In 1979 the Sandinista socialist group was able to take
power over the previous dictator Somoza Garcia. With this the US became nervous, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within these hearings, many individuals involved were questioned extensively, in particular, Oliver
North and John Poindexter. Immediately after the Iran–Contra affair was leaked, Oliver North and
his secretary worked to destroy as many documents related to the affair as possible. However, North
missed a key document in which he described his entire plan of using funds from arms sales to Iran
to support the Contras. Also after the leak, North was removed from the National Security Council
and sent back to the marines. At his trial, Oliver North wore his green military uniform with his
medals. Within the trial, North admitted to shredding documents and admitted that he was a central
figure in the operation, but said that he also had asked for approval from higher figures. North was
eventually pardoned by George W. Bush. The other main trial involved John Poindexter, the leader
of the National Security Council who resigned when the story was leaked. In his immunized
testimony, Poindexter took full responsibility for the affair and said that all information had ended at
his line in the chain of command, and that nothing had been said to Reagan. Poindexter also said
that he believed diverting funds was legal as it helped the large political goal of aiding the Contras,
and that President Reagan would have supported the operation had he known about it. This lack of
attention was a major flaw during Reagan's

To What Extent was President Reagan’s Personal Role in the...
A. Plan of Investigation
The investigation assesses the extent of significance of President Reagan's role in the Iran–Contra
affair in the 1980's. Reagan's role will be looked at while aiding the Nicaraguan Contras, releasing
American hostages, both which led to the Iran–Contra affair, and during the cover up, in America
and partly in Iran. An investigation account and American history are mostly used to evaluate
Reagan's role. Two of the sources used in this essay, Firewall: The Iran–Contra conspiracy and
cover–up written by Lawrence E. Walsh and The Age of Reagan by Sean Wilentz will then be
evaluated for their origins, purposes, values, and limitations.
B. Summary of Evidence
Prior to the Iran–Contra affair, Reagan was in the last ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, Oliver North was ordered to teach the Contras military tactics and raised money for them. As
Reagan and his private officials went about on doing this secretly, publicity had a way to find what
was going on. Congress was lied to as a cover up by Reagan so they would not intervene. After his
reelection, Reagan supported another covert program: an attempt to release hostages in Lebanon.
This would soon turn into the Iran–Contra Affair. In 1984 a Shiite Islamic group that was loyal to
Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini had captured and held seven Americans hostage in Lebanon. The
President was very much concerned for the Americans' well being. An Israeli foreign minister,
David Kimche, insisted that since Iran and Iraq were at war with each other, Iran would need more
weapons, and because Israel would also gain monetary benefits, they could help with persuasion to
release the officials. All the U.S. needed to do was to approve a small shipment of armaments to
Iran. Reagan then agreed to this deal, to sell arms to Iran through Israel, which would induce the
kidnappers in releasing the hostages. Even though Reagan stated before that "America will never
make concessions to terrorists," the transferring of arms violated that statement and the Arms Export
Control Act since congress was not informed and didn't give consent. The secret request, hidden
from congress would not only help free the hostages, but also

The Rainbow Community Center Of Contra Costa County
Rainbow Community Center (RCC) The purpose of this paper is to examine the current programing
at The Rainbow Community Center of Contra Costa County (RCC), as well as the current measures
it uses for evaluating the services they provide. The program will be described with an emphasis on
the counseling and case management programs, which currently do not have a method of gaining the
clients' perspective of how well a counseling or case management session went. A needs assessment
for the Counseling and Case Management Programs will be provided along with suggested
improvements and an improved evaluation tool suggestion.
Description of the Agency
History & Community Setting In 1992, there were no agencies, in Contra Costa County, that ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other 20 percent comes from grants from the cities of Concord and Walnut Creek, the Contra
Costa Public Health – HIV Program, foundations, fundraisers, and fees for service (B. Schlichtig,
personal communication, January 24, 2017).
Staffing
The staff at RCC is fluid, ranging from 8 to 10 full time and 10 to 13 part–time paid employees.
Many of the paid staff are responsible for more than one job. The intern programs also vary; the
Mental Health program varies from 3 to 8, MFTi and ACSW interns, the Case Management program
varies from 6 to 8 MSW interns. The diversity of the paid staff is narrow with much of staff are
Caucasian, while only 6 staff members are People of Color. (B. Schlichtig, personal communication,
January 24, 2017)
Services
The RCC offers services to LGBTQ youth, through Operation Q, which includes social activities,
advocacy/support in the schools and outside community, one–on–one counseling/case management,
and family support. Operation Q is split into two age groups, Skittles ages 10 to 13 and a group for
14 to 20–olds. Another program that the RCC offers is the Kind Hearts Food Pantry which serves
the seniors in the community and those with HIV/Aids. RCC has a program directed at the LGBTQ
senior community that offers twice monthly lunches and other socialization opportunities. In support
of the community members with HIV/AID the RCC offers support groups and counseling. Then
there is the Behavioral Health

Reagan 's Scandal Of The Iran Contra Scandal
Vanessa Acheampong–Tieku
US History B Band
Due: Tuesday May 31, 2016
11th grade History PBA
Reagan's Scandal of the Iran Contra Scandal: Detecting Brave Politics and testing boundaries
Question: Did President Ronald Reagan know about the decision by White House aide Oliver North
and National Security Advisor John Poindexter to divert profits from sales to Iran to buy weapons
for rebels? Why did President Ronald Reagan change his opinions about his knowledge of his role
in the Iran Contra Scandal?
Almost twenty years after the notorious Watergate scandal, the Iran Contra Affair took the nation by
storm in the 1980s. It was a grand plan that violated American law and policy altogether as it
undermined the public trust in government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From 1936 until 1979, Nicaragua was ruled by two dictators, Somoza Garcia and his son Anastasio
Somoza Debayle until the Sandinista rebels seized power in 1979. The new regime sparked
unpopular remarks among the Nicaraguans, giving rise to a counter–revolution, who later became
known as the Contras. Because of the new regime's support towards the Soviet stance, the Reagan
administration decided to support the Contras and provide them with financial and material support.
The year 1979 also witnessed the overthrow of Iran's authoritarian ruler, Mohammad Raza Shah
Pehlavi, commonly known as Shah. Shah's relationship with the U.S. flourished over time as his
government grew increasingly pro–Western as it sought to modernize the country and burnish its
international image. However, as Shah's relationship with the U.S. strengthened and his international
profile grew, many of his own people grew dissatisfied with his leadership. In 1978, riots and
demonstrations broke out across the country, and by 1979 these protests increased in frequency,
power, and violence. Mohammad Raza Shah Pehlavi secular and U.S friendly government was
replaced by fundamentalist radical, Ayatollah Khomeini. While Khomeini tried to break all ties with
the U.S, the U.S. quickly tried to improve their relations with the new government. Iran was a key
ally needed in the Middle East as it played a

Exclusive Clause And Contra Preferentem
B. EXCLUSIVE CLAUSE AND CONTRA PREFERENTEM ISSUE: The Issue is whether Mr Paul
is successful in bringing legal proceedings against the golf club? Does Golf club has responsibility
for providing safety instructions to the players? RELEVANT CASES: According to the case Bolton
v Stone [1951] AC 850, House of Lords decision is that the defendant is not liable if the unexpected
happens after taking the safety and precautions to reduce the harm or damage of the customers. The
Exclusive clauses are valid when the parties are in the contract and the seeking the limitation and
excluding the liabilities to reduce damage for contractual breaches or negligence's on their part.
These clauses are lawful if they met the principle of freedom of contract. These clauses are properly
incorporated into the contract and they must be sufficiently cover the liability in the question. In
Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Aust. Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 500 the high court has implemented
that exclusive clauses are valid if they met with the clear constructive meaning. If the clauses have
more than one meaning and nature which make it as void and not valid. It has been considered in
determined for the cases of Sydney city council v West (1965) 114 CLR 481; Thomas National
Transport (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v May & Baker (Australia) Pty Ltd (1966) 115 CLR 353 that it
should clearly establish the interpretation of an exclusive clauses that to be accord by constructing
the clauses according to the relevant

The Sandinista Revolution
Plan of Investigation
The following research will discuss how the Nicaraguan Economy was affected by the revolution
between 1976–1979. The funding of the United States was giving to Nicaragua and it not going to
the proper places. This eventually affected the countries; United States and Nicaragua. This research
will be concentrate upon 1976–1979. Some topics that will be talked about will be what was the
actual Sandinista Revolution, what the economy was before the revolution and how it was affected
after. Some of the sources I will use would be, "The Aftermath of the Sandinista Revolution", by
Stuart A. Kallen. This is valuable source because it explains who were the Sandinistas and how they
came to be and what exactly happened after the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1967, a man known as Anastasio Somoza, was announced as president. Since his father, Somoza
Garcia, was already disliked it did not help him at all when he was announced president. Anastasio
let the power of being president get over his head and eventually enriched himself. In civilians eyes
he was corrupt and he proved that when an earthquake hit Nicaragua. He had declared to use the
"emergency powers" and while that took place he headed a different direction. He decided to steal
the aid coming in for Nicaragua for himself. This was one of the main reasons why the Sandinista
Revolution came to be, known as the Sandinista National Liberation Front. The Sandinistas did not
believe that the message they were trying to get towards the Nicaraguan business negotiators so they
decided to take things into their own hands and measures. This lead to the kidnapping of certain
powerful people in politics to make a statement towards them. the Sandinistas continued to revolt
towards the regime and started to gain support of Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and Cuba. This
continuation of fighting the regime went on until the middle of 1979, when the Somoza Rule had
lost power of Nicaragua. The Sandinistas gained control of the new government of Nicaragua. Once
the Sandinistas gained control of Nicaragua, drastic changes took place. Somoza had decided to run
for president even though it was unconstitutional. The Constitution states that the terms of
presidency is only 2 terms as is in the United States, but Somoza did not care and ran presidency
again as a third term. The economy went down after that as well. The Sandinistas had at first
thought of helping the people but power made them see and showed them how to use it in a different

President Reagan's Iran-Contra Affair
The Iran–Contra affair can be described as the type of event expected to give rise to a demonstration
of public support for the president. However, this incident had the opposite effect. The public's
response to the Iran–Contra affair led to a sharp decrease in the support of President Reagan. Due to
President Reagan's role in the political scandal of aiding armed conflict in Nicaragua, the United
States Congress used its constitutional power to investigate and check the role of the executive
branch. The impact of this congressional oversight highlights the checks and balances the Founder's
instilled in our political government during our nation's conception. Beginning on May 5th, 1987,
most of America turned in to national television to watch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Oliver North became an American obsession even though he was convicted of charges related to the
affair, with the public making dolls, shirts, and even sandwiches as a tribute to him. It seemed as if
the Iran–Contra hearings were more of a last hurrah of the numerous Congressional hearings being
held in Congress rather than evidence of the hearings' efficacy. Compared to other hearings, the
Iran–Contra affair involved deeper partisan divides (Brown University). Party divides created
conflict through the congressional hearings, with Republicans defending and supporting the
administration and Democrats united in an attack against the administration. One of the minority
members of the House Select Committee charged with investigating the Iran–Contra affair, Bill
McCollum, made this statement, "Partisan bickering was the most distressing thing about the
hearings. It got in the way of our purpose, which was to bring out the facts, to determine the
President's credibility, and, finally, to recommend law and policy changes that reach far beyond
these hearings" (Brown University) Consequently, some blame can be placed on party divide as to
why the public and government officials felt very little had been done to address the secrecy and
blatant incompliance of law at a federal

Contra In Iran
5. How did Gary Webb get the initial tip about what was going on with the CIA and the Contras?
Gary Webb got an initial tip about what was going on with the CIA and the Contras is because he
was a journalist that was considering links between Nicaragua's drug–running Contra rebels as well
as the CIA. According to Alex Hannaford (2015), "Gary Webb had written suggestions that the
United States backed the Latin American rebel arm, which supplied the drugs that were responsible
for damaging some of Los Angele's poorest neighborhood and the CIA were aware." In addition,
later Gray wrote a series called Dark Alliance and it was published in San Jose Mercury in the year
1996. In this series, he made accusations that the Contra rebels in Nicaragua ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Blandon was the son of wealthy landowners and friend of the ruling Somoza family in Nicaragua.
He was highly educated with a Master's Degree in Marketing and enjoyed a fairly privileged life
also dealing in cocaine. Once the Sandinistas rebelled and gained control of Nicaragua, Somoza and
his allies fled the country to the United States seeking refuge and asylum in 1979. Once in America
these allies to the Somoza family began to plan on a way to return themselves to a position of
prominence and power in Nicaragua by getting rid of the Sandinistas. Although the Carter
Administration had no interest in becoming involved in this conflict, the CIA at the time did. Once
Reagan became president in 1980 Mr. Blandon and his associates were tasked by the CIA to raise
the money needed to fund the Contra counter–revolution during a secret meeting in Honduras with
Nicaraguan gangster Norwin Meneses and fellow Contra leader and Somoza sympathizer Colonel
Enrique Bermudez. Mr. Blandon then proceeded to initiate cocaine supply from Colombia through
Nicaragua to be sold in America. He owned rental car businesses, and import/export business that
could facilitate the laundering of money and shipping of cocaine between the USA and Central
America. Southern California was the area Mr. Blandon was tasked with promoting cocaine sales by
his supplier Norwin Meneses with direct links to the

Doctrine of Foreign Policy Constructed by U.S. Presidents
There were many presidents of the United States that were able to construct doctrines during their
presidency terms in office that defined their individual foreign policy goals and/or aims. Just to
name a few there was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, Truman Doctrine 1947 and the Reagan
Doctrine of 1984. For example, the Monroe Doctrine was constructed for two main reasons: 1) John
Adams, Secretary of State, suggested the principle that the Western hemisphere was not an option
for any further colonization by the European powers and 2) the U.S. would defend the freedom of
other nations. The Monroe Doctrine proved its power in the 1900's when President Roosevelt
enforced the doctrine during the Venezuela Border Dispute as well as securing the independence of
Cuba from the abusive Spanish rule.
During his Presidency, The Ronald Reagan Doctrine was a foreign policy in the United States from
1980 to 1991. The doctrine was to help eliminate communist governments such as Latin America,
Africa and Asia which were supported by the Soviet Union (Lagon, 1994). The plan was to
implement support to private and open guerilla and resistance movements that were supported by
the Soviet in communist countries. Containment was the official policy towards communism and in
creating the Reagan Doctrine, the focus started from keeping communism from spreading then it
shifted to eliminating existing communist governments. In addition to the eliminations of the
communist governments, the United

Iran Contra Affair Case Study
I. Foreign Policy Puzzle
The Iran–Contra Affair in the 1980's not only caused a disruption in our nation, but also tarnished
the name of President Ronald Reagan. The Iran–Contra Affair involved two parties, the Contras, a
rebel group in Nicaragua fighting against their communist government, and Iran. The deal in Iran
was a trade to help negotiate the retrieval of American hostages located in Lebanon. During this
period of time, President Reagan approved the operation that involved the selling of missiles to Iran
during an arms embargo (Hunter, 2012). It was also said by President Reagan that as a country we
would not be rewarding terrorists by any means. One of the bigger issues regarding the money going
to the Contras was the fact that there was no congressional approval (Hurwitz et al., 1989). After the
Iran–Contra affair came into the light, President Reagan denied that he knew about the selling of the
arms and then money from the deal, going to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Psychology
Often, people may look at a scenario and not really define what psychological factors that may have
been the root of why decisions have been made. There are quite a few aspects of psychology Reagan
possessed and could have contributed to his thought process when making foreign policy decisions,
in this case, the Iran–Contra affair. The main areas of President Reagan's psychology that will be
highlighted are the Big Five personality traits, specifically extraversion, emotional stability,
conscientiousness, and his need for power.
One of the first areas of Reagan's psychology that plays an important role in Ronald Reagan's
psychology are the Big Five personality traits. The Big Five personality traits consist of:
extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism, also
understood as emotional stability (Taber et al., 2013). The main areas of the Big Five personality
traits that will be analyzed will be extraversion, emotional stability and

Ronald Reagan's Iran Contra Scandal
The Iran Contra Scandal, an undisclosed arrangement of illegal trading, that took place during the
1980's , during Ronald Reagan's presidency, involving people from the United States government,
Ronald Reagan's administration , and the United States military. The scandal was a covert action
never authorized by the United States Congress.
There were two countries involved with the United States in the scandal, Iran in the Middle East and
Nicaragua in Central America. Nicaragua is the sight of the Contras, a group that was against the
Nicaraguan government in the 80's, and were often looked at as human rights abusers. The
Nicaraguan government was seen by Americans as communists so in Regan's eyes the anti
government Contras were anti communists, and Reagan wanted to support them, and fund ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The biggest player was the President, the scandal exposed the abusiveness to his power in office,
and eventually hit the media exposing the President and his counterparts involved. "President
Reagan said today that he had not been in full control of his Administration's Iran policy, and the
White House said that as a consequence up to $30 million intended to pay for American arms had
been secretly diverted to rebel forces in Nicaragua" (Weinraub 1). The actions that had taken place
in the scandal and trades went completely behind congress and much of the United States
government. Although the President may deny any involvement in the arms deal and money trades,
he was in on all of it. "With the Administration already in turmoil over the earlier disclosure of
clandestine arms shipments to Iran, and with speculation rampant about a major overhaul of the
White House staff, the President's statement seemed to deepen a sense of disarray. By all accounts,
Mr. Reagan now faces the most serious crisis in his six–year Presidency" (Weinraub

Ronald Reagan's Domestic and Foreign Affairs Essay
I have decided to write my research paper on the topic of Ronald Reagan's Domestic and Foreign
Affairs. The reason that I choose this topic was because I have always been personally interested in
Ronald Reagan's time in office and the national crisis he had to deal with. Reagan was awesome
when it came to foreign policy because he knew how to negotiate with foreign leaders and their
countries to get what he wanted. There were several instances during his time in office that he had
the chance to use his ability to get the country out of danger. Domestic Affairs is another part of
Reagan's presidency that was very important. He was able to take the country, which seemed to be
in an economic slump and turn their economic status around. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This economic expansion and boost would occur through citizens who would spend the extra tax
money on products and services in their geographical region or who would invest money into
businesses in their area. The only problem for the government using this theory would be the initial
revenues that the government would lose from the tax cuts. In theory the economic growth would
eventually increase taxable incomes, this increase in taxable incomes should cause the governmental
revenues to grow in the long run. With the idea of Reaganomics in mind President Reagan
persuaded Congress to pass the Economic Recovery Tax Act, which is the first major step in his
plan. This Tax Act called for a 25 percent tax cut that was implemented over a three–year period
(David Mervin, 1990, 133–7). The only problem with this tax cut is the fact that it mainly benefited
the upper – income taxpayers and large corporations. The reason that these groups were targeted is
because there is more of a chance that they will invest their money in business programs that will
promote economic growth. After this tax cut took effect the American people in the lower – income
tax brackets were not pleased with the results. They seemed to be faced with an increase in their tax
rates even though most of them were in the income categories below the national average. On the
other end of the spectrum the people that were in the upper tax brackets were experiencing
significant tax cuts. The

The Iran-Contra Scandal
Introduction
The Iran–Contra Scandal occurred on the (insert specific dates) in the midst of the cold war. Oliver
North, a member of the National Security Council of the United States, was accused of diverting
money from weapon sales in Iran to support the Contras in Central America. Provide context of
central America, how this was exposed, what happened to north, specific trial stuff, talk about the
cold war/tensions... state thesis at end of sentence, state arguments, conclude.
Main Argument 1
The intent of the Boland Amendment was to prohibit the use of United States funds to support the
Contra–revolutionaries in Nicaragua. The precise wording of the Boland Amendment is:
During the fiscal year 1985, no funds available to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No one can say that North is unpatriotic. Even Representative Lee Hamilton, the opposition for his
trial, said "I do not have any doubts at all, Colonel North, that you are a patriot. There are many
patriots in the country and many forms of patriotism. For you, patriotism rests in the conduct of
deeds, some requiring great personal courage, to free hostages and to fight communism." Even
President Reagan himself stated that "[Oliver North] has proven to be an outstanding American
patriot" in a 1985 letter. North will do anything to protect his country, his beloved America. He even
carried suicide pills on a mission to Tehran in case he was captured; he announced his willingness to
die for his country. All actions taken by North during the Iran Contra Affair was undertaken to
defend the United States.
Furthermore, Oliver North was legally fulfilling his ambition of protection because he was only
following instructions handed down by his superiors. There is no criminal intent in his actions, only
a need to defend his country. President Ronald Reagan stated that he wanted to keep the contras
going "body and soul". He wanted to keep the Contras together as a fighting force in the field until
Congress resumed funding and to keep them together as a viable political opposition.
Additionally, North was only following the chain of command. Orders originated from the

Argumentative Essay On The Iran Contra Scandal
I think the arms for hostage ordeal in Iran should have led to a further investigation of the truth for
the American people. It is unfortunate that it led to many people being fired in Washington, a typical
response from our government today. I do not believe that Reagan should not have been impeached
but should have been more transparent on the Iran Contra Scandal. This ordeal led to further distrust
in our government and made people question Reagan's authenticity about keeping America safe. The
sex scandal involving president Clinton showed that a president would go to great lengths to cover
up a scandal, even if it meant lying under oath. For a short time period the office of the presidency
became a joke among many Americans, this event

The Iran Contra Affair Involving Ronald Reagan
In class, we discussed the Iran–Contra Affair involving Ronald Reagan. However, we did not go in
depth about public opinion, George H.W. Bush's involvement, or how people feel about it today.
This paper will seek to continue this topic. For example, the Iran–Contra polls showed that most
Americans did not believe Regan's cover stories, yet there was never a push for him to pay the
political price, which would ultimately have been impeachment. Thus this paper will further attempt
to understand the mindset of people that allowed these events to occur with little penalty.
The Public Opinion
To begin, Congress, by fair vote, decided in the 1980s that the United States should not assist the
contras fighting the socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua (Corn 2006). Yet, the Reagan
White House concocted several imaginative ways to pull an end–run around democracy (Corn
2006). Reagan's decisions such as selling weapons to Iran were made with the knowledge that he
would not suffer a decline in presidential approval. Thus, Reagan took various steps that were
violations of law that not only involved himself, but members of the CIA. By 1986, two big
revelations happened that caused this scandal to abrupt publically. The first was the shoot–down of a
cargo plane over Nicaragua and the admission by the sole survivor that the plane had been
delivering arms to the Contras against congressional restrictions (Kornbluh 2011). The second,
revelation was the news story of Lebanon that stated

Contra Revolucionarios: An Analysis
American aid to Nicaraguan rebels, the"Contra Revolucionarios", was an example of a relatively
new phenomenon in intelligence operations, the "overt–covert" option (Tower Commission n.d.).
While the fact that the US was supporting the Contras was general public knowledge and was
debated on the floor of Congress, the specifics of such aid were secret. After Congressional
restrictions banned the central Intelligence Agency and others involved in intelligence activities
from giving aid to Contra military operations, aid continued (Walsh 1993). However, it was then
considered covert to deceive both foreign and the American Congress. The goal of the covert
support was simple: to de–stabilize and ultimately overthrow the communist–dominated Sandinista
government of Nicaragua. Secondary goals included ending Nicaraguan aid to El Salvadorian rebels
and countering the Cuban influence in Central America (Walsh 1993).
Further, on 14 November 1979, days after the Iranian seizure of the American embassy, the US
placed an arms restriction against Iran. The Reagan Administration began reconsidering its policy
toward Iran, due to possible Soviet influence in the region (Walsh 1993). However, by 1983, Iran
was recovering in its war with Iraq, and the US began Operation STAUNCH, seeking stronger ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Iran–Contra affair will serve as a critical case to illuminate the elements of successful covert
action. However, the lack of coordination between American covert and overt policies toward Iran
placed United States Army policies in a susceptible position (Brody 1989, 360). The US sales of
arms, provided Iranians an advantage. The sales of weapons to Iran created an enticements for the
Iranians to continue taking American hostages to continue further arms supplies (Walsh

Iran-Contra Scandal Essay
The Iran–contra scandal of the 1980's, first brought to light in November 1986, is a complicated
mess of scandal, arms dealings, hostage deals, and illegal acts ("Iran–Contra Affair"
Infoplease.com). The original purpose of the arms sales was to improve United States–Iran relations
(Sanders SNU.edu). However, when American hostages were taken throughout the 1980's, members
of President Reagan's staff negotiated implicit deals with Iranian groups, which resulted in the U.S.
selling arms in return for the release of hostages (Wolf PBS.org). Later, the deal was modified so
that the U.S. sold arms directly to Iran at a high markup, with no guarantee of hostages being
released, and the markup funding the contras in Nicaragua ("The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
in 1985 that the U.S. might sell arms to Iran through Israel with the goal of releasing American
hostages held in Lebanon by Iranian groups ("The Iran–Contra Report" Presidency.UCSB.edu). The
arms would be used to aid Iran in their ongoing war against Iraq ("The Iran–Contra Report"
Presidency.UCSB.edu). Robert McFarlane, a national security advisor who brought the suggestion
to President Reagan, believed that the deal would improve U.S.–Iran relations, in addition to
Lebanese relations, thus giving the U.S. needed influence in the Middle East (Wolf PBS.org).
However, several advisors to Reagan questioned the legality of such an act, as both U.S. policy,
prohibiting straight arms–for–hostage swaps, and the embargo on arms to Iran, the Arms Export
Control Act, condemned that course of action. ("The Iran–Contra Report" Presidency.UCSB.edu).
Though his advisors Caspar Weinberger (Secretary of Defense) and George Shultz (Secretary of
State) opposed the sales, President Reagan listened to McFarlane (National Security Advisor) and
William Casey (CIA director) and went through with the plan, but Reagan never actually signed the
plan or reported it to Congress, as required by law ("The Iran–Contra Report"
Presidency.UCSB.edu). Thus, Reagan could later claim that he had no knowledge of the arms sales,
as it was never formalized. Control of this operation was given to the National Security Council,
which was also conducting aid operations to the contras ("The Iran–Contra

Iran-Contra Scandal
"So I guess in a way they are counter revolutionary, and God bless them for being that way and I
guess that makes them contras, and so it makes me a contra too." In 1979, a bitter war broke out in
Nicaragua between the Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction, the Nicaraguan government,
and the Contras, a vicious rebel group. The goal of this war was simple, overthrow the Nicaraguan
government and restore freedom for all Nicaraguan citizens. It was this that caught the eye of the
American government and it was not too long before the U.S began to fund the Contras. Although
the United States government funded the contras, they viewed them with skepticism being that they
were extremely controversial.
The U.S president during this time, Ronald Reagan, fell in love with the contras belief system and
fought to keep them funded. Later on the United States support became limited, which left the
president in search of a new way to keep the Contras money flow regular. Soon after, former
president Ronald Reagan and his administrators contrived a way to continue to fund the contras
without the Congress approval. They concluded that selling arms and weapons to a harmless ally
named Iran was the only way to go. They would sell the weapons to Iran in exchange for money,
which would then be put into a secret bank account and sent to the Nicaraguan Contras. This idea
was brilliant but illegal as well, it was high treason. These series of events will forever be known as
the

Norwin Meneses Role In The Iran-Contra Scandal
8. Who was Norwin Meneses? What was his role in the Iran–Contra Scandal? (Be Specific)
Norwin Meneses was the primary connection to Colombian cocaine in Nicaragua prior to the 1979
Sandinista takeover. He fled with Blandon and other Somoza sympathizers and became instrumental
in the funding of the Contras through CIA sanctioned cocaine sales in America (OIG, 2016). As the
Contra counter revolution began to form, he became the adviser to the military commander of the
Contra forces. He was known drug kingpin of Nicaragua due to his close ties to Colombian drug
cartels and those same connections gave him the access to the quantities of cocaine that would sold
in the United States to fund the Contra's CIA sponsored proxy war to overthrow the Sandinistas.
9. Was it ever substantiated that Danilo Blandon worked for the CIA?
According to the CIA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CIA states on their website "There has never been any CIA relationship with Danilo Blandon,
and CIA was unaware of Blandon until 1986 when he was arrested and reportedly claimed a CIA
connection. At the request of the FBI, CIA checked its records at that time and found no information
in its possession regarding Blandon."
10. Why was control over the Panama Canal significant to President Ronald Reagan? Why didn't
Congress want to financially support the Contras?
According to Helen Thomas, Ronald Reagan gave several reasons as to why he was opposed to the
treaty that would grant control of the Panama Canal to Panama. While the treaty was still being
prepared in 1976, he gave a very basic opposition stating, "that the United States had built, bought
and paid for the

Iran Contra Affair Violations
Policy violations, propriety, and violations of the law...While President Reagan and his
administration may have had good intentions, the actions undertaken by certain individuals while
carrying out the operations mentioned above, did in fact, violate laws and executive orders, and as a
result, put the offenders in direct conflict with the rule of law. The secret arms sales to Iran violated
not only the longstanding expressed United States policy prohibiting negotiations for the release of
hostages but also the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, which prohibits the transfer of arms to
nations that support international terrorism (The New York Times on the Web, 1994). In addition, by
failing to report the Iranian arms sales to Congress, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One issue at hand, was the question of whether or not the existing arms embargo would push Iran to
turn to the Soviets for weapons and therefore, encapsulate themselves under Soviet influence. It was
then decided that America would then facilitate the sale arms to Iran with the hopes of establishing a
relationship, thereby steering Iran away from Soviet influence and placing them back within the
American influence (Kornbluh, 1993). A second component was the impending issue of securing the
release of the American hostages being held in Lebanon. It was hoped that better relations with Iran
could lead to securing the release of the hostages (Kornbluh, 1993). The third and final part of this
enterprise was funneling a portion of the profits from the Iranian arms sales to the communist
opposed Contra militants in Nicaragua (Wikipedia,

Iran-Contra Affair Essay
Iran–Contra: Crossing That Line "I think everyone knew we were walking a very thin line."(Owen)
Not many Americans know the truth that lies behind the Iran–Contra scandals. Most would be
surprised to know about the deception of our leaders. Still today, some truth of Iran–Contra lies
hidden in the conscience of the people who organized it, aided it, and went through with it. It started
with good intentions, but soon was corrupted. Some may argue that we must do what we can to
smother the flame of communism, but I believe that deception, abuse of power and bloodshed is no
way to go about it. To fully understand Iran–Contra, you must know the history behind it. Draper
explains to us that the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979 brought the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This made it almost inevitable that something would go wrong, and it did. The arms deal was soon
found out and it was made the center of media attention. Ignoring this warning, McFarlene and
North traveled to Teheran personally to deliver missiles and talk to Iranian officials. North even
brought Iranians into the White House secretly at night to discuss the situation. ("Iran–Contra") The
lies in Iran–Contra kept getting deeper and deeper, and Reagan and his administration refused to
give up their fight. But, they would never be able to keep such an intricate web of lies from being
exposed. They had already been in direct violation of the Boland amendment, which prohibited aid
to Nicaraguan rightists. As word leaked out about North's role in the operation, North and others lied
under oath, adding perjury and obstruction of justice to their other crimes. Exposure In Firewall,
Walsh explains to us the exposure of Iran–Contra that came in the fall of 1986. In early October,
Sandinista air defense troops shoot down the C–130 used in supplying the Contras. Former CIA
operative Eugene Hasenfus, a cargo handler on–board, was captured and paraded before television
cameras. Three weeks later, a Lebanese newspaper reported the visit of North and McFarlene to
Teheran. This was not only exposure to Iran–Contra, but it also showed the Reagan Administration
breaking the policy of never negotiating with terrorists and kidnappers. The Reagan administration
decided to

Effects of the Cold War in Nicaragua Essays
The Cold War was a period in history right after WWII ended and it ended in 1991, when the USSR
broke apart. The conflict was between two types of governments: the communists and the capitalism
(democrats). The USSR represented the communist side, while the U.S. represented the democrats.
Both countries had nuclear weapons and did not want to fight each other directly because they didn't
want a Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), so they fought through other countries, by Proxy
Wars. The global tensions in Cold War affected a few countries in a couple of regions, for example
Central America. The involvement of the United States aided Nicaragua economically, militarily,
and politically.
When Central America got rid of Spanish Colonial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BBC, 06 May 2004. Web. 13 May 2014). Since the National Guard didn't have that many people,
they started recruiting farmers who were kicked out because of the new farming system that the
Sandinistas started using. The second group was lead by a dissatisfied Sandinistas leader, Eden
Pastora. He set up two groups in Honduras called the "contras", or counter revolutionary forces.
Reagan wanted to support contras economically and he stated that quite openly; however, a lot of
U.S. citizens did not like that. During that time, in 1985, a war between Iran and Iraq took place.
Even though the U.S. publicly supported Iraq, the government also secretly assisted Iran. Among
those years Iran asked the United States for help with weaponry. It is illegal to sell weapons to the
hostages but Regan still thought it would help him and the U.S. One of the reasons why he did it
was because he wanted to take control in the problematic Middle East and selling weapons to Iran
would improve the relations with Iran and Lebanon. At the same time Reagan wanted to free the
seven hostages that were held by Iranian terrorist and even though he strongly supported the rule of
not negotiating with terrorists, he broke the rule by supplying Iran with weapons. After receiving
money from Iran, Regan sponsored contras using that money. The United States had also supplied
the contras with weapons and equipment. After the clandestine deal between the two countries was
published in the

Essay Iran-Contra Affair: The Diversion Scandal
Iran–Contra Affair: The Diversion Scandal Eugene Hasenfus of Marinette, Wisconsin was captured
when his cargo plane suffered damaging missile blows. Hasenfus' outdated cargo plane was knocked
from the sky as a result of Nicaraguan surface to air missiles. After notifying the office of the United
States Vice–President, informants in both El Salvador and Costa Rica would scramble to assess and
control a seemingly uncomplicated situation. While United States officials prepared to limit their
damages, the Nicaraguan captors televised Hasenfus' explanation of illegal actions by the United
States and specifically the Reagan Administration in support of the rebel Contras.
President Ronald Reagan strongly opposed the Sandinista government ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Reagan continued to press for money in support of the Contras, while Democrats in the House of
Representatives contemplated complete termination of Contra support. Eventually there was a
concession on both parties, creating a limit of twenty–four million dollars of Contra aid for the 1984
Fiscal year. This amount, while generous, is significantly less than the Administration's aims, hence
the opportunity for future additional funding from Congress.
The Reagan Administration was by now committed to supporting the Contras, but limited in their
abilities due to the Congressional restriction of aid. In review of the Boland Amendments, using
funds available to the CIA, Department of Defense, or any other government intelligence agency
was strictly forbidden. The Reagan Administration, in hopes of evading the constraints of the
Boland Amendment, utilized the National Security Council (NSC) because of its non–intelligence
status. But it was the use of "third–country" or "private" funds that allowed the Administration
covert curtailing of the Boland Amendment. It was Robert C. McFarlane, President Reagan's
national security advisor, who proposed the use of foreign contributions to the Contra efforts in
Nicaragua. CIA director William J. Casey concurred and provided countries to approach in hopes of
this "donation". McFarlane went on to receive Saudi Arabia's assistance in the form of one million
dollars per month

La Forma Extrema De Violencia Contra La Mujer
1.1 MARCO TEÓRICO
1.1.1 El feminicidio: la forma extrema de violencia contra la mujer
El feminicidio es considerado como la peor forma de violencia contra la mujer, pues en ésta se le
priva del derecho a la vida, por el simple hecho de ser una fémina. Es calificado por expertos como
un genocidio contra mujeres. Esta problemática ha concurrido en el tiempo dañando a muchas niñas
y mujeres. Estos casos son provocados por conocidos y desconocidos, quienes dan muerte a sus
víctimas luego de violaciones o que la mujer no accedió a lo que él, en su calidad de hombre, le
solicitaba.
Según Lagarde, Marcela (2008) "las condiciones históricas generan prácticas sociales que permiten
atentados violentos contra la integridad, la salud, las libertades y la vida de niñas y mujeres".
Los crímenes contra las mujeres no son cometidos únicamente por asesinos seriales o aquellos que
no se han relacionado con la fémina, sino que pueden ser efectuados por "parejas, ex parejas,
parientes, novios, esposos, acompañantes, familiares, visitas, colegas y compañeros de trabajo;
también son perpetrados por desconocidos y anónimos, y por grupos mafiosos y de delincuentes
ligados a modos de vida violentos y criminales. Sin embargo, todos tienen en común que las mujeres
son usables, prescindibles, maltratables y desechables. Y, desde luego, todos coinciden en su infinita
crueldad y son, de hecho, crímenes de odio contra las mujeres", Lagarde, Marcela (2008).
Para el portal Elnuevodiario.com el

The Iran Contra affair is historically defined as the "Reagan administration scandal that involved the
sale of arms to Iran in exchange for its efforts to secure the release of hostages in Lebanon and the
redirection of the proceeds of those sales to the Nicaraguan Contras." As the Nicaraguan
counterrevolutionaries, known as the Contras, began their efforts to retaliate against the Socialist
Sandinista Regime, American government forces stepped in to support the Contra cause in a hope to
support the world–wide elimination of Communism. To understand the entire history of the scandal,
many individuals, groups, policies, and deals must be researched and put together to tell the
complete history of the Iran Contra affair.
While other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having previous experience dealing with aliens, Palmer took seriously to threats of communism
overthrowing the country and decided to act on this, thus leading to the Palmer Raids. In his 1920
forum, "The Case against the 'Reds'", Palmer defends America from the communists declaring that
the communists are "...preaching of anarchy and sedition...advising the defiance of law..." and
encouraging the destruction of property. This primary document written by Palmer, set communists
up as criminals stating that "robbery, not war, is the ideal of communism..." and that it is "...the
American Government[s]..." job to prevent this . By gaining support of fellow Americans, Palmer
helps further exploit the communist party and extract fear into the American minds. Because of this
red scare, Americans have historically grown to become weary of communism. Under the Truman
Doctrine in 1947, American forces were granted permission to intervene in any foreign relations so
long as they focused on the breakdown of communist forces. Americans have had a long history of
being involved with communist affairs around the world long before their support of the Nicaraguan
Contras existed. But because of this fascination and fear of communism, it pushed American
officials to become further emerged in the battle despite its lack of American interests. The
Sandinista Regime in Nicaragua was one of socialist influences. Because of this, the Reagan
administration

Unit 3: The Iran-Contra Scandal
GOVT 201–1604A–11
American Government & Public Affairs
Date: October 23, 2016
Unit 3: Discussion Board
The Iran–Contra Affair (Also known as the Irangate, Contragate and the Iran–Contra Scandal)
The Iran–Contra Affair took place during the Reagan Administration. It started with The Cold War
and the clash between two different belief systems and countries that refused to work together. The
U.S. being a capitalism giant, attempted to intervene and prohibit the spread of Communism. This
Clash started after World War II when the US disagreed during a Conference held in the Summer of
1945. This conference discussed whether the Soviet Union could take possession of Poland. Due to
this disagreement, President Truman suspended the Lend–Lease Act ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After tensions with the Soviet Union group Reagan's inauguration became a symbol of a rightward
shift in American politics due to the apprehension towards communism. Early in Reagans
presidency, he openly endorsing right–wing Rebel groups in Nicaragua called Contras. The Contras
would allow the U.S. Open Access to Nicaragua which will serve as a launching pad for the Bay of
Pigs invasion in Cuba. However due to a news articles on the U.S intervention in Nicaragua,
representative Edward Boland decided to propose an amendment that restricted the money flow to
Nicaragua. After several revisions of the amendment, money was completely cut off to the
Nicaraguan Contras and it was made impossible for the U.S. to legally intervene. The Boland
Amendment was one of many steps made to separate the United States from world affairs until
trouble began in the Middle East during the Lebanese Civil War. After the kidnapping of 52 hostages
the U.S.'s relationship with Iran was severely severed. Most of the kidnappings were by Hezbollah
Terrorist who hope to gain political Leverage after Ronald Reagan was inaugurated. These terrorists
decided to strategically let go of several hostages they had in order to gain favor from Reagan.
Unfortunately, Ronald Reagan refused to negotiate with them even after they offered up the
American hostages they were holding. Ronald Reagan then launched Operation Staunch. This
operation became an enforced arms embargo on Iran in 1983 that was encouraged worldwide.
Reagan was hoping that this embargo would stop the conflict between Iraq and Iran and would also
help decrease the amount of Hostage situations despite the numerous efforts to relieve countries
from U.S.

The Iran Contra Scandal Was A Shocking And Nefarious...
The Iran–Contra Scandal was a shocking and nefarious governmental affair which occurred during
the executive administration of President Ronald Reagan. The affairs involved many people in the
United States government and their dealings with other nations, and the congressional hearings
which were held to expose the secrets and find the truth behind the scandal to determine who was
involved and who would be deemed guilty of atrocious crimes (Vile).
President Reagan arranged a deal with Iran, secretly selling weapons to the Iranians for their
ongoing war being fought against the nation of Iraq, in exchange for the American hostages who
were being held by the Iranians ("The Iran–Contra Affair"). The United States' relations with Iran
were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was later found that the United States government had not received all of the money Iran had paid
for the weapons which they had received ("The Iran–Contra Affair"). "While probing the question of
the arms–for–hostages deal, Attorney General Edwin Meese discovered that only $12 million of the
$30 million the Iranians reportedly paid had reached government coffers" ("The Iran–Contra
Affair"). Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Laurence North of the United State's National Security Council
(NSC) had sent out a significantly large portion of the money from the Iranians to the Nicaraguan
Contras, under the presumption that the President had approved of this act but without actually
having received the direct approval of President Ronald Reagan (Fredriksen).
Prior to North sending money to the Nicaraguan Contras, Congress used one of their many
constitutional powers, the power to manage foreign affairs, which allowed them to have control over
the nation's relationship with the Nicaraguan Contras, so they had written the Boland Agreement of
1984, in order to restrict the United States in their support for these Contras (Fredriksen). "Congress

John Kerry's Investigation Into The Iran Contra Scandal
11. Who is Oliver North, and how was he involved in the Iran–Contra Scandal? Was he ever held
accountable for his actions?
Lieutenant Oliver North was a member of Reagan's National Security Council and he was active and
separating figures in the scandal that follow. He sold weapons to Iran in an effort to fund rebel
fighting Nicaragua's socialist government (Salima Koroma, 2014). In Addition, it was already a war
being supported by cocaine trade made by small countries, which encouraged congress to stop the
flow of currency from the United States to Nicaragua. However, He was held accountable for his
actions a minimum prison sentence and an appeal. Oliver North continues to be a diverging figure
and vital voice in the conservative sphere. 12. Conduct research on John Kerry's investigation into
the Iran Contra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What did he and his committee find? Was anyone held accountable for their actions?
John Kerry conducted an investigation into the Iran Contra Scandal, in which he assigned members
of his Senate staff to investigate the allegations made against Reagan. In addition, he influenced the
Republican majority on the senate foreign relations committee to demand information from Reagans
and Bush administration about the alleged Contra drug traffickers (Parry, 2004). John Kerry
challenged Ronald Reagan at the peak of his power and Reagan did everything in his power to
interfere with Kerry's investigation. Some of Ronald's actions included trying to discredit witnesses,
stop the senate when Kerry requested evidence, and lastly, assigning the CIA to monitor Kerry's
Investigation. However, none of these tactics were enough to stop Kerry and his committee from
finding out the truth about the cocaine scandal. What Kerry and his committee found was that the
Contra

Iran Contra Affair Research Paper
A brief background before the iran contra affair is set in reagan's presidency who supported a group
an anti communist group in nicaragua and gave weapons to iranian terrorists but things were already
brewing before this that led up to this point during reagan's presidency he was all for the people and
believed in lower taxes and tried to make the economy better so that way we could get out of debt
but the iran contra affair was us secret arms deal that traded missiles to free americans that were
held hostage by terrorists in lebanon which was a political scandals but also had economic and
social issues As i mentioned earlier the iran contra affair had political issues some of the hostage
were american diplomats meaning that they were there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Tower Commission (led by means of Texas Senator John Tower), which the president himself
appointed, investigated the administration's involvement and concluded that Reagan's lack of
oversight enabled these working below him to divert the cash to the Contras. During a subsequent
Congressional investigation, in 1987, protagonists in the scandal–including Reagan–testified before
the fee in hearings that were televised nationally. Later, Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh
launched an eight–year investigation into what by then had grow to be recognised as the Iran–
Contra Affair. In all, 14 humans have been charged, which include North, Poindexter and
McFarlane.Reagan himself was once never charged, and, in 1992, George W. Bush, Reagan's vice
president who was elected president in 1988, preemptively pardoned Weinberger. McFarlane was
once charged with 4 counts of withholding statistics from Congress, a misdemeanor. He was once
sentenced to two years' probation and $20,000 in fines. North used to be charged with 12 counts
bearing on to conspiracy and making false statements. Although he was convicted in his initial trial,
the case used to be dismissed on appeal, due to a technicality, and North has on the grounds that
labored as a conservative author, critic, tv host and head of the

Iran Contra Affair Essays
The Iran–Contra scandal had a big effect on the United States but it had a huge effect on Nicaragua.
Through out 1985–86, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran illegally in order to
encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. Meanwhile, the Reagan administration wanted to
support the Contras in Nicaragua, a rebel group fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government.
The administration decided to use the money made from selling arms to Iran, and had it sent to the
Contras without passing through the United States. (Walsh, p2.) In this paper, I am going to provide
the background of the situation. I will explain how the money from the missile sales was used to
support the Contras. I will also tell how everything ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1984, the CIA sowed mines in a major port in Nicaragua causing a severe amount of damage. The
Contras took credit for this. But a few weeks later the press exposed the CIA involvement. In
response, Congress passed a second Boland Amendment, which said that neither the CIA nor the
Defense Department could fund the Contras, either directly or indirectly. From then on the
administration worked through the National Security Council, and NSC staff member Oliver North.
NSC William Clark established Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean
(housed in State Department but reported to the NSC), Oliver North attended the meetings:
responsible for all Contra affairs. Because the CIA was prohibited from operating inside the United
States, Director William Casey had senior propaganda specialist Walter Raymond transferred to the
NSC. As Raymond declared, his job was to "concentrate on gluing black hats on Sandinistas and
white hats on Contras." (Kornbluh, p.5) All this time, CIA intelligence analysts were saying that the
Contras couldn't win, even with American support. Robert Owen, Oliver North's personal
intermediary with the Contras is quoted as saying they were simply "profiteers."1 Meanwhile,
during 1985–86, as mentioned earlier, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran
illegally in order to encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. After the 1979 hostage
situation at the United States Embassy in Tehran,

Iran Contra Scandal
Ilse Garcia
Jonathon York
Govt 2305
August 13, 2015
Ronald Reagan
Our president of the United States Treason–Whoever, owing allegiance to the United States, levies
war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort within the United States
or elsewhere, is guilty of treason and shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five
years and fined under this title but not less than $10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any
office under the United States.(1)
"In 1985, while Iran and Iraq were at war, Iran made a secret request to buy weapons from the
United States. McFarlane sought Reagan's approval, in spite of the embargo against selling arms to
Iran. McFarlane explained that the sale of arms would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He retracted the statement a week later, insisting that the sale of weapons had not been an arms–for–
hostages deal."(3)
Not only did he knowingly commit these treasonous acts, he then went on to knowlingly lie about
them. First, he denied the operations existance, then he denied the truth of the matter. This is similar
to Nixon's involvement with the watergate scandal (except Nixon didn't order the covert actions,
only covered them up). Nixon was in the process of impeachment and conviction when he resigned
as president and was later pardoned. Reagan is in a very similar situation to this, except he took the
extra step further and actually aided in the premeditation and execution of the actions.(4)
The Treasonous Actions of Reagan
The actions that Reagan took are treasonous because he, The President of the United States,
knowingly approved and supported a foreign policy that A) Violated US law B) Violated an arms
embargo against an enemy of America C) assissted terrorists that were taking US citizens as
hostages. These are all acts that knowlingly gave aid to enemies of the United States, and therefore
are acts of

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